Emerging drugs for secondary hyperparathyroidism

Bibliography

• Saliba W, El-Haddad B. Secondary hyperparathyroidism: pathophysiology and treatment. J Am Board Fam Med 2009;22:574–81
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown AJ, Slatopolsky E. Drug insight: vitamin D analogs in the treatment of secondary hyperparathyroidism in patients with chronic kidney disease. Nat Clin Pract Endocrinol Metab 2007;3:134–44
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Joy MS, Karagiannis PC, Peyerl FW. Outcomes of secondary hyperparathyroidism in chronic kidney disease and the direct costs of treatment. J Manag Care Pharm 2007;13:397–411
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCann LM, Beto J. Roles of calcium-sensing receptor and vitamin d receptor in the pathophysiology of secondary hyperparathyroidism. J Ren Nutr 2010;20:141–50
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moe SM, Drueke TB. Management of secondary hyperparathyroidism: the importance and the challenge of controlling parathyroid hormone levels without elevating calcium, phosphorus, and calcium-phosphorus product. Am J Nephrol 2003;23:369–79
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cozzolino M, Urena-Torres P, Vervloet MG, et al. Is chronic kidney disease-mineral bone disorder (CKD-MBD) really a syndrome? Nephrol Dial Transplant 2014;29:1815–20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fernandez-Martin JL, Carrero JJ, Benedik M, et al. COSMOS: the dialysis scenario of CKD-MBD in Europe. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2013;28:1922–35
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The EVOLVE Trial Investigators. Chertow GM, Block GA, et al. Effect of cinacalcet on cardiovascular disease in patients undergoing dialysis. N Engl J Med 2012;367:2482–94
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thadhani R, Appelbaum E, Pritchett Y, et al. Vitamin D therapy and cardiac structure and function in patients with chronic kidney disease: the PRIMO randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2012;307:674–84
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riccardi D, Brown EM. Physiology and pathophysiology of the calcium-sensing receptor in the kidney. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2010;298:F485–99
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown EM, Gamba G, Riccardi D, et al. Cloning and characterization of an extracellular Ca(2+)-sensing receptor from bovine parathyroid. Nature 1993;366:575–80
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kifor O, Diaz R, Butters R, et al. The calcium-sensing receptor is localized in caveolin-rich plasma membrane domains of bovine parathyroid cells. J Biol Chem 1998;273:21708–13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fukagawa M, Kazama JJ, Shigematsu T. Skeletal resistance to PTH as a basic abnormality underlying uremic bone diseases. Am J Kidney Dis 2001;38:S152–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gallieni M, Cozzolino M, Fallabrino G, et al. Vitamin D: physiology and pathophysiology. Int J Artif Organs 2009;32:87–94
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evenepoel P, Rodriguez M, Ketteler M. Laboratory abnormalities in CKD-MBD: markers, predictors, or mediators of disease? Semin Nephrol 2014;34:151–63
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wetmore JB, Quarles LD. Treatment of secondary hyperparathyroidism in kidney disease: what we know and do not know about use of calcimimetics and vitamin D analogs. Int J Nephrol Renovasc Dis 2008;1:5–17
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cunningham J, Locatelli F, Rodriguez M. Secondary hyperparathyroidism: pathogenesis, disease progression, and therapeutic options. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2011;6:913–21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Isakova T, Xie H, Yang W, et al. Fibroblast growth factor 23 and risks of mortality and end-stage renal disease in patients with chronic kidney disease. JAMA 2011;305:2432–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fliser D, Kollerits B, Neyer U, et al. Fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) predicts progression of chronic kidney disease: the Mild to Moderate Kidney Disease (MMKD) Study. J Am Soc Nephrol 2007;18:2600–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faul C, Amaral AP, Oskouei B, et al. FGF23 induces left ventricular hypertrophy. J Clin Invest 2011;121:4393–408
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodman WG, Quarles LD. Development and progression of secondary hyperparathyroidism in chronic kidney disease: lessons from molecular genetics. Kidney Int 2008;74:276–88
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cozzolino M, Ciceri P, Volpi EM, et al. Pathophysiology of calcium and phosphate metabolism impairment in chronic kidney disease. Blood Purif 2009;27:338–44
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cozzolino M, Gallieni M, Brancaccio D, et al. Vitamin D retains an important role in the pathogenesis and management of secondary hyperparathyroidism in chronic renal failure. J Nephrol 2006;19:566–77
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakajima K, Umino K, Azuma Y, et al. Stimulating parathyroid cell proliferation and PTH release with phosphate in organ cultures obtained from patients with primary and secondary hyperparathyroidism for a prolonged period. J Bone Miner Metab 2009;27:224–33
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drueke TB, Massy ZA. Circulating Klotho levels: clinical relevance and relationship with tissue Klotho expression. Kidney Int 2013;83:13–15
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• John GB, Cheng CY, Kuro-o M. Role of Klotho in aging, phosphate metabolism, and CKD. Am J Kidney Dis 2011;58:127–34
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ben-Dov IZ, Galitzer H, Lavi-Moshayoff V, et al. The parathyroid is a target organ for FGF23 in rats. J Clin Invest 2007;117:4003–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Komaba H, Goto S, Fujii H, et al. Depressed expression of Klotho and FGF receptor 1 in hyperplastic parathyroid glands from uremic patients. Kidney Int 2010;77:232–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rennenberg RJ, Kessels AG, Schurgers LJ, et al. Vascular calcifications as a marker of increased cardiovascular risk: a meta-analysis. Vasc Health Risk Manag 2009;5:185–97
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) CKD-MBD Work Group. KDIGO clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis, evaluation, prevention, and treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease-Mineral and Bone Disorder (CKD-MBD). Kidney Int Suppl 2009;76:S1–130
   Google Scholar
• Liabeuf S, Okazaki H, Desjardins L, et al. Vascular calcification in chronic kidney disease: are biomarkers useful for probing the pathobiology and the health risks of this process in the clinical scenario? Nephrol Dial Transplant 2014;29:1275–84
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Torres PA, De Broe M. Calcium-sensing receptor, calcimimetics, and cardiovascular calcifications in chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int 2012;82:19–25
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hruska KA, Mathew S, Saab G. Bone morphogenetic proteins in vascular calcification. Circ Res 2005;97:105–14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scialla JJ, Kao WH, Crainiceanu C, et al. Biomarkers of vascular calcification and mortality in patients with ESRD. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2014;9:745–55
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levin A, Bakris GL, Molitch M, et al. Prevalence of abnormal serum vitamin D, PTH, calcium, and phosphorus in patients with chronic kidney disease: results of the study to evaluate early kidney disease. Kidney Int 2007;71:31–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tentori F, Blayney MJ, Albert JM, et al. Mortality risk for dialysis patients with different levels of serum calcium, phosphorus, and PTH: the Dialysis Outcomes and Practice Patterns Study (DOPPS). Am J Kidney Dis 2008;52:519–30
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fukagawa M, Kido R, Komaba H, et al. Abnormal mineral metabolism and mortality in hemodialysis patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism: evidence from marginal structural models used to adjust for time-dependent confounding. Am J Kidney Dis 2014;63:979–87
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stubbs JR, Wetmore JB. Does it matter how parathyroid hormone levels are suppressed in secondary hyperparathyroidism? Semin Dial 2011;24:298–306
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Francisco AL, Carrera F. A new paradigm for the treatment of secondary hyperparatyroidism. NDT Plus 2008;1:124–8
   Google Scholar
• Meric F, Yap P, Bia MJ. Etiology of hypercalcemia in hemodialysis patients on calcium carbonate therapy. Am J Kidney Dis 1990;16:459–64
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zacharias JM, Fontaine B, Fine A. Calcium use increases risk of calciphylaxis: a case-control study. Perit Dial Int 1999;19:248–52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cozzolino M, Mazzaferro S, Brandenburg V. The treatment of hyperphosphataemia in CKD: calcium-based or calcium-free phosphate binders? Nephrol Dial Transplant 2011;26:402–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith ER. The use of fibroblast growth factor 23 testing in patients with kidney disease. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2014;9:1283–303
