Efficacy and safety of drugs for ulcerative colitis

Bibliography

• Campieri M, De Franchis R, Bianchi Porro G, Mesalazine (5-aminosalicylic acid) suppositories in the treatment of ulcerative proctitis or distal proctosigmoiditis. A randomized controlled trial. Scand J Gastroenterol 1990;25(7):663-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ngo Y, Gelinet JM, Ivanovic A, Efficacy of a daily application of mesalazine (Pentasa) suppository with progressive release, in the treatment of ulcerative proctitis. A double-blind versus placebo randomized trial. Gastroenterol Clin Biol 1992;16(10):782-6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cohen RD, Woseth DM, Thisted RA, Hanauer SB. A meta-analysis and overview of the literature on treatment options for left-sided ulcerative colitis and ulcerative proctitis. Am J Gastroenterol 2000;95(5):1263-76
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanauer S, Good LI, Goodman MW, Long-term use of mesalamine (Rowasa) suppositories in remission maintenance of ulcerative proctitis. Am J Gastroenterol 2000;95(7):1749-54
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gionchetti P, Ardizzone S, Benvenuti ME, A new mesalazine gel enema in the treatment of left-sided ulcerative colitis: a randomized controlled multicentre trial. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1999;13(3):381-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marshall JK, Irvine EJ. Rectal corticosteroids versus alternative treatments in ulcerative colitis: a meta-analysis.. Gut 1997;40(6):775-81
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marshall JK, Irvine EJ. Rectal aminosalicylate therapy for distal ulcerative colitis: a meta-analysis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1995;9(3):293-300
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Safdi M, DeMicco M, Sninsky C, A double-blind comparison of oral versus rectal mesalamine versus combination therapy in the treatment of distal ulcerative colitis. Am J Gastroenterol 1997;92(10):1867-71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• d'Albasio G, Pacini F, Camarri E, Combined therapy with 5-aminosalicylic acid tablets and enemas for maintaining remission in ulcerative colitis: a randomized double-blind study. Am J Gastroenterol 1997;92(7):1143-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rao SS, Dundas SA, Holdsworth CD, Olsalazine or sulphasalazine in first attacks of ulcerative colitis? A double blind study. Gut 1989;30(5):675-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dick AP, Grayson MJ, Carpenter RG, Petrie A. Controlled trial of sulphasalazine in the treatment of ulcerative colitis. Gut 1964;5:437-42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nikfar S, Rahimi R, Rezaie A, Abdollahi M. A meta-analysis of the efficacy of sulfasalazine in comparison with 5-aminosalicylates in the induction of improvement and maintenance of remission in patients with ulcerative colitis. Dig Dis Sci 2009;54(6):1157-70
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moss AC, Peppercorn MA. The risks and the benefits of mesalazine as a treatment for ulcerative colitis. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2007;6(2):99-107
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanauer SB, Sandborn WJ, Dallaire C, Delayed-release oral mesalamine 4.8 g/day (800 mg tablets) compared to 2.4 g/day (400 mg tablets) for the treatment of mildly to moderately active ulcerative colitis: the ASCEND I trial. Can J Gastroenterol 2007;21(12):827-34
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kamm MA, Sandborn WJ, Gassull M, Once-daily, high-concentration MMX mesalamine in active ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology 2007;132(1):66-75, quiz 432-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lichtenstein GR, Kamm MA, Boddu P, Effect of once- or twice-daily MMX mesalamine (SPD476) for the induction of remission of mild to moderately active ulcerative colitis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2007;5(1):95-102
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sandborn WJ, Kamm MA, Lichtenstein GR, MMX Multi Matrix System mesalazine for the induction of remission in patients with mild-to-moderate ulcerative colitis: a combined analysis of two randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2007;26(2):205-15
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marteau P, Probert CS, Lindgren S, Combined oral and enema treatment with Pentasa (mesalazine) is superior to oral therapy alone in patients with extensive mild/moderate active ulcerative colitis: a randomised, double blind, placebo controlled study. Gut 2005;54(7):960-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sutherland L, Macdonald JK. Oral 5-aminosalicylic acid for induction of remission in ulcerative colitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006;(2):CD000543
   Google Scholar
• Kamm MA, Lichtenstein GR, Sandborn WJ, Randomised trial of once- or twice-daily MMX mesalazine for maintenance of remission in ulcerative colitis. Gut 2008;57(7):893-902
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Velayos FS, Terdiman JP, Walsh JM. Effect of 5-aminosalicylate use on colorectal cancer and dysplasia risk: a systematic review and metaanalysis of observational studies. Am J Gastroenterol 2005;100(6):1345-53
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levine JS, Burakoff R. Chemoprophylaxis of colorectal cancer in inflammatory bowel disease: current concepts. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2007;13(10):1293-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sartor RB. Microbial influences in inflammatory bowel diseases. Gastroenterology 2008;134(2):577-94
