Bibliography
- HORNYKIEWICZ O: Biochemical aspects of Parkinson's disease. Neurology (1998) 51(2 Suppl. 2):S2–S9.
- TANNER CM: Epidemiology of Parkinson's disease. Neural. Clin. (1992) 10(2):317–329.
- MOURADIAN MM: Recent advances in the genetics and pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease. Neurology (2002) 58(2):179–185.
- GOLDMAN SM, TANNER C: Etiology of Parkinson's disease. In: Parkinson's disease and Movement Disorders Ord edi). Jankovic J, Tolosa E (Eris), Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore (1998):133–158.
- LAMBERT D, WATERS CH: Comparative tolerability of the newer generation antiparkinsonian agents. Drugs Aging (2000) 16(1):55–65.
- WATERS CH: Treatment of advanced stage patients with Parkinson's disease. Parkinsonism Eclat. Disord. (2002) 9:15–21.
- WATERS C: Cathechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) inhibitors in Parkinson's disease. j Am. Geriatr. Soc. (2000) 48(6):692–698.
- WATERS C: Practical issues with COMT inhibitors in Parkinson's disease. Neurology (2002) 55(11 Suppl. 4):557–559.
- FAHN S: Tolcapone: COMT inhibition for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Neurology (1998) 50\(Suppl. 5):S1–S2.
- KURTH MC, ADLER CH, ST HILAIRE M et al.: Tolcapone improves motor function and reduces levodopa requirement in patients with Parkinson's disease experiencing motor fluctuations: a multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Neurology (1997) 48:81–87.
- WATERS CH, KURTH MC, BAILEY P et al.: Tolcapone in stable Parkinson's disease: efficacy and safety of long-term treatment. The Tolcapone Stable Study Group. Neurology (1997) 49(3):665–671.
- PARKINSON STUDY GROUP: Entacapone improves motor fluctuations in levodopa-treated Parkinson's disease patients. Ann. Neural. (1997) 42(5):747–755.
- RINNE UK, LARSEN JP, SIDEN A, WORM-PETERSEN J: Entacapone enhances the response to levodopa in parkinsonian patients with motor fluctuations. Nomecomt Study Group. Neurology (1998) 51(5):1309–1314.
- MYLLYLA VV, KULTALAHTI ER, HAAPANIEMI H, LEINONEN M: Twelve-month safety of entacapone in patients with Parkinson's disease. Eur. j Neural. (2001) 8(1):53–60.
- POEWE WH, DEUSCHL G, GORDIN A, KULTALAHTI ER, LEINONEN M: Efficacy and safety of entacapone in Parkinson's disease patients with suboptimal levodopa response: a 6-month randomized placebo-controlled double-blind study in Germany and Austria (Celomen study). Acta Neural. Scam/. (2002) 105:245–255.
- RUOTTINEN HM, RINNE UK: Effect of one month's treatment with peripherally acting catechol-0-methyltransferase inhibitor, entacapone, on pharmacokinetics and motor response to levodopa in advanced parkinsonian patients. Neuropharmacol (1996) 19(3):222–233.
- CEDARBAUM JM: Clinical pharmacokinetics of anti-parkinsonian drugs. Clin. Pharmacokinet. (1987) 13(3):141–178.
- NO AUTHORS LISTED: Comtan (entacapone). Package insert. Orion! Novartis Pharmaceuticals, East Hanover, NJ (1999).
- SANDLER M, JOHNSON RD, RUTHREN CR, REID JL, CALNE DM: Transamination is a major pathway of L-dopa metabolism following peripheral decarboxylase inhibition. Nature (1974) 247:364–366.
- NUTT JG, WOODWARD WR, BECKNER RM et al.: Effect of peripheral catechol-O-methyltransferase inhibition on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of levodopa in parkinsonian patients. Neurology (1994) 44(5):913–919.
- TROCONIZ IF, NAUKKARINEN TH, RUOTTINEN HM, RINNE UK, GORDIN A, KARLSSON MO: Population pharmacodynamic modeling of levodopa in patients with Parkinson's disease receiving entacapone. Clin. Phannacol Ther. (1998) 64:106–116.
- RUSS H, MULLER T, WOITALLA D, RAHBAR A, HAHN J, KUHN W: Detection of tolcapone in the cerebrospinal fluid of parkinsonian subjects. Nauriyri Schnhedebergs Arch. Phannacol (1999) 360 (6):719–720.
- BARTHOLINI G, PLETSCHER A: Decarboxylase inhibitors. Marmara Ther. (1975) 1:407–421.
- GLOVER V, SANDLER M, OWEN F et al.: Dopamine is a monoamine oxidase B substrate in man. Nature (1977) 265:80–81.
- NUTT JG: Effect of COMT inhibition on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of levodopa in parkinsonian patients. Neurology (2000) 55\(Suppl. 4):533–537.
- DINGEMANSE J: Issues important for rational COMT inhibition. Neurology (2000) 55\(Suppl. 4):524–527.
- SNOW BJ, VINGERHOETS FJG, HOLDEN JE et al.: The effect of tolcapone in central and peripheral COMT activity in normal humans and Parkinson's disease: a PET study. Mov. Disord. (1996) 11 (Suppl. 1) :195. Abstract.
- JORGA KM: COMT inhibitors: pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic comparisons. Clin. Neurophannacol (1998) 21\(Suppl. 1):59–516.
- HENCHCLIFFE C, WATERS C: Entacapone in the management of Parkinson's disease. Expert Opiri. Phannacother. (2002) 3(7):957–963.
- NUTT JG: Levodopa: rational and irrational pharmacology. Ann. Neural (1994) 36(1):4–5.
- OLANOW CW, OBESO JA: Pulsatile stimulation of dopamine receptors and levodopa-induced motor complications in Parkinson's disease: implications for the early use of COMT inhibitors. Neurology (2000) 55\(Suppl. 4):572–577.
- OBESO JA, RODRIGUES-OROZ MC, RODRIGUEZ M, DELONG MR, OLANOW CW: Pathophysiology of levodopa-induced dyskinesias in Parkinson's disease: problems with current models of the basal ganglia. Ann. Neural. (2000) 47:22–34.
- NO AUTHORS LISTED: Tasmar' (tolcapone tablets) prescribing information. Roche Laboratories, Nutley, NJ (1998).
- WATKINS P: COMT inhibitors and liver toxicity. Neurology (2000) 55\(Suppl. 4):551–553.
- ASSAL E SPAHR L, HADENGUE A, RUBBBICI-BRANDT L, BURKHARD PR: Tolcapone and fulminant hepatitis. Lancet (1998) 352:958.
- COLOSIMO C: The rise and fall of tolcapone. j Neural. (1999) 246:880–882.
- OLANOW CW: Tolcapone and hepatotoxic effects. Tasmar Advisory Panel. Arch. Neural (2000) 57(2):263–267.
- FISHER A, CROFT-BAKER J, DAVIS M, PURCELL P, McLEAN AJ: Entacapone-induced hepatotoxicity and hepatic dysfunction. Mov. Disord. (2002) 17(6):1362–1365.
- BECK S, HUBBLE J, REINIKAINEN K: Entacapone-induced hepatotoxicity and hepatic dysfunction. Mov. Disord. (2002) 17(6):1397–1399. Letter.
- SPAHR L, RUBBIA-BRANDT L, BURKHARD PR, ASSAL F, HADENGUE A: Tolcapone-related fulminant hepatitis - electron microscopy shows mitochondrial alterations. Dig. Dis. Sci. (2000) 45:1881–1884.
- NISSINEN E, KAHEINNEN P, PENTTILA KE, KAIVOLA J, LINDEN IB: Entacapone, a novel catechol-O-methyltransferase inhibitor for Parkinson's disease, does not impair mitochondrial energy production. Eur. j Phannacol (1997) 340:287–294.
- HAASIO K, SOPANEN L, VAALAVIRTA L, LINDEN IB, HEINONEN EH: Comparative toxicological study on the hepatic safety of entacapone and tolcapone in the rat. Neural Trarism. (2001) 108:79–91.
- HAASIO K, KOPONEN A, PENTTILA KE, NISSINEN E: Effects of entacapone and tolcapone on mitochondrial membrane potential. Eur. j Phannacol (2002) 18(1):21–26.
- HASSIO K, LOUNATMAA K, SUKURA A: Entacapone does not induce conformational changes in liver mitochondria or skeletal muscle in vivo. Exp. Taxied. Pathol. (2002) 54(1):9–14.
- HAASIO K, NISSINEN E, SOPANEN L, HEINONEN EH: Different toxicological profile of two COMT inhibitors in vivo: the role of uncoupling effects. j Neural Tranvia. (2002) 109:1391–1401.
- GASSER R, SMITH R: Predictor analysis ofliver enzyme abnormalities in association with Tasmar (tolcapone) treatment. Parkinsonism Relat. Disord. (2001) 7\(Suppl. 1):557.
- ACUNA G, FOERNZLER D, LEONG D et al.: Pharmacogenetic analysis of adverse drug effect reveals genetic variant for susceptibility to liver toxicity. Phannacogerionhcs J. (2002) 2(5):327–334.