406
Views
25
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Reviews

Therapeutic drug monitoring in highly active antiretroviral therapy

, &
Pages 743-758 | Published online: 30 Mar 2010

Bibliography

  • Back D, Gatti G, Fletcher C, Therapeutic drug monitoring in HIV infection: current status and future directions. AIDS 2002;16(Suppl 1):S5-37
  • Guidelines for the Use of Antiretroviral Agents in HIV-1-Infected Adults and Adolescents. DHHS Panel on Antiretroviral Guidelines for Adults and Adolescents, 2009. Available from: http://aidsinfo.nih.gov/Guidelines/GuidelineDetail.aspx?MenuItem=Guidelines&Search= Off&GuidelineID=7&ClassID=1. [Accessed 30 December 2009]
  • Therapeutic Drug Monitoring. Hopkins HIV Guide, 2006. Available from: http://www.hopkins-hivguide.org/management/antiretroviral_therapy/therapeutic_drug_monitoring.html. [Accessed 30 December 2009]
  • Aries SP, Schaaf BM, Wilmsen U, Routine therapeutic drug monitoring in patients on protease inhibitors: Impact on therapeutic decisions? AIDS 2000;14:S91-S2
  • Gibbons SE, Reynolds HE, Tjia JF, The Liverpool Therapeutic Drug Monitoring Service–A summary of the service and examples of use in clinical practice. AIDS 2000;14:S89-90
  • la Porte CJL, Back DJ, Blaschke T, Updated guideline to perform therapeutic drug monitoring for antiretroviral agents. Rev Antivir Ther 2006;3:4-14
  • Launay O. Antiretroviral therapy: principles for treating HIV infection. Presse Med 2008;37:1022-32
  • Gatti G, Di Biagio A, Casazza R, The relationship between ritonavir plasma levels and side-effects: implications for therapeutic drug monitoring. AIDS 1999;13:2083-9
  • Dieleman JP, Gyssens IC, van der Ende ME, Urological complaints in relation to indinavir plasma concentrations in HIV-infected patients. AIDS 1999;13:473-8
  • Ray JE, Marriott D, Bloch MT, McLachlan AJ. Therapeutic drug monitoring of atazanavir: surveillance of pharmacotherapy in the clinic. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2005;60:291-9
  • Smith DE, Jeganathan S, Ray J. Atazanavir plasma concentrations vary significantly between patients and correlate with increased serum bilirubin concentrations. HIV Clin Trials 2006;7:34-8
  • Mallon PW, Ray J, Cooper DA. Effect of therapeutic drug monitoring on outcome in antiretroviral experienced HIV-infected individuals. J Clin Virol 2003;26:223-7
  • Veldkamp AI, Weverling GJ, Lange JM, High exposure to nevirapine in plasma is associated with an improved virological response in HIV-1-infected individuals. AIDS 2001;15:1089-95
  • Marzolini C, Telenti A, Decosterd LA, Efavirenz plasma levels can predict treatment failure and central nervous system side effects in HIV-1-infected patients. AIDS 2001;15:71-5
  • Van Heeswijk RP. Critical issues in therapeutic drug monitoring of antiretroviral drugs. Ther Drug Monit 2002;24:323-31
  • Donnerer J, Haas BJ, Kessler HH. Single-measurement therapeutic drug monitoring of the HIV/AIDS drugs abacavir, zidovudine, lamivudine, efavirenz, nevirapine, lopinavir and nelfinavir. Pharmacology 2008;82:287-92
  • Pereira SA, Branco T, Caixas U, Intra-individual variability in efavirenz plasma concentrations supports therapeutic drug monitoring based on quarterly sampling in the first year of therapy. Ther Drug Monit 2008;30:60-6
  • Marzolini C, Buclin T, Decosterd LA, Nelfinavir plasma levels under twice-daily and three-times-daily regimens: high interpatient and low intrapatient variability. Ther Drug Monit 2001;23:394-8
  • Stahle L, Moberg L, Svensson JO, Sonnerborg A. Efavirenz plasma concentrations in HIV-infected patients: inter- and intraindividual variability and clinical effects. Ther Drug Monit 2004;26:267-70