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mantzaris GJ, Archavlis E, Christoforidis P, A prospective randomized controlled trial of oral ciprofloxacin in acute ulcerative colitis. Am J Gastroenterol 1997;92(3):454-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turunen UM, Farkkila MA, Hakala K, Long-term treatment of ulcerative colitis with ciprofloxacin: a prospective, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Gastroenterology 1998;115(5):1072-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burke DA, Axon AT, Clayden SA, The efficacy of tobramycin in the treatment of ulcerative colitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1990;4(2):123-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lobo AJ, Burke DA, Sobala GM, Axon AT. Oral tobramycin in ulcerative colitis: effect on maintenance of remission. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1993;7(2):155-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gionchetti P, Rizzello F, Ferrieri A, Rifaximin in patients with moderate or severe ulcerative colitis refractory to steroid-treatment: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Dig Dis Sci 1999;44(6):1220-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guslandi M, Petrone MC, Testoni PA. Rifaximin for active ulcerative colitis. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2006;12(4):335
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chapman RW, Selby WS, Jewell DP. Controlled trial of intravenous metronidazole as an adjunct to corticosteroids in severe ulcerative colitis. Gut 1986;27(10):1210-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mantzaris GJ, Hatzis A, Kontogiannis P, Triadaphyllou G. Intravenous tobramycin and metronidazole as an adjunct to corticosteroids in acute, severe ulcerative colitis. Am J Gastroenterol 1994;89(1):43-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mantzaris GJ, Petraki K, Archavlis E, A prospective randomized controlled trial of intravenous ciprofloxacin as an adjunct to corticosteroids in acute, severe ulcerative colitis. Scand J Gastroenterol 2001;36(9):971-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peppercorn MA. Are antibiotics useful in the management of nontoxic severe ulcerative colitis? J Clin Gastroenterol 1993;17(1):14-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thukral C, Travassos WJ, Peppercorn MA. The role of antibiotics in inflammatory bowel disease. Curr Treat Option Gastroenterol 2005;8(3):223-8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lindgren S, Lofberg R, Bergholm L, Effect of budesonide enema on remission and relapse rate in distal ulcerative colitis and proctitis. Scand J Gastroenterol 2002;37(6):705-10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• James SL, Irving PM, Gearry RB, Gibson PR. Management of distal ulcerative colitis: frequently asked questions analysis. Intern Med J 2008;38(2):114-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lemann M, Galian A, Rutgeerts P, Comparison of budesonide and 5-aminosalicylic acid enemas in active distal ulcerative colitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1995;9(5):557-62
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biancone L, Gionchetti P, Blanco Gdel V, Beclomethasone dipropionate versus mesalazine in distal ulcerative colitis: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind study. Dig Liver Dis 2007;39(4):329-37
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gionchetti P, D'Arienzo A, Rizzello F, Topical treatment of distal active ulcerative colitis with beclomethasone dipropionate or mesalamine: a single-blind randomized controlled trial. J Clin Gastroenterol 2005;39(4):291-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Truelove SC, Witts LJ. Cortisone in ulcerative colitis; preliminary report on a therapeutic trial. Br Med J 1954;2(4884):375-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Truelove SC, Willoughby CP, Lee EG, Kettlewell MG. Further experience in the treatment of severe attacks of ulcerative colitis. Lancet 1978;2(8099):1086-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ng SC, Kamm MA. Therapeutic strategies for the management of ulcerative colitis. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2009;15(6):935-50
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peppercorn MA, Farrell RJ. Medical management of ulcerative colitis. In: UpToDate, Ginsburg, CH (Ed), UpToDate, Waltham, MA, 2009
   Google Scholar
• Lofberg R, Danielsson A, Suhr O, Oral budesonide versus prednisolone in patients with active extensive and left-sided ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology 1996;110(6):1713-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campieri M, Adamo S, Valpiani D, Oral beclometasone dipropionate in the treatment of extensive and left-sided active ulcerative colitis: a multicentre randomised study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2003;17(12):1471-80
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rizzello F, Gionchetti P, D'Arienzo A, Oral beclometasone dipropionate in the treatment of active ulcerative colitis: a double-blind placebo-controlled study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2002;16(6):1109-16