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russo D, Bellasi A, Pota A, et al. Effects of phosphorus-restricted diet and phosphate-binding therapy on outcomes in patients with chronic kidney disease. J Nephrol 2014. 10.1007/s40620-014-0071-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suki WN, Zabaneh R, Cangiano JL, et al. Effects of sevelamer and calcium-based phosphate binders on mortality in hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int 2007;72:1130–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Di Iorio B, Molony D, Bell C, et al. Sevelamer versus calcium carbonate in incident hemodialysis patients: results of an open-label 24-month randomized clinical trial. Am J Kidney Dis 2013;62:771–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bolasco P. Treatment options of secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT) in patients with chronic kidney disease stages 3 and 4: an historic review. Clin Cases Miner Bone Metab 2009;6:210–19
   Google Scholar
• Finn WF; Group SPDLS. Lanthanum carbonate versus standard therapy for the treatment of hyperphosphatemia: safety and efficacy in chronic maintenance hemodialysis patients. Clin Nephrol 2006;65:191–202
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hutchison AJ, Maes B, Vanwalleghem J, et al. Efficacy, tolerability, and safety of lanthanum carbonate in hyperphosphatemia: a 6-month, randomized, comparative trial versus calcium carbonate. Nephron Clin Pract 2005;100:c8–19
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin KJ, Gonzalez EA, Gellens M, et al. 19-Nor-1-alpha-25-dihydroxyvitamin D2 (Paricalcitol) safely and effectively reduces the levels of intact parathyroid hormone in patients on hemodialysis. J Am Soc Nephrol 1998;9:1427–32
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frazao JM, Elangovan L, Maung HM, et al. Intermittent doxercalciferol (1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D(2)) therapy for secondary hyperparathyroidism. Am J Kidney Dis 2000;36:550–61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang TJ, Pencina MJ, Booth SL, et al. Vitamin D deficiency and risk of cardiovascular disease. Circulation 2008;117:503–11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gonzalez-Parra E, Rojas-Rivera J, Tunon J, et al. Vitamin D receptor activation and cardiovascular disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2012;27(Suppl 4):iv17–21
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• O’Connell TD, Simpson RU. Immunochemical identification of the 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 receptor protein in human heart. Cell Biol Int 1996;20:621–4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tamez H, Zoccali C, Packham D, et al. Vitamin D reduces left atrial volume in patients with left ventricular hypertrophy and chronic kidney disease. Am Heart J 2012;164:902–9 e2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moe SM, Thadhani R. What have we learned about chronic kidney disease-mineral bone disorder from the EVOLVE and PRIMO trials? Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2013;22:651–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Block GA, Martin KJ, de Francisco AL, et al. Cinacalcet for secondary hyperparathyroidism in patients receiving hemodialysis. N Engl J Med 2004;350:1516–25
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fishbane S, Shapiro WB, Corry DB, et al. Cinacalcet HCl and concurrent low-dose vitamin D improves treatment of secondary hyperparathyroidism in dialysis patients compared with vitamin D alone: the ACHIEVE study results. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2008;3:1718–25
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Messa P, Macario F, Yaqoob M, et al. The OPTIMA study: assessing a new cinacalcet (Sensipar/Mimpara) treatment algorithm for secondary hyperparathyroidism. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2008;3:36–45
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cunningham J, Danese M, Olson K, et al. Effects of the calcimimetic cinacalcet HCl on cardiovascular disease, fracture, and health-related quality of life in secondary hyperparathyroidism. Kidney Int 2005;68:1793–800
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Locatelli F, Messa P, Bellasi A, et al. What can we learn from a statistically inconclusive trial? Consensus conference on the EVOLVE study results. G Ital Nefrol 2013;30(5):pii: gin/30.5.4
   Google Scholar
• Parfrey PS, Chertow GM, Block GA, et al. The clinical course of treated hyperparathyroidism among patients receiving hemodialysis and the effect of cinacalcet: the EVOLVE trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2013;98:4834–44
