The controversy of a wider statin utilization: why?

Bibliography

• Blaha MJ, Nasir K, Blumenthal RS. Statin therapy for healthy men identified as “increased risk”. JAMA 2012;307:1489-90
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Redberg RF, Katz MH. Healthy men should not take statins. JAMA 2012;307:1491-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grundy SM, Cleeman JI, Merz CN, Implications of recent clinical trials for the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III guidelines. Circulation 2004;110:227-39
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Komachi Y, Iida M, Shimamoto T, Geographic and occupational comparisons of risk factors in cardiovascular diseases in Japan. Jpn Circ J 1971;35:189-207
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Report of the Committee of Principal Investigators. W.H.O. cooperative trial on primary prevention of ischaemic heart disease using clofibrate to lower serum cholesterol: mortality follow-up. Lancet 1980;2:379-85
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muldoon MF, Manuck SB, Mendelsohn AB, Cholesterol reduction and non-illness mortality: meta-analysis of randomised clinical trials. BMJ 2001;322:11-15
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobs D, Blackburn H, Higgins M, Report of the conference on low blood cholesterol: mortality associations. Circulation 1992;86:1046-60
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Golomb BA, Evans MA. Statin adverse effects: a review of the literature and evidence for a mitochondrial mechanism. Am J Cardiovasc Drugs 2008;8:373-418
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kiortsis DN, Filippatos TD, Mikhailidis DP, Statin-associated adverse effects beyond muscle and liver toxicity. Atherosclerosis 2007;195:7-16
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hippisley-Cox J, Coupland C. Unintended effects of statins in men and women in England and Wales: population based cohort study using the QResearch database. BMJ 2010;340:c2197
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boudreau DM, Yu O, Johnson J. Statin use and cancer risk: a comprehensive review. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2010;9:603-21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Staal A, Frith JC, French MH, The ability of statins to inhibit bone resorption is directly related to their inhibitory effect on HMG-CoA reductase activity. J Bone Miner Res 2003;18:88-96
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chung YS, Lee MD, Lee SK, HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors increase BMD in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000;85:1137-42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Young-Xu Y, Chan KA, Liao JK, Long-term statin use and psychological well-being. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003;42:690-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hyyppa MT, Kronholm E, Virtanen A, Does simvastatin affect mood and steroid hormone levels in hypercholesterolemic men? A randomized double-blind trial. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2003;28:181-94
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ormiston T, Wolkowitz OM, Reus VI, Behavioral implications of lowering cholesterol levels: a double-blind pilot study. Psychosomatics 2003;44:412-14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang CC, Jick SS, Jick H. Lipid-lowering drugs and the risk of depression and suicidal behavior. Arch Intern Med 2003;163:1926-32
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beck P, Wysowski DK, Downey W, Statin use and the risk of breast cancer. J Clin Epidemiol 2003;56:280-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Setoguchi S, Glynn RJ, Avorn J, Statins and the risk of lung, breast, and colorectal cancer in the elderly. Circulation 2007;115:27-33
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marelli C, Gunnarsson C, Ross S, Statins and risk of cancer: a retrospective cohort analysis of 45,857 matched pairs from an electronic medical records database of 11 million adult Americans. J Am Coll Cardiol 2011;58:530-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karp I, Behlouli H, Lelorier J, Statins and cancer risk. Am J Med 2008;121:302-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanson J, Bossingham D. Lupus-like syndrome associated with simvastatin. Lancet 1998;352:1070
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noel B, Panizzon RG. Lupus-like syndrome associated with statin therapy. Dermatology 2004;208:276-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fernandez G, Spatz ES, Jablecki C, Statin myopathy: a common dilemma not reflected in clinical trials. Cleve Clin J Med 2011;78:393-403
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McCarey DW, McInnes IB, Madhok R, Trial of atorvastatin in rheumatoid arthritis (TARA): double-blind, randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2004;363:2015-21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beltowski J, Wojcicka G, Jamroz-Wisniewska A. Adverse effects of statins - mechanisms and consequences. Curr Drug Saf 2009;4:209-28
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chalmers JD, Singanayagam A, Murray MP, Prior statin use is associated with improved outcomes in community-acquired pneumonia. Am J Med 2008;121:1002-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frost FJ, Petersen H, Tollestrup K, Influenza and COPD mortality protection as pleiotropic, dose-dependent effects of statins. Chest 2007;131:1006-12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fernandez R, De Pedro VJ, Artigas A. Statin therapy prior to ICU admission: protection against infection or a severity marker? Intensive Care Med 2006;32:160-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gao X, Simon KC, Schwarzschild MA, Prospective study of statin use and risk of Parkinson disease. Arch Neurol 2012;69:380-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cenedella RJ. Cholesterol and cataracts. Surv Ophthalmol 1996;40:320-37
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chodick G, Heymann AD, Flash S, Persistence with statins and incident cataract: a population-based historical cohort study. Ann Epidemiol 2010;20:136-42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fong DS, Poon KY. Recent statin use and cataract surgery. Am J Ophthalmol 2012;153:222-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mansi IA, Mortensen EM, Pugh MJ, Incidence of musculoskeletal and neoplastic diseases in patients on statin therapy: results of a retrospective cohort analysis. Am J Med Sci 2012; [Epub ahead of print]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meier CR, Schlienger RG, Kraenzlin ME, HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors and the risk of fractures. JAMA 2000;283:3205-10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goedeke L, Fernandez-Hernando C. Regulation of cholesterol homeostasis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2012;69:915-30
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martini C, Pallottini V. Cholesterol: from feeding to gene regulation. Genes Nutr 2007;2:181-93
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trapani L, Pallottini V. Hypercholesterolemia and 3-hydroxy 3-methylglutaryl Coenzyme A reductase regulation during ageing. Sci World J 2009;9:564-74
   Google Scholar
• Horton JD, Goldstein JL, Brown MS. SREBPs: activators of the complete program of cholesterol and fatty acid synthesis in the liver. J Clin Invest 2002;109:1125-31
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koh KK, Sakuma I, Quon MJ. Differential metabolic effects of distinct statins. Atherosclerosis 2011;215:1-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou Q, Liao JK. Pleiotropic effects of statins - Basic research and clinical perspectives. Circ J 2010;74:818-26
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chow SC. Immunomodulation by statins: mechanisms and potential impact on autoimmune diseases. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2009;57:243-51
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matsumoto M, Einhaus D, Gold ES, Simvastatin augments lipopolysaccharide-induced proinflammatory responses in macrophages by differential regulation of the c-Fos and c-Jun transcription factors. J Immunol 2004;172:7377-84
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robey RW, To KK, Polgar O, ABCG2: a perspective. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2009;61:3-13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Pinieux G, Chariot P, Ammi-Said M, Lipid-lowering drugs and mitochondrial function: effects of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors on serum ubiquinone and blood lactate/pyruvate ratio. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1996;42:333-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramasubbu K, Estep J, White DL, Experimental and clinical basis for the use of statins in patients with ischemic and