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenberg JL, Wall AJ, Levin B, A controlled trial of azathioprine in the management of chronic ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology 1975;69(1):96-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirk AP, Lennard-Jones JE. Controlled trial of azathioprine in chronic ulcerative colitis. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1982;284(6325):1291-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karoui S, Djebbi S, Belkhodja A, Maintenance therapy by azathioprine after successful treatment by intravenous corticosteroid in acute severe colitis. An open prospective study. Tunis Med 2008;86(4):322-7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Timmer A, McDonald JW, Macdonald JK. Azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine for maintenance of remission in ulcerative colitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007;(1):CD000478
   Google Scholar
• Sood A, Kaushal V, Midha V, The beneficial effect of azathioprine on maintenance of remission in severe ulcerative colitis. J Gastroenterol 2002;37(4):270-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mantzaris GJ, Sfakianakis M, Archavlis E, A prospective randomized observer-blind 2-year trial of azathioprine monotherapy versus azathioprine and olsalazine for the maintenance of remission of steroid-dependent ulcerative colitis. Am J Gastroenterol 2004;99(6):1122-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gisbert JP, Linares PM, McNicholl AG, Meta-analysis: the efficacy of azathioprine and mercaptopurine in ulcerative colitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2009;30(2):126-37
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shibolet O, Regushevskaya E, Brezis M, Soares-Weiser K. Cyclosporine A for induction of remission in severe ulcerative colitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005;(1):CD004277
   Google Scholar
• Lichtiger S, Present DH, Kornbluth A, Cyclosporine in severe ulcerative colitis refractory to steroid therapy. N Engl J Med 1994;330(26):1841-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D'Haens G, Lemmens L, Geboes K, Intravenous cyclosporine versus intravenous corticosteroids as single therapy for severe attacks of ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology 2001;120(6):1323-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen RD, Brodsky AL, Hanauer SB. A comparison of the quality of life in patients with severe ulcerative colitis after total colectomy versus medical treatment with intravenous cyclosporin. Inflamm Bowel Dis 1999;5(1):1-10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arts J, D'Haens G, Zeegers M, Long-term outcome of treatment with intravenous cyclosporin in patients with severe ulcerative colitis. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2004;10(2):73-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Message L, Bourreille A, Laharie D, Efficacy of intravenous cyclosporin in moderately severe ulcerative colitis refractory to steroids. Gastroenterol Clin Biol 2005;29(3):231-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Assche G, D'Haens G, Noman M, Randomized, double-blind comparison of 4 mg/kg versus 2 mg/kg intravenous cyclosporine in severe ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology 2003;125(4):1025-31
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rayner CK, McCormack G, Emmanuel AV, Kamm MA. Long-term results of low-dose intravenous ciclosporin for acute severe ulcerative colitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2003;18(3):303-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Saussure P, Soravia C, Morel P, Hadengue A. Low-dose oral microemulsion ciclosporin for severe, refractory ulcerative colitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2005;22(3):203-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weber A, Fein F, Koch S, Treatment of ulcerative colitis refractory to steroid therapy by oral microemulsion cyclosporine (Neoral). Inflamm Bowel Dis 2006;12(12):1131-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chey WY. Infliximab for patients with refractory ulcerative colitis. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2001;7(Suppl 1):S30-3
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chey WY, Hussain A, Ryan C, Infliximab for refractory ulcerative colitis. Am J Gastroenterol 2001;96(8):2373-81
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaser A, Mairinger T, Vogel W, Tilg H. Infliximab in severe steroid-refractory ulcerative colitis: a pilot study. Wien Klin Wochenschr 2001;113(23-24):930-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Su C, Salzberg BA, Lewis JD, Efficacy of anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy in patients with ulcerative colitis. Am J Gastroenterol 2002;97(10):2577-84
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gornet JM, Couve S, Hassani Z, Infliximab for refractory ulcerative colitis or indeterminate colitis: an open-label multicentre study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2003;18(2):175-81
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sands BE, Tremaine WJ, Sandborn WJ, Infliximab in the treatment of severe, steroid-refractory ulcerative colitis: a pilot study. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2001;7(2):83-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jarnerot G, Hertervig E, Friis-Liby I, Infliximab as rescue therapy in severe to moderately severe ulcerative colitis: a randomized, placebo-controlled study. Gastroenterology 2005;128(7):1805-11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Probert CS, Hearing SD, Schreiber S, Infliximab in moderately severe glucocorticoid resistant ulcerative colitis: a randomised controlled trial. Gut 2003;52(7):998-1002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ochsenkuhn T, Sackmann M, Goke B. Infliximab for acute, not steroid-refractory ulcerative colitis: a randomized pilot study. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2004;16(11):1167-71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Armuzzi A, De Pascalis B, Lupascu A, Infliximab in the treatment of steroid-dependent ulcerative colitis. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2004;8(5):231-3