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raggi P, Chertow GM, Torres PU, et al. The ADVANCE study: a randomized study to evaluate the effects of cinacalcet plus low-dose vitamin D on vascular calcification in patients on hemodialysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2011;26:1327–39
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bellasi A, Reiner M, Petavy F, et al. Presence of valvular calcification predicts the response to cinacalcet: data from the ADVANCE study. J Heart Valve Dis 2013;22:391–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Behets GJ, Spasovski G, Sterling LR, et al. Bone histomorphometry before and after long-term treatment with cinacalcet in dialysis patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism. Kidney Int 2014;10.1038/ki.2014.349
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Urena P, Jacobson SH, Zitt E, et al. Cinacalcet and achievement of the NKF/K-DOQI recommended target values for bone and mineral metabolism in real-world clinical practice--the ECHO observational study. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2009;24:2852–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kilpatrick RD, Newsome BB, Zaun D, et al. Evaluating real-world use of cinacalcet and biochemical response to therapy in US hemodialysis patients. Am J Nephrol 2013;37:389–98
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Narayan R, Perkins RM, Berbano EP, et al. Parathyroidectomy versus cinacalcet hydrochloride-based medical therapy in the management of hyperparathyroidism in ESRD: a cost utility analysis. Am J Kidney Dis 2007;49:801–13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conzo G, Perna AF, Savica V, et al. Impact of parathyroidectomy on cardiovascular outcomes and survival in chronic hemodialysis patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism. A retrospective study of 50 cases prior to the calcimimetics era. BMC Surg 2013;13:S4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evenepoel P, Claes K, Kuypers D, et al. Impact of parathyroidectomy on renal graft function, blood pressure and serum lipids in kidney transplant recipients: a single centre study. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2005;20:1714–20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• United States Renal Data System. USRDS 2012. Annual data report: Atlas of chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal disease in the United States. Volume 2 Chapter 10, Providers. National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD; 2012. Available from: http://www.usrds.org/adr.aspx [Accessed 27 November 2012]
   Google Scholar
• Collins AJ. ESRD Payment policy changes: the new “bundled” dialysis Prospective Payment System (PPS) in the United States. NKF Spring Clinical Meeting; 9-13 May 2012; Washington DC
   Google Scholar
• Block GA, Klassen PS, Lazarus JM, et al. Mineral metabolism, mortality, and morbidity in maintenance hemodialysis. J Am Soc Nephrol 2004;15:2208–18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drueke TB. Calcimimetics and outcomes in CKD. Kidney Int Suppl 2013;3:431–5
   Google Scholar
• Wetmore JB, Liu S, Krebill R, et al. Effects of cinacalcet and concurrent low-dose vitamin D on FGF23 levels in ESRD. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2010;5:110–16
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gincherman Y, Moloney K, McKee C, Coyne DW. Assessment of adherence to cinacalcet by prescription refill rates in hemodialysis patients. Hemodial Int 2010;14:68–72
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amgen, Inc. Amgen announces positive phase 3 results for AMG 416 for the treatment of secondary hyperparathyroidism in patients with chronic kidney disease receiving hemodialysis [press release]. 2014. Available from: http://www.amgen.com/media/media_pr_detail.jsp?releaseID=1948573 [Last accessed 25 November 2014]
   Google Scholar
• OPKO Health, Inc. OPKO surpasses 50% enrollment in second phase 3 trial of Rayaldy™ [press release]. 2013. Available from: http://investor.opko.com/releasedetail.cfm?ReleaseID=785490 [Last accessed 25 November 2014]
   Google Scholar
• Walter S, Baruch A, Alexander ST, et al. Comparison of AMG 416 and cinacalcet in rodent models of uremia. BMC Nephrol 2014;15:1–6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Martin KJ, Bell G, Pickthorn K, et al. Velcalcetide (AMG 416), a novel peptide agonist of the calcium-sensing receptor, reduces serum parathyroid hormone and FGF23 levels in healthy male subjects. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2014;29:385–92
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin KJ, Pickthorn K, Huang S, et al. AMG 416 (velcalcetide) is a novel peptide for the treatment of secondary hyperparathyroidism in a single-dose study in hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int 2014;85:191–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amgen Announces Positive Top-Line Results From Second Phase 3 Study Of AMG 416 For The Treatment Of Secondary Hyperparathyroidism In Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease Receiving Hemodialysis. 2014. Available from: http://wwwext.amgen.com/media/media_pr_detail.jsp?releaseID=1959215 [Last accessed 26 August 2014]
   Google Scholar
• Walter S, Baruch A, Dong J, et al. Pharmacology of AMG 416 (velcalcetide), a novel peptide agonist of the calcium-sensing receptor, for the treatment of secondary hyperparathyroidism in hemodialysis patients. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2013;346:229–40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mudo G, Trovato-Salinaro A, Barresi V, et al. Identification of calcium sensing receptor (CaSR) mRNA-expressing cells in normal and injured rat brain. Brain Res 2009;1298:24–36
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Padhi D, Harris RZ, Salfi M, et al. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of cinacalcet in hepatic impairment: phase I, open-label, parallel-group, single-dose, single-centre study. Clin Drug Investig 2008;28:635–43
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sprague S, Al-Saghir F, Sharma A, et al. CTAP101 capsules significantly increases serum 25d and lowers plasma iPTH levels in stage 3 and 4 CKD patients. Am J Kidney Dis 2012;59:A80
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cytochroma, Inc. Cytochroma announces positive phase I results for CTAP201 [press release]. 2010. Available from: http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/cytochroma-announces-positive-phase-i-results-for-ctap201-injection-in-hemodialysis-patients-92954354.html [Last accessed 25 November 2014]
   Google Scholar
• Zella JB, Plum LA, Plowchalk DR, et al. Novel, selective vitamin D analog ssppresses parathyroid hormone in uremic animals and postmenopausal women. Am J Nephrol 2014;39:476–83
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Terada Y, Shinbo Y, Sanagi M, et al. ASP7991, a novel calcimimetic compound showed potent CaSR enhancing effect both in vitro and in vivo with minimum CYP2D6 inhibition. World Congress of Nephrology; 22-26 May 2009; Milan, Italy
   Google Scholar
• Floege J, Covic AC, Ketteler M, et al. A phase III study of the efficacy and safety of a novel iron-based phosphate binder in dialysis patients. Kidney Int 2014;86:638–47
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis JB, Sika M, Koury MJ, et al. Ferric citrate controls phosphorus and delivers iron in patients on dialysis. J Am Soc Nephrol 2015;26(2):493–504
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. Decision memo for erythropoiesis stimulating agents (ESAs) for treatment of anemia in adults with CKD including patients on dialysis and patients not on dialysis (CAG-00413N), 2011. 2012/08/29. Available from: http://www.cms.gov/medicare-coverage-database/shared/handlers/highwire.ashx?url=http://www.cms.gov/medicare-coverage-database/details/nca-decision-memo.aspx@@@NCAId$$$245***fromdb$$$true&session=pmxvqg55lvnia1qjijs5dlyu&kq=1821578349 [Last accessed 25 November 2014]
   Google Scholar
• Chambers JD, Weiner DE, Bliss SK, Neumann PJ. What can we learn from the U.S. expanded end-stage renal disease bundle? Health Policy 2013;110:164–71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kovesdy CP, Kalantar-Zadeh K. Observational studies versus randomized controlled trials: avenues to causal inference in nephrology. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis 2012;19:11–18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams BA. Perils of evidence-based medicine. Perspect Biol Med 2010;53:106–20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• West SG, Duan N, Pequegnat W, et al. Alternatives to the randomized controlled trial. Am J Public Health 2008;98:1359–66
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Young EW, Albert JM, Satayathum S, et al. Predictors and consequences of altered mineral metabolism: the Dialysis Outcomes and Practice Patterns Study. Kidney Int 2005;67:1179–87
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PhosLo® (calcium acetate). Full Prescribing Information, Nabi Biopharmaceuticals; Boca Raton, FL: 2005
   Google Scholar
• Renagel® (sevelamer hydrochloride). Full Prescribing Information, Genzyme Corporation; Cambridge, MA: 2005
   Google Scholar
• Sensipar® (cinacalcet HCl). Full Prescribing Information, Amgen, Inc; Thousand Oaks, CA: 2008
   Google Scholar
• Hectorol® (doxercalciferol). Full Prescribing Information, Genzyme Corporation; Cambridge, MA: 2011
   Google Scholar
• Calcijex® (calcitriol). Full Prescribing Information, AbbVie, Inc.; North Chicago, IL: 2013
   Google Scholar
• Zemplar® (paricalcitol). Full Prescribing Information, AbbVie, Inc.; North Chicago, IL: 2013
   Google Scholar