  • Hill A. Reliability of Cmin: inhibitory concentration ratios. J Infect Dis 2001;183:992-4
  • Hsu A, Granneman GR, Witt G, Multiple-dose pharmacokinetics of ritonavir in human immunodeficiency virus-infected subjects. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1997;41:898-905
  • van der Leur MR, Burger DM, la Porte CJ, Koopmans PP. A retrospective TDM database analysis of interpatient variability in the pharmacokinetics of lopinavir in HIV-infected adults. Ther Drug Monit 2006;28:650-3
  • Burger D, van der Heiden I, la Porte C, Interpatient variability in the pharmacokinetics of the HIV non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor efavirenz: the effect of gender, race, and CYP2B6 polymorphism. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2006;61:148-54
  • Stohr W, Back D, Dunn D, Factors influencing efavirenz and nevirapine plasma concentration: effect of ethnicity, weight and co-medication. Antiviral therapy 2008;13:675-85
  • Adkins JC, Noble S. Efavirenz. Drugs 1998;56:1055-64; discussion 65-6
  • Gatanaga H, Hayashida T, Tsuchiya K, Successful efavirenz dose reduction in HIV type 1-infected individuals with cytochrome P450 2B6 *6 and *26. Clin Infect Dis 2007;45:1230-7
  • Rotger M, Colombo S, Furrer H, Influence of CYP2B6 polymorphism on plasma and intracellular concentrations and toxicity of efavirenz and nevirapine in HIV-infected patients. Pharmacogenetics and genomics 2005;15:1-5
  • Lopez-Cortes LF, Ruiz-Valderas R, Viciana P, Pharmacokinetic interactions between efavirenz and rifampicin in HIV-infected patients with tuberculosis. Clin Pharmacokinet 2002;41:681-90
  • Manosuthi W, Sungkanuparph S, Thakkinstian A, Plasma nevirapine levels and 24-week efficacy in HIV-infected patients receiving nevirapine-based highly active antiretroviral therapy with or without rifampicin. Clin Infect Dis 2006;43:253-5
  • Sathia L, Obiorah I, Taylor G, Concomitant use of nonnucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitors and rifampicin in TB/HIV type 1-coinfected patients. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2008;24:897-901
  • van Luin M, Brouwer AM, van der Ven A, Efavirenz dose reduction to 200 mg once daily in a patient treated with rifampicin. AIDS 2009;23:742-4
  • Ma Q, Okusanya OO, Smith PF, Pharmacokinetic drug interactions with non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2005;1:473-85
  • Oette M, Kurowski M, Feldt T, Impact of rosiglitazone treatment on the bioavailability of antiretroviral compounds in HIV-positive patients. J Antimicrob Chemother 2005;56:416-9
  • Gollapudi S, Gupta S. Human immunodeficiency virus I-induced expression of P-glycoprotein. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1990;171:1002-7
  • Rendon A, Nunez M, Jimenez-Nacher I, Clinical benefit of interventions driven by therapeutic drug monitoring. HIV Med 2005;6:360-5
  • Notari S, Bocedi A, Ippolito G, Simultaneous determination of 16 anti-HIV drugs in human plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2006;831:258-66
  • Poirier JM, Robidou P, Jaillon P. Simple and simultaneous determination of the hiv-protease inhibitors amprenavir, atazanavir, indinavir, lopinavir, nelfinavir, ritonavir and saquinavir plus M8 nelfinavir metabolite and the nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors efavirenz and nevirapine in human plasma by reversed-phase liquid chromatography. Ther Drug Monit 2005;27:186-92
  • Rezk NL, Tidwell RR, Kashuba AD. High-performance liquid chromatography assay for the quantification of HIV protease inhibitors and non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors in human plasma. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2004;805:241-7
  • Ghoshal AK, Soldin SJ. Improved method for concurrent quantification of antiretrovirals by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Ther Drug Monit 2003;25:541-3
  • Notari S, Mancone C, Alonzi T, Determination of abacavir, amprenavir, didanosine, efavirenz, nevirapine, and stavudine concentration in human plasma by MALDI-TOF/TOF. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2008;863:249-57
  • Roucairol C, Azoulay S, Nevers MC, Development of a competitive immunoassay for efavirenz: hapten design and validation studies. Anal Chim Acta 2007;589:142-9
  • Duval X, Peytavin G, Breton G, Hair versus plasma concentrations as indicator of indinavir exposure in HIV-1-infected patients treated with indinavir/ritonavir combination. AIDS 2007;21:106-8
  • Kumar AK, Ramachandran G, Kumar P, Can urine lamivudine be used to monitor antiretroviral treatment adherence? MedGenMed 2006;8:53
  • Hugen PW, Burger DM, de Graaff M, Saliva as a specimen for monitoring compliance but not for predicting plasma concentrations in patients with HIV treated with indinavir. Ther Drug Monit 2000;22:437-45
  • Colombo S, Beguin A, Telenti A, Intracellular measurements of anti-HIV drugs indinavir, amprenavir, saquinavir, ritonavir, nelfinavir, lopinavir, atazanavir, efavirenz and nevirapine in peripheral blood mononuclear cells by liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2005;819:259-76
  • Hoetelmans RM, van Essenberg M, Profijt M, High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of ritonavir in human plasma, cerebrospinal fluid and saliva. J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl 1998;705:119-26
  • Koal T, Burhenne H, Romling R, Quantification of antiretroviral drugs in dried blood spot samples by means of liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2005;19:2995-3001
  • de Maat MM, Huitema AD, Mulder JW, Subtherapeutic antiretroviral plasma concentrations in routine clinical outpatient HIV care. Ther Drug Monit 2003;25:367-73
  • Forsyth SF, French PD, Macfarlane E, The use of therapeutic drug monitoring in the management of protease inhibitor-related toxicity. Int J STD AIDS 2005;16:139-41
  • Rodriguez-Novoa S, Morello J, Barreiro P, Switch from ritonavir-boosted to unboosted atazanavir guided by therapeutic drug monitoring. AIDS Res. Hum Retroviruses 2008;24:821-5
  • McComsey GA, Lo Re V III, O'Riordan M, Effect of reducing the dose of stavudine on body composition, bone density, and markers of mitochondrial toxicity in HIV-infected subjects: a randomized, controlled study. Clin Infect Dis 2008;46:1290-6
  • Avihingsanon A, van der Lugt J, Kerr SJ, A low dose of ritonavir-boosted atazanavir provides adequate pharmacokinetic parameters in HIV-1-infected Thai adults. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2009;85:402-8
  • Wasmuth JC, Rodermann E, Voigt E, Comparison of indinavir + ritonavir 600 + 100 mg vs 400 + 100 mg b.i.d. combinations in HIV1-infected patients guided by therapeutic drug monitoring. Eur J Med Res. 2007;12:289-94
  • Bergshoeff AS, Fraaij PL, van Rossum AM, Pharmacokinetics of nelfinavir in children: influencing factors and dose implications. Antiviral therapy 2003;8:215-22
  • Uglietti A, Genco F, Donadel E, Evaluation of Elisa test for therapeutic monitoring of Nelfinavir in HIV-positive patients. New Microbiol 2007;30:318-20
  • Wintergerst U, Hoffmann F, Jansson A, Antiviral efficacy, tolerability and pharmacokinetics of efavirenz in an unselected cohort of HIV-infected children. J Antimicrob Chemother 2008;61:1336-9
  • King JR, Kimberlin DW, Aldrovandi GM, Acosta EP. Antiretroviral pharmacokinetics in the paediatric population: a review. Clin Pharmacokinet 2002;41:1115-33
  • Langmann P, Hubert C, Heinz W, Safety of long-term lopinavir plasma-levels in patients with liver disease. Eur J Med Res 2008;13:205-8
  • Katsounas A, Frank A, Klinker H, Langmann P. Efavirenz-therapy in HIV-patients with underlying liver disease: importance of continuous TDM of EFV. Eur J Med Res 2007;12:331-6
  • McCabe SM, Ma Q, Slish JC, Antiretroviral therapy: pharmacokinetic considerations in patients with renal or hepatic impairment. Clin Pharmacokinet 2008;47:153-72
  • Clarke SM, Mulcahy FM, Tjia J, Pharmacokinetic interactions of nevirapine and methadone and guidelines for use of nevirapine to treat injection drug users. Clin Infect Dis 2001;33:1595-7
  • Roustit M, Jlaiel M, Leclercq P, Stanke-Labesque F. Pharmacokinetics and therapeutic drug monitoring of antiretrovirals in pregnant women. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2008;66:179-95
  • Villani P, Floridia M, Pirillo MF, Pharmacokinetics of nelfinavir in HIV-1-infected pregnant and nonpregnant women. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2006;62:309-15
  • Mirochnick M, Capparelli E. Pharmacokinetics of antiretrovirals in pregnant women. Clin Pharmacokinet 2004;43:1071-87
  • Nellen JF, Schillevoort I, Wit FW, Nelfinavir plasma concentrations are low during pregnancy. Clin Infect Dis 2004;39:736-40
  • Hirt D, Treluyer JM, Jullien V, Pregnancy-related effects on nelfinavir-M8 pharmacokinetics: a population study with 133 women. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2006;50:2079-86
  • Chien CV. HIV/AIDS drugs for Sub-Saharan Africa: how do brand and generic supply compare? PLoS One 2007;2:e278
  • Kumarasamy N, Solomon S, Chaguturu SK, The safety, tolerability and effectiveness of generic antiretroviral drug regimens for HIV-infected patients in south India. AIDS 2003;17:2267-9
  • Laurent C, Kouanfack C, Koulla-Shiro S, Effectiveness and safety of a generic fixed-dose combination of nevirapine, stavudine, and lamivudine in HIV-1-infected adults in Cameroon: open-label multicentre trial. Lancet 2004;364:29-34
  • Braitstein P, Brinkhof MW, Dabis F, Mortality of HIV-1-infected patients in the first year of antiretroviral therapy: comparison between low-income and high-income countries. Lancet 2006;367:817-24
  • Duggan J, Peterson WS, Schutz M, Use of complementary and alternative therapies in HIV-infected patients. AIDS Patient Care STDS 2001;15:159-67
  • Ozsoy M, Ernst E. How effective are complementary therapies for HIV and AIDs? - A systematic review. Int J STD AIDS 1999;10:629-35
  • Best BM, Goicoechea M, Witt MD, A randomized controlled trial of therapeutic drug monitoring in treatment-naive and -experienced HIV-1-infected patients. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2007;46:433-42
  • Burger D, Hugen P, Reiss P, Therapeutic drug monitoring of nelfinavir and indinavir in treatment-naive HIV-1-infected individuals. AIDS 2003;17:1157-65
  • Duong M, Golzi A, Peytavin G, Usefulness of therapeutic drug monitoring of antiretrovirals in routine clinical practice. HIV Clin Trials 2004;5:216-23
  • Demeter LM, Jiang H, Mukherjee AL, A randomized trial of therapeutic drug monitoring of protease inhibitors in antiretroviral-experienced, HIV-1-infected patients. AIDS 2009;23:357-68
  • Khoo SH, Lloyd J, Dalton M, Pharmacologic optimization of protease inhibitors and nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (POPIN)-a randomized controlled trial of therapeutic drug monitoring and adherence support. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2006;41:461-7
  • Bossi P, Peytavin G, Ait-Mohand H, GENOPHAR: a randomized study of plasma drug measurements in association with genotypic resistance testing and expert advice to optimize therapy in patients failing antiretroviral therapy. HIV Med 2004;5:352-9
  • Clevenbergh P, Garraffo R, Durant J, Dellamonica P. PharmAdapt: a randomized prospective study to evaluate the benefit of therapeutic monitoring of protease inhibitors: 12 week results. AIDS 2002;16:2311-5
  • Kredo T, Van der Walt JS, Siegfried N, Cohen K. Therapeutic drug monitoring of antiretrovirals for people with HIV. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2009;CD007268
  • Arnsten JH, Demas PA, Farzadegan H, Antiretroviral therapy adherence and viral suppression in HIV-infected drug users: comparison of self-report and electronic monitoring. Clin Infect Dis 2001;33:1417-23
  • Wintergerst U, Kurowski M, Rolinski B, Use of saliva specimens for monitoring indinavir therapy in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2000;44:2572-4
  • Podsadecki TJ, Vrijens BC, Tousset EP, “White coat compliance” limits the reliability of therapeutic drug monitoring in HIV-1-infected patients. HIV Clin Trials 2008;9:238-46
  • Bernard L, Peytavin G, Vuagnat A, Indinavir concentrations in hair from patients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy. Lancet 1998;352:1757-8
  • Oette M, Kroidl A, Gobels K, Predictors of short-term success of antiretroviral therapy in HIV infection. J Antimicrob Chemother 2006;58:147-53
  • Becher F, Landman R, Mboup S, Monitoring of didanosine and stavudine intracellular trisphosphorylated anabolite concentrations in HIV-infected patients. AIDS 2004;18:181-7
  • Ford J, Khoo SH, Back DJ. The intracellular pharmacology of antiretroviral protease inhibitors. J Antimicrob Chemother 2004;54:982-90
  • Boffito M, Hoggard PG, Lindup WE, Lopinavir protein binding in vivo through the 12-h dosing interval. Ther Drug Monit 2004;26:35-9
  • Regazzi MB, Tinelli C, Villani P, Limited sampling strategy for the estimation of systemic exposure to the protease inhibitor nelfinavir. Ther Drug Monit 2005;27:571-5
  • Luber AD, Gunawan S, Aquino G, Serum and plasma drug levels of amprenavir display limited inter- and intra-patient variability. AIDS 2000;14:S92-S
  • Casado JL, Moreno S, Hertogs K, Plasma drug levels, genotypic resistance, and virological response to a nelfinavir plus saquinavir-containing regimen. AIDS 2002;16:47-52
  • Marcelin AG, Dalban C, Peytavin G, Clinically relevant interpretation of genotype and relationship to plasma drug concentrations for resistance to saquinavir-ritonavir in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 protease inhibitor-experienced patients. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2004;48:4687-92
  • Colombo S, Buclin T, Cavassini M, Population pharmacokinetics of atazanavir in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2006;50:3801-8
  • Ivanovic J, Nicastri E, Ascenzi P, Therapeutic drug monitoring in the management of HIV-infected patients. Curr Med. Chem 2008;15:1925-39
  • Molla A, Vasavanonda S, Kumar G, Human serum attenuates the activity of protease inhibitors toward wild-type and mutant human immunodeficiency virus. Virology 1998;250:255-62
  • Craig C, Rose J, Haywood J, Antiviral efficacy and effects of protein binding for HIV proteinase (PR) inhibitors (PI). AIDS 2000;14:S100-S
  • Cleijsen RM, van de Ende ME, Kroon FP, Therapeutic drug monitoring of the HIV protease inhibitor atazanavir in clinical practice. J Antimicrob Chemother 2007;60:897-900
  • Droste JA, Koopmans PP, Hekster YA, Burger DM. TDM: therapeutic drug measuring or therapeutic drug monitoring? Ther Drug Monit 2005;27:412-6
  • Goicoechea M, Vidal A, Capparelli E, A computer-based system to aid in the interpretation of plasma concentrations of antiretrovirals for therapeutic drug monitoring. Antiviral therapy 2007;12:55-62

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.