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rutgeerts P, Sandborn WJ, Feagan BG, Infliximab for induction and maintenance therapy for ulcerative colitis. N Engl J Med 2005;353(23):2462-76
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feagan BG, Reinisch W, Rutgeerts P, The effects of infliximab therapy on health-related quality of life in ulcerative colitis patients. Am J Gastroenterol 2007;102(4):794-802
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sandborn WJ, Rutgeerts P, Feagan BG, Colectomy rate comparison after treatment of ulcerative colitis with placebo or infliximab. Gastroenterology 2009;137(4):1520
   Google Scholar
• Doherty GA, Cheifetz AS. Management of acute severe ulcerative colitis. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2009;3(4):395-405
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Grimes DA, Schulz KF. Descriptive studies: what they can and cannot do. Lancet 2002;359(9301):145-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heeley E, Riley J, Layton D, Prescription-event monitoring and reporting of adverse drug reactions. Lancet 2001;358(9296):1872-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Munakata A, Yoshida Y, Muto T, Double-blind comparative study of sulfasalazine and controlled-release mesalazine tablets in the treatment of active ulcerative colitis. J Gastroenterol 1995;30(Suppl 8):108-11
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Loftus EV Jr, Kane SV, Bjorkman D. Systematic review: short-term adverse effects of 5-aminosalicylic acid agents in the treatment of ulcerative colitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2004;19(2):179-89
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green JR, Mansfield JC, Gibson JA, A double-blind comparison of balsalazide, 6.75 g daily, and sulfasalazine, 3 g daily, in patients with newly diagnosed or relapsed active ulcerative colitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2002;16(1):61-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nikfar S, Rahimi R, Rezaie A, Abdollahi M. A meta-analysis of the efficacy of sulfasalazine in comparison with 5-aminosalicylates in the induction of improvement and maintenance of remission in patients with ulcerative colitis. Dig Dis Sci 2009;54(6):1157-70
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jick H, Myers MW, Dean AD. The risk of sulfasalazine- and mesalazine-associated blood disorders. Pharmacotherapy 1995;15(2):176-81
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sachar DB. The safety of sulfasalazine: the gastroenterologists' experience. J Rheumatol Suppl 1988;16:14-6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ransford RA, Langman MJ. Sulphasalazine and mesalazine: serious adverse reactions re-evaluated on the basis of suspected adverse reaction reports to the Committee on Safety of Medicines. Gut 2002;51(4):536-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Morain C, Smethurst P, Dore CJ, Levi AJ. Reversible male infertility due to sulphasalazine: studies in man and rat. Gut 1984;25(10):1078-84
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parry SD, Barbatzas C, Peel ET, Barton JR. Sulphasalazine and lung toxicity. Eur Respir J 2002;19(4):756-64
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sutherland L, Macdonald JK. Oral 5-aminosalicylic acid for maintenance of remission in ulcerative colitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006;(2):CD000544
   Google Scholar
• Scherl EJ, Pruitt R, Gordon GL, Safety and efficacy of a new 3.3 g b.i.d. tablet formulation in patients with mild-to-moderately-active ulcerative colitis: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Am J Gastroenterol 2009;104(6):1452-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kruis W, Kiudelis G, Racz I, Once daily versus three times daily mesalazine granules in active ulcerative colitis: a double-blind, double-dummy, randomised, non-inferiority trial. Gut 2009;58(2):233-40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kamm MA, Lichtenstein GR, Sandborn WJ, Effect of extended MMX mesalamine therapy for acute, mild-to-moderate ulcerative colitis. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2009;15(1):1-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dignass AU, Bokemeyer B, Adamek H, Mesalamine once daily is more effective than twice daily in patients with quiescent ulcerative colitis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2009;7(7):762-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kerns MJ, Mallatt BD, Shamma HN. Granulomatous pigmented purpura: an unusual histological variant. Am J Dermatopathol 2009;31(1):77-80
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fukunaga K, Ohda Y, Inoue T, Toxic epidermal necrosis associated with mesalamine in a patient with ulcerative colitis. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2007;13(8):1055-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gisbert JP, Luna M, Gonzalez-Lama Y, Effect of 5-aminosalicylates on renal function in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: 4-year follow-up study. Gastroenterol Hepatol 2008;31(8):477-84
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Elseviers MM, D'Haens G, Lerebours E, Renal impairment in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: association with aminosalicylate therapy? Clin Nephrol 2004;61(2):83-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Staa TP, Travis S, Leufkens HG, Logan RF. 5-aminosalicylic acids and the risk of renal disease: a large British epidemiologic study. Gastroenterology 2004;126(7):1733-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gisbert JP, Gonzalez-Lama Y, Mate J. 5-Aminosalicylates and renal function in inflammatory bowel disease: a systematic review. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2007;13(5):629-38
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patel H, Barr A, Jeejeebhoy KN. Renal effects of long-term treatment with 5-aminosalicylic acid. Can J Gastroenterol 2009;23(3):170-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ohkusa T, Nomura T, Terai T, Effectiveness of antibiotic combination therapy in patients with active ulcerative colitis: a randomized, controlled pilot trial with long-term follow-up. Scand J Gastroenterol 2005;40(11):1334-42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Juillerat P, Pittet V, Felley C, Drug safety in Crohn's disease therapy. Digestion 2007;76(2):161-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duffy LF, Daum F, Fisher SE, Peripheral neuropathy in Crohn's disease patients treated with metronidazole. Gastroenterology 1985;88(3):681-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cina SJ, Russell RA, Conradi SE. Sudden death due to metronidazole/ethanol interaction. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 1996;17(4):343-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arcieri GM, Becker N, Esposito B, Safety of intravenous ciprofloxacin. A review. Am J Med 1989;87(5A):92S-7S
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly CP, LaMont JT. Clostridium difficile–more difficult than ever. N Engl J Med 2008;359(18):1932-40
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rodemann JF, Dubberke ER, Reske KA, Incidence of Clostridium difficile infection in inflammatory bowel disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2007;5(3):339-44
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lim S, Alam MG. Ciprofloxacin-induced acute interstitial nephritis and autoimmune hemolytic anemia. Ren Fail 2003;25(4):647-51
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hallgren J, Tengvall-Linder M, Persson M, Wahlgren CF. Stevens-Johnson syndrome associated with ciprofloxacin: a review of adverse cutaneous events reported in Sweden as associated with this drug. J Am Acad Dermatol 2003;49(Suppl 5):S267-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mandal B, Steward M, Singh S, Jones H. Ciprofloxacin-induced toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) in a nonagerian: a case report. Age Ageing 2004;33(4):405-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Urbina F, Barrios M, Sudy E. Photolocalized purpura during ciprofloxacin therapy. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed 2006;22(2):111-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reeves RR. Ciprofloxacin-induced psychosis. Ann Pharmacother 1992;26(7-8):930-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steiger D, Bubendorf L, Oberholzer M, Ciprofloxacin-induced acute interstitial pneumonitis. Eur Respir J 2004;23(1):172-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eisele S, Garbe E, Zeitz M, Ciprofloxacin-related acute severe myalgia necessitating emergency care treatment: a case report and review of the literature. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther 2009;47(3):165-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoes JN, Jacobs JW, Verstappen SM, Adverse events of low- to medium-dose oral glucocorticoids in inflammatory diseases: a meta-analysis. Ann Rheum Dis 2009;68(12):1833-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ardizzone S, Bianchi Porro G. Comparative tolerability of therapies for ulcerative colitis. Drug Saf 2002;25(8):561-82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valentine JF, Sninsky CA. Prevention and treatment of osteoporosis in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Am J Gastroenterol 1999;94(4):878-83
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stuck AE, Minder CE, Frey FJ. Risk of infectious complications in patients taking glucocorticosteroids. Rev Infect Dis 1989;11(6):954-63
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stein RB, Hanauer SB. Comparative tolerability of treatments for inflammatory bowel disease. Drug Saf 2000;23(5):429-48
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee DA, Taylor GM, James VH, Walker G. Plasma prednisolone levels and adrenocortical responsiveness after administration of prednisolone-21-phosphate as a retention enema. Gut 1979;20(5):349-55
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanauer SB, Robinson M, Pruitt R, Budesonide enema for the treatment of active, distal ulcerative colitis and proctitis: a dose-ranging study. US Budesonide enema study group. Gastroenterology 1998;115(3):525-32
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lofberg R, Ostergaard Thomsen O, Langholz E, Budesonide versus prednisolone retention enemas in active distal ulcerative colitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1994;8(6):623-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bar-Meir S, Fidder HH, Faszczyk M, Budesonide foam vs. hydrocortisone acetate foam in the treatment of active ulcerative proctosigmoiditis. Dis Colon Rectum 2003;46(7):929-36
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Danielsson A, Lofberg R, Persson T, A steroid enema, budesonide, lacking systemic effects for the treatment of distal ulcerative colitis or proctitis. Scand J Gastroenterol 1992;27(1):9-12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pearson DC, May GR, Fick GH, Sutherland LR. Azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine in Crohn disease. A meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med 1995;123(2):132-42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sandborn W, Sutherland L, Pearson D, Azathioprine or 6-mercaptopurine for inducing remission of Crohn's disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2000;(2):CD000545
   Google Scholar
• Prefontaine E, Sutherland LR, Macdonald JK, Cepoiu M. Azathioprine or 6-mercaptopurine for maintenance of remission in Crohn's disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2009;(1):CD000067
   Google Scholar
• Connell WR, Kamm MA, Ritchie JK, Lennard-Jones JE. Bone marrow toxicity caused by azathioprine in inflammatory bowel disease: 27 years of experience. Gut 1993;34(8):1081-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaye OA, Yadegari M, Abreu MT, Hepatotoxicity of 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) and azathioprine (AZA) in adult IBD patients. Am J Gastroenterol 2007;102(11):2488-94
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teml A, Schaeffeler E, Herrlinger KR, Thiopurine treatment in inflammatory bowel disease: clinical pharmacology and implication of pharmacogenetically guided dosing. Clin Pharmacokinet 2007;46(3):187-208
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colombel JF, Ferrari N, Debuysere H, Genotypic analysis of thiopurine S-methyltransferase in patients with Crohn's disease and severe myelosuppression during azathioprine therapy. Gastroenterology 2000;118(6):1025-30
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roblin X, Peyrin-Biroulet L, Phelip JM, A 6-thioguanine nucleotide threshold level of 400 pmol/8 x 10(8) erythrocytes predicts azathioprine refractoriness in patients with inflammatory bowel disease and normal TPMT activity. Am J Gastroenterol 2008;103(12):3115-22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dubinsky MC, Lamothe S, Yang HY, Pharmacogenomics and metabolite measurement for 6-mercaptopurine therapy in inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology 2000;118(4):705-13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Present DH, Meltzer SJ, Krumholz MP, 6-Mercaptopurine in the management of inflammatory bowel disease: short- and long-term toxicity. Ann Intern Med 1989;111(8):641-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warman JI, Korelitz BI, Fleisher MR, Janardhanam R. Cumulative experience with short- and long-term toxicity to 6-mercaptopurine in the treatment of Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. J Clin Gastroenterol 2003;37(3):220-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cassinotti A, Massari A, Ferrara E, New onset of atrial fibrillation after introduction of azathioprine in ulcerative colitis: case report and review of the literature. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2007;63(9):875-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simpson CD. Azathioprine-induced pericarditis in a patient with ulcerative colitis. Can J Gastroenterol 1997;11(3):217-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paoluzi OA, Crispino P, Amantea A, Diffuse febrile dermatosis in a patient with active ulcerative colitis under treatment with steroids and azathioprine: a case of Sweet's syndrome. Case report and review of literature. Dig Liver Dis 2004;36(5):361-6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• El-Azhary RA, Brunner KL, Gibson LE. Sweet syndrome as a manifestation of azathioprine hypersensitivity. Mayo Clin Proc 2008;83(9):1026-30
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yiasemides E, Thom G. Azathioprine hypersensitivity presenting as a neutrophilic dermatosis in a man with ulcerative colitis. Australas J Dermatol 2009;50(1):48-51
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ali M, Duerksen DR. Ulcerative colitis and Sweet's syndrome: a case report and review of the literature. Can J Gastroenterol 2008;22(3):296-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katsenos S, Psathakis K, Kokkonouzis I, Drug-induced pulmonary toxicity in a patient treated with mesalazine and azathioprine for ulcerative colitis. Acta Gastroenterol Belg 2007;70(3):290-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ananthakrishnan AN, Attila T, Otterson MF, Severe pulmonary toxicity after azathioprine/6-mercaptopurine initiation for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. J Clin Gastroenterol 2007;41(7):682-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nagy F, Molnar T, Makula E, A case of interstitial pneumonitis in a patient with ulcerative colitis treated with azathioprine. World J Gastroenterol 2007;13(2):316-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellul P, Vella V, Vassallo M. Reversible dysgeusia attributed to azathioprine. Am J Gastroenterol 2007;102(3):689
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karhadkar AS, Schwartz HJ, Arora M, Dutta SK. Severe muscular weakness: an unusual adverse effect of azathioprine therapy. J Clin Gastroenterol 2006;40(7):626-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakao K, Tsunoda A, Shimizu Y, Development of hepatocellular carcinoma following treatment with 6-mercaptopurine for ulcerative colitis: investigation of chromosomal aberration by comparative genomic hybridization. Int J Clin Oncol 2005;10(4):281-4
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Russmann S, Zimmermann A, Krahenbuhl S, Veno-occlusive disease, nodular regenerative hyperplasia and hepatocellular carcinoma after azathioprine treatment in a patient with ulcerative colitis. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2001;13(3):287-90
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maddox JS, Soltani K. Risk of nonmelanoma skin cancer with azathioprine use. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2008;14(10):1425-31
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis JD, Bilker WB, Brensinger C, Inflammatory bowel disease is not associated with an increased risk of lymphoma. Gastroenterology 2001;121(5):1080-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilkinson AH, Smith JL, Hunsicker LG, Increased frequency of posttransplant lymphomas in patients treated with cyclosporine, azathioprine, and prednisone. Transplantation 1989;47(2):293-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silman AJ, Petrie J, Hazleman B, Evans SJ. Lymphoproliferative cancer and other malignancy in patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated with azathioprine: a 20 year follow up study. Ann Rheum Dis 1988;47(12):988-92
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kinlen LJ. Incidence of cancer in rheumatoid arthritis and other disorders after immunosuppressive treatment. Am J Med 1985;78(1A):44-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernatsky S, Clarke AE, Suissa S. Hematologic malignant neoplasms after drug exposure in rheumatoid arthritis. Arch Intern Med 2008;168(4):378-81
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Connell WR, Kamm MA, Dickson M, Long-term neoplasia risk after azathioprine treatment in inflammatory bowel disease. Lancet 1994;343(8908):1249-52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kandiel A, Fraser AG, Korelitz BI, Increased risk of lymphoma among inflammatory bowel disease patients treated with azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine. Gut 2005;54(8):1121-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siegel CA, Marden SM, Persing SM, Risk of lymphoma associated with combination anti-tumor necrosis factor and immunomodulator therapy for the treatment of Crohn's disease: a meta-analysis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2009;7(8):874-81
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sternthal MB, Murphy SJ, George J, Adverse events associated with the use of cyclosporine in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Am J Gastroenterol 2008;103(4):937-43
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanauer SB, Feagan BG, Lichtenstein GR, Maintenance infliximab for Crohn's disease: the ACCENT I randomised trial. Lancet 2002;359(9317):1541-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sands BE, Anderson FH, Bernstein CN, Infliximab maintenance therapy for fistulizing Crohn's disease. N Engl J Med 2004;350(9):876-85
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peyrin-Biroulet L, Deltenre P, de Suray N, Efficacy and safety of tumor necrosis factor antagonists in Crohn's disease: meta-analysis of placebo-controlled trials. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2008;6(6):644-53
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Vries HS, van Oijen MG, de Jong DJ. Serious events with infliximab in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a 9-year cohort study in the Netherlands. Drug Saf 2008;31(12):1135-44
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lees CW, Ali AI, Thompson AI, The safety profile of anti-tumour necrosis factor therapy in inflammatory bowel disease in clinical practice: analysis of 620 patient-years follow-up. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2009;29(3):286-97
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colombel JF, Loftus EV Jr, Tremaine WJ, The safety profile of infliximab in patients with Crohn's disease: the Mayo clinic experience in 500 patients. Gastroenterology 2004;126(1):19-31
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fidder H, Schnitzler F, Ferrante M, Long-term safety of infliximab for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease: a single-centre cohort study. Gut 2009;58(4):501-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lichtenstein GR, Cohen R., Feagan B. Safety of infliximab and other Crohn's disease therapies: TREAT registry data with 24,575 patient-years of follow-up [abstract 1116]. Presentation at ACG 2008; 2008
   Google Scholar
• Lichtenstein GR, Feagan BG, Cohen RD, Serious infections and mortality in association with therapies for Crohn's disease: TREAT registry. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2006;4(5):621-30
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D'Haens G, Suenaert P, Westhovens R, Rutgeerts P. Severe knee pain as the single symptom of CMV infection in acute ulcerative colitis treated with cyclosporine. Inflamm Bowel Dis 1998;4(1):27-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piton G, Dupont-Gossart AC, Weber A, Severe systemic cytomegalovirus infections in patients with steroid-refractory ulcerative colitis treated by an oral microemulsion form of cyclosporine: report of two cases. Gastroenterol Clin Biol 2008;32(5 Pt 1):460-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hibi K, Kusugami K, Ina K, Disseminated intravascular coagulation associated with systemic cytomegalovirus infection during cyclosporine therapy for ulcerative colitis: report of a case. Dis Colon Rectum 2006;49(1):127-31
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quan VA, Saunders BP, Hicks BH, Sladen GE. Cyclosporin treatment for ulcerative colitis complicated by fatal Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. BMJ 1997;314(7077):363-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scott AM, Myers GA, Harms BA. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia postrestorative proctocolectomy for ulcerative colitis: a role for perioperative prophylaxis in the cyclosporine era? Report of a case and review of the literature. Dis Colon Rectum 1997;40(8):973-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith MB, Hanauer SB. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia during cyclosporine therapy for ulcerative colitis. N Engl J Med 1992;327(7):497-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caroli A, Fregonese D, Di Falco G, D'Inca R. Aspergillus fumigatus pneumonia during cyclosporine treatment for ulcerative colitis. Am J Gastroenterol 2000;95(10):3016-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stack WA, Richardson PD, Logan RP, Nocardia asteroides lung abscess in acute ulcerative colitis treated with cyclosporine. Am J Gastroenterol 2001;96(7):2255-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hinterreiter M, Stadler B, Knoflach P. Recurrent septicemia with lethal outcome during and after cyclosporine therapy in severe ulcerative colitis. Acta Med Austriaca 2000;27(3):91-3
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Al-Shekhlee A, Oghlakian G, Katirji B. A case of cyclosporine-induced dural sinus thrombosis. J Thromb Haemost 2005;3(6):1327-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murata S, Ishikawa N, Oshikawa S, Cerebral sinus thrombosis associated with severe active ulcerative colitis. Intern Med 2004;43(5):400-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Humphreys TR, Leyden JJ. Acute reversible central nervous system toxicity associated with low-dose oral cyclosporine therapy. J Am Acad Dermatol 1993;29(3):490-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sood A, Midha V, Sood N. Reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy due to oral cyclosporine in severe ulcerative colitis. Indian J Gastroenterol 2003;22(6):233-4
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shibahara T, Miyazaki K, Sato D, Rectal malignant lymphoma complicating ulcerative colitis treated with long-term cyclosporine A. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2006;21(1 Pt 2):336-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwartz LK, Kim MK, Coleman M, Case report: lymphoma arising in an ileal pouch anal anastomosis after immunomodulatory therapy for inflammatory bowel disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2006;4(8):1030-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rahman AH, O'Brien C, Patchett SE. Leg bone pain syndrome in a patient with ulcerative colitis treated with cyclosporin. Ir J Med Sci 2007;176(2):129-31
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rottenberg Y, Fridlender ZG. Recurrent infusion phlebitis induced by cyclosporine. Ann Pharmacother 2004;38(12):2071-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beaugerie L, Carrat F, Bouvier A, Excess risk of lymphoproliferative disorders (LPD) in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD): interim results from the CESAME cohort. Gastroenterology 2008;134(Suppl):A116-7
   Google Scholar
• Caspersen S, Elkjaer M, Riis L, Infliximab for inflammatory bowel disease in Denmark 1999-2005: clinical outcome and follow-up evaluation of malignancy and mortality. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2008;6(11):1212-7, quiz 176
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ljung T, Karlen P, Schmidt D, Infliximab in inflammatory bowel disease: clinical outcome in a population based cohort from Stockholm County. Gut 2004;53(6):849-53
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toruner M, Loftus EV Jr, Harmsen WS, Risk factors for opportunistic infections in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology 2008;134(4):929-36
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Melmed GY. Vaccination strategies for patients with inflammatory bowel disease on immunomodulators and biologics. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2009;15(9):1410-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Viget N, Vernier-Massouille G, Salmon-Ceron D, Opportunistic infections in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: prevention and diagnosis. Gut 2008;57(4):549-58
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kozarek RA, Patterson DJ, Gelfand MD, Methotrexate induces clinical and histologic remission in patients with refractory inflammatory bowel disease. Ann Intern Med 1989;110(5):353-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cummings JR, Herrlinger KR, Travis SP, Oral methotrexate in ulcerative colitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2005;21(4):385-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oren R, Arber N, Odes S, Methotrexate in chronic active ulcerative colitis: a double-blind, randomized, Israeli multicenter trial. Gastroenterology 1996;110(5):1416-21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schroder O, Stein J. Low dose methotrexate in inflammatory bowel disease: current status and future directions. Am J Gastroenterol 2003;98(3):530-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ogata H, Matsui T, Nakamura M, A randomised dose finding study of oral tacrolimus (FK506) therapy in refractory ulcerative colitis. Gut 2006;55(9):1255-62
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baumgart DC, Macdonald JK, Feagan B. Tacrolimus (FK506) for induction of remission in refractory ulcerative colitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2008;(3):CD007216
   Google Scholar
• Lewis JD, Schwartz JS, Lichtenstein GR. Azathioprine for maintenance of remission in Crohn's disease: benefits outweigh the risk of lymphoma. Gastroenterology 2000;118(6):1018-24
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar