Targeting intracellular and extracellular alpha-synuclein as a therapeutic strategy in Parkinson's disease and other synucleinopathies

Bibliography

• Vekrellis K, Rideout HJ, Stefanis L. Neurobiology of alpha-synuclein. Mol Neurobiol 2004;30:1-21
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• George JM. The synucleins. Genome Biol 2002;3(1):REVIEWS3002- published online 20 December 2001; doi:10.1186/gb-2001-3-1-reviews3002
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Abeliovich A, Schmitz Y, Farinas I, Mice lacking alpha-synuclein display functional deficits in the nigrostriatal dopamine system. Neuron 2000;25:239-52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chandra S, Gallardo G, Fernandez-Chacon R, alpha-Synuclein cooperates with CSPalpha in preventing neurodegeneration. Cell 2005;123:383-96
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burre J, Sharma M, Tsetsenis T, alpha-Synuclein promotes SNARE-complex assembly in vivo and in vitro. Science 2010;329:1663-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gasser T. Molecular pathogenesis of Parkinson disease: insights from genetic studies. Expert Rev Mol Med 2009;11:e22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maraganore DM, de Andrade M, Elbaz A, Collaborative analysis of alpha-synuclein gene promoter variability and Parkinson disease. JAMA 2006;296:661-70
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nalls MA, Plagnol V, Hernandez DG, Imputation of sequence variants for identification of genetic risks for Parkinson's disease: a meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies. Lancet 2011;377:641-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spillantini MG, Schmidt ML, Lee VM, alpha-synuclein in Lewy bodies. Nature 1997;388:839-40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kahle PJ. alpha-Synucleinopathy models and human neuropathology: similarities and differences. Acta Neuropathol 2008;115:87-95
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braak H, Del Tredici K, Rub U, Staging of brain pathology related to sporadic Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2003;24:197-211
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharon R, Bar-Joseph I, Frosch MP, The formation of highly soluble oligomers of alpha-synuclein is regulated by fatty acids and enhanced in Parkinson's disease. Neuron 2003;37:583-95
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paleologou KE, Kragh CL, Mann DM, Detection of elevated levels of soluble alpha-synuclein oligomers in post-mortem brain extracts from patients with dementia with Lewy bodies. Brain 2009;132:1093-101
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kramer ML, Schulz-Schaeffer WJ. Presynaptic alpha-synuclein aggregates, not Lewy bodies, cause neurodegeneration in dementia with Lewy bodies. J Neurosci 2007;27:1405-10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conway KA, Lee SJ, Rochet JC, Acceleration of oligomerization, not fibrillization, is a shared property of both alpha-synuclein mutations linked to early-onset Parkinson's disease: implications for pathogenesis and therapy. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2000;97:571-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trojanowski JQ, Lee VM. Parkinson's disease and related alpha-synucleinopathies are brain amyloidoses. Ann NY Acad Sci 2003;991:107-10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gosavi N, Lee HJ, Lee JS, Golgi fragmentation occurs in the cells with prefibrillar alpha-synuclein aggregates and precedes the formation of fibrillar inclusion. J Biol Chem 2002;277:48984-92
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lo Bianco C, Ridet JL, Schneider BL, alpha-Synucleinopathy and selective dopaminergic neuron loss in a rat lentiviral-based model of Parkinson's disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2002;99:10813-18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conway KA, Rochet JC, Bieganski RM, Lansbury PT Jr. Kinetic stabilization of the alpha-synuclein protofibril by a dopamine-alpha-synuclein adduct. Science 2001;294:1346-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karpinar DP, Balija MB, Kugler S, Pre-fibrillar alpha-synuclein variants with impaired beta-structure increase neurotoxicity in Parkinson's disease models. EMBO J 2009;28:3256-68
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winner B, Jappelli R, Maji SK, In vivo demonstration that alpha-synuclein oligomers are toxic. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2011;108:4194-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Auluck PK, Chan HY, Trojanowski JQ, Chaperone suppression of alpha-synuclein toxicity in a Drosophila model for Parkinson's disease. Science 2002;295:865-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Auluck PK, Bonini NM. Pharmacological prevention of Parkinson disease in Drosophila. Nat Med 2002;8:1185-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klucken J, Shin Y, Masliah E, Hsp70 reduces alpha-synuclein aggregation and toxicity. J Biol Chem 2004;279:25497-502
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vekrellis K, Xilouri M, Emmanouilidou E, Stefanis L. Inducible over-expression of wild type alpha-synuclein in human neuronal cells leads to caspase-dependent non-apoptotic death. J Neurochem 2009;109:1348-62
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bieschke J, Russ J, Friedrich RP, EGCG remodels mature alpha-synuclein and amyloid-beta fibrils and reduces cellular toxicity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2010;107:7710-15
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bodner RA, Outeiro TF, Altmann S, Pharmacological promotion of inclusion formation: a therapeutic approach for Huntington's and Parkinson's diseases. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2006;103:4246-51
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bartels T, Choi JG, Selkoe DJ. alpha-Synuclein occurs physiologically as a helically folded tetramer that resists aggregation. Nature 2011;477:107-10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang W, Perovic I, Chittuluru J, A soluble alpha-synuclein construct forms a dynamic tetramer. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2011;108:17797-802
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fauvet B, Mbefo MK, Fares MB, Alpha-synuclein in the central nervous system and from erythrocytes, mammalian cells and E. coli exists predominantly as a disordered monomer. J Biol Chem 2012; published online 9 February 2012; doi:10.1074/jbc.M111.318949
   Google Scholar
• Kim C, Lee SJ. Controlling the mass action of alpha-synuclein in Parkinson's disease. J Neurochem 2008;107:303-16
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tong J, Wong H, Guttman M, Brain alpha-synuclein accumulation in multiple system atrophy, Parkinson's disease and progressive supranuclear palsy: a comparative investigation. Brain 2010;133:172-88
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chu Y, Kordower JH. Age-associated increases of alpha-synuclein in monkeys and humans are associated with nigrostriatal dopamine depletion: is this the target for Parkinson's disease? Neurobiol Dis 2007;25:134-49
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robertson DC, Schmidt O, Ninkina N, Developmental loss and resistance to MPTP toxicity of dopaminergic neurones in substantia nigra pars compacta of gamma-synuclein, alpha-synuclein and double alpha/gamma-synuclein null mutant mice. J Neurochem 2004;89:1126-36
   Google Scholar
• Al-Wandi A, Ninkina N, Millership S, Absence of alpha-synuclein affects dopamine metabolism and synaptic markers in the striatum of aging mice. Neurobiol Aging 2010;31:796-804
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scherzer CR, Grass JA, Liao Z, GATA transcription factors directly regulate the Parkinson's disease-linked gene alpha-synuclein. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2008;105:10907-12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clough RL, Stefanis L. A novel pathway for transcriptional regulation of alpha-synuclein. FASEB J 2007;21:596-607
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clough RL, Dermentzaki G, Stefanis L. Functional dissection of the alpha-synuclein promoter: transcriptional regulation by ZSCAN21 and ZNF219. J Neurochem 2009;110:1479-90
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chiba-Falek O, Nussbaum RL. Effect of allelic variation at the NACP-Rep1 repeat upstream of the alpha-synuclein gene (SNCA) on transcription in a cell culture luciferase reporter system. Hum Mol Genet 2001;10:3101-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiba-Falek O, Kowalak JA, Smulson ME, Nussbaum RL. Regulation of alpha-synuclein expression by poly (ADP ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) binding to the NACP-Rep1 polymorphic site upstream of the SNCA gene. Am J Hum Genet 2005;76:478-92
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paillusson S, Tasselli M, Lebouvier T, alpha-Synuclein expression is induced by depolarization and cyclic AMP in enteric neurons. J Neurochem 2010;115:694-706
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Carballo-Carbajal I, Weber-Endress S, Rovelli G, Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 induces alpha-synuclein expression via the extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway. Cell Signal 2010;22:821-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jowaed A, Schmitt I, Kaut O, Wullner U. Methylation regulates alpha-synuclein expression and is decreased in Parkinson's disease patients' brains. J Neurosci 2010;30:6355-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Junn E, Lee KW, Jeong BS, Repression of alpha-synuclein expression and toxicity by microRNA-7. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2009;106:13052-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doxakis E. Post-transcriptional regulation of alpha-synuclein expression by mir-7 and mir-153. J Biol Chem 2010;285:12726-34
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cuervo AM, Stefanis L, Fredenburg R, Impaired degradation of mutant alpha-synuclein by chaperone-mediated autophagy. Science 2004;305:1292-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vogiatzi T, Xilouri M, Vekrellis K, Stefanis L. Wild type alpha-synuclein is degraded by chaperone-mediated autophagy and macroautophagy in neuronal cells. J Biol Chem 2008;283:23542-56
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alvarez-Erviti L, Rodriguez-Oroz MC, Cooper JM, Chaperone-mediated autophagy markers in Parkinson disease brains. Arch Neurol 2010;67:1464-72
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rideout HJ, Larsen KE, Sulzer D, Stefanis L. Proteasomal inhibition leads to formation of ubiquitin/alpha-synuclein-immunoreactive inclusions in PC12 cells. J Neurochem 2001;78:899-908
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rideout HJ, Stefanis L. Proteasomal inhibition-induced inclusion formation and death in cortical neurons require transcription and ubiquitination. Mol Cell Neurosci 2002;21:223-38
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Emmanouilidou E, Stefanis L, Vekrellis K. Cell-produced alpha-synuclein oligomers are targeted to, and impair, the 26S proteasome. Neurobiol Aging 2010;31:953-68
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tofaris GK, Razzaq A, Ghetti B, Ubiquitination of alpha-synuclein in Lewy bodies is a pathological event not associated with impairment of proteasome function. J Biol Chem 2003;278:44405-11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Webb JL, Ravikumar B, Atkins J, alpha-Synuclein is degraded by both autophagy and the proteasome. J Biol Chem 2003;278:25009-13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ebrahimi-Fakhari D, Cantuti-Castelvetri I, Fan Z, Distinct roles in vivo for the ubiquitin-proteasome system and the autophagy-lysosomal pathway in the degradation of alpha-synuclein. J Neurosci 2011;31:14508-20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Machiya Y, Hara S, Arawaka S, Phosphorylated alpha-synuclein at Ser-129 is targeted to the proteasome pathway in a ubiquitin-independent manner. J Biol Chem 2010;285:40732-44
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tofaris GK, Kim HT, Hourez R, Ubiquitin ligase Nedd4 promotes alpha-synuclein degradation by the endosomal-lysosomal pathway. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2011;108:17004-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martinez-Vicente M, Talloczy Z, Kaushik S, Dopamine-modified alpha-synuclein blocks chaperone-mediated autophagy. J Clin Invest 2008;118:777-88
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xilouri M, Vogiatzi T, Vekrellis K, Abberant alpha-synuclein confers toxicity to neurons in part through inhibition of chaperone-mediated autophagy. PLoS One 2009;4(5):e5515
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spencer CC, Plagnol V, Strange A, Dissection of the genetics of Parkinson's disease identifies an additional association 5′ of SNCA and multiple associated haplotypes at 17q21. Hum Mol Genet 2011;20:345-53
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Metcalf DJ, Garcia-Arencibia M, Hochfeld WE, Rubinsztein DC. Autophagy and misfolded proteins in neurodegeneration. Exp Neurol 2010; published online 21 November 2010; doi: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2010.11.003
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fujiwara H, Hasegawa M, Dohmae N, alpha-Synuclein is phosphorylated in synucleinopathy lesions. Nat Cell Biol 2002;4:160-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen L, Feany MB. alpha-Synuclein phosphorylation controls neurotoxicity and inclusion formation in a Drosophila model of Parkinson disease. Nat Neurosci 2005;8:657-63
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen L, Periquet M, Wang X, Tyrosine and serine phosphorylation of alpha-synuclein have opposing effects on neurotoxicity and soluble oligomer formation. J Clin Invest 2009;119:3257-65
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gorbatyuk OS, Li S, Sullivan LF, The phosphorylation state of Ser-129 in human alpha-synuclein determines neurodegeneration in a rat model of Parkinson disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2008;105:763-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paleologou KE, Schmid AW, Rospigliosi CC, Phosphorylation at Ser-129 but not the phosphomimics S129E/D inhibits the fibrillation of alpha-synuclein. J Biol Chem 2008;283:16895-905
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Azeredo da Silveira S, Schneider BL, Cifuentes-Diaz C, Phosphorylation does not prompt, nor prevent, the formation of alpha-synuclein toxic species in a rat model of Parkinson's disease. Hum Mol Genet 2009;18:872-87
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee KW, Chen W, Junn E, Enhanced phosphatase activity attenuates alpha-synucleinopathy in a mouse model. J Neurosci 2011;31:6963-71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Inglis KJ, Chereau D, Brigham EF, Polo-like kinase 2 (PLK2) phosphorylates alpha-synuclein at serine 129 in central nervous system. J Biol Chem 2009;284:2598-602
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mbefo MK, Paleologou KE, Boucharaba A, Phosphorylation of synucleins by members of the Polo-like kinase family. J Biol Chem 2010;285:2807-22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sato H, Arawaka S, Hara S, Authentically phosphorylated alpha-synuclein at Ser129 accelerates neurodegeneration in a rat model of familial Parkinson's disease. J Neurosci 2011;31:16884-94
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Paleologou KE, Oueslati A, Shakked G, Phosphorylation at S87 is enhanced in synucleinopathies, inhibits alpha-synuclein oligomerization, and influences synuclein-membrane interactions. J Neurosci 2010;30:3184-98
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Outeiro TF, Kontopoulos E, Altmann SM, Sirtuin 2 inhibitors rescue alpha-synuclein-mediated toxicity in models of Parkinson's disease. Science 2007;317:516-19
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Albani D, Polito L, Batelli S, The SIRT1 activator resveratrol protects SK-N-BE cells from oxidative stress and against toxicity caused by alpha-synuclein or amyloid-beta (1 – 42) peptide. J Neurochem 2009;110:1445-56
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El-Agnaf OM, Salem SA, Paleologou KE, alpha-synuclein implicated in Parkinson's disease is present in extracellular biological fluids, including human plasma. FASEB J 2003;17:1945-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Emmanouilidou E, Melachroinou K, Roumeliotis T, Cell-produced alpha-synuclein is secreted in a calcium-dependent manner by exosomes and impacts neuronal survival. J Neurosci 2010;30:6838-51
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sung JY, Park SM, Lee CH, Proteolytic cleavage of extracellular secreted alpha-synuclein via matrix metalloproteinases. J Biol Chem 2005;280:25216-24
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Danzer KM, Ruf WP, Putcha P, Heat-shock protein 70 modulates toxic extracellular alpha-synuclein oligomers and rescues trans-synaptic toxicity. FASEB J 2011;25:326-36
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee HJ, Patel S, Lee SJ. Intravesicular localization and exocytosis of alpha-synuclein and its aggregates. J Neurosci 2005;25:6016-24
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghidoni R, Benussi L, Binetti G. Exosomes: the Trojan horses of neurodegeneration. Med Hypotheses 2008;70:1226-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Putz U, Howitt J, Lackovic J, Nedd4 family-interacting protein 1 (Ndfip1) is required for the exosomal secretion of Nedd4 family proteins. J Biol Chem 2008;283:32621-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Langston JW, Forno LS, Tetrud J, Evidence of active nerve cell degeneration in the substantia nigra of humans years after 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine exposure. Ann Neurol 1999;46:598-605
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang W, Wang T, Pei Z, Aggregated alpha-synuclein activates microglia: a process leading to disease progression in Parkinson's disease. FASEB J 2005;19:533-42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Su X, Maguire-Zeiss KA, Giuliano R, Synuclein activates microglia in a model of Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2008;29:1690-701
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang W, Dallas S, Zhang D, Microglial PHOX and Mac-1 are essential to the enhanced dopaminergic neurodegeneration elicited by A30P and A53T mutant alpha-synuclein. Glia 2007;55:1178-88
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Reynolds AD, Kadiu I, Garg SK, Nitrated alpha-synuclein and microglial neuroregulatory activities. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2008;3:59-74
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lee HJ, Suk JE, Bae EJ, Assembly-dependent endocytosis and clearance of extracellular alpha-synuclein. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2008;40:1835-49
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee HJ, Suk JE, Patrick C, Direct transfer of alpha-synuclein from neuron to astroglia causes inflammatory responses in synucleinopathies. J Biol Chem 2010;285:9262-72
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li JY, Englund E, Holton JL, Lewy bodies in grafted neurons in subjects with Parkinson's disease suggest host-to-graft disease propagation. Nat Med 2008;14:501-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kordower JH, Chu Y, Hauser RA, Lewy body-like pathology in long-term embryonic nigral transplants in Parkinson's disease. Nat Med 2008;14:504-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kordower JH, Brundin P. Propagation of host disease to grafted neurons: accumulating evidence. Exp Neurol 2009;220:224-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mendez I, Vinuela A, Astradsson A, Dopamine neurons implanted into people with Parkinson's disease survive without pathology for 14 years. Nature Medicine 2008;14:507-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Desplats P, Lee HJ, Bae EJ, Inclusion formation and neuronal cell death through neuron-to-neuron transmission of alpha-synuclein. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2009;106:13010-15
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hansen C, Angot E, Bergstrom AL, alpha-Synuclein propagates from mouse brain to grafted dopaminergic neurons and seeds aggregation in cultured human cells. J Clin Invest 2011;121:715-25
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luk KC, Song C, O'Brien P, Exogenous alpha-synuclein fibrils seed the formation of Lewy body-like intracellular inclusions in cultured cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2009;106:20051-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waxman EA, Giasson BI. A novel, high-efficiency cellular model of fibrillar alpha-synuclein inclusions and the examination of mutations that inhibit amyloid formation. J Neurochem 2010;113:374-88
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Volpicelli-Daley LA, Luk KC, Patel TP, Exogenous alpha-synuclein fibrils induce Lewy body pathology leading to synaptic dysfunction and neuron death. Neuron 2011;72:57-71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Emmanouilidou E, Elenis D, Papasilekas T, Assessment of alpha-synuclein secretion in mouse and human brain parenchyma. PLoS One 2011;6:e22225
   Google Scholar
• Masliah E, Rockenstein E, Mante M, Passive immunization reduces behavioral and neuropathological deficits in an alpha-synuclein transgenic model of Lewy body disease. PLoS One 2011;6:e19338
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Masliah E, Rockenstein E, Adame A, Effects of alpha-synuclein immunization in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease. Neuron 2005;46:857-68
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nasstrom T, Goncalves S, Sahlin C, Antibodies against alpha-synuclein reduce oligomerization in living cells. PLoS One 2011;6:e27230
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Emadi S, Barkhordarian H, Wang MS, Isolation of a human single chain antibody fragment against oligomeric alpha-synuclein that inhibits aggregation and prevents alpha-synuclein-induced toxicity. J Mol Biol 2007;368:1132-44
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Emadi S, Kasturirangan S, Wang MS, Detecting morphologically distinct oligomeric forms of alpha-synuclein. J Biol Chem 2009;284:11048-58
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou C, Emadi S, Sierks MR, Messer A. A human single-chain Fv intrabody blocks aberrant cellular effects of overexpressed alpha-synuclein. Mol Ther 2004;10:1023-31
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benner EJ, Mosley RL, Destache CJ, Therapeutic immunization protects dopaminergic neurons in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2004;101:9435-40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gorbatyuk OS, Li S, Nash K, In vivo RNAi-mediated alpha-synuclein silencing induces nigrostriatal degeneration. Mol Ther 2010;18:1450-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alvarez-Erviti L, Seow Y, Yin H, Delivery of siRNA to the mouse brain by systemic injection of targeted exosomes. Nat Biotechnol 2011;29:341-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson SM, Connelly S, Wilson IA, Kelly JW. Biochemical and structural evaluation of highly selective 2-arylbenzoxazole-based transthyretin amyloidogenesis inhibitors. J Med Chem 2008;51:260-70
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolfgang WJ, Miller TW, Webster JM, Suppression of Huntington's disease pathology in Drosophila by human single-chain Fv antibodies. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2005;102:11563-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brundin P, Li JY, Holton JL, Research in motion: the enigma of Parkinson's disease pathology spread. Nat Rev Neurosci 2008;9:741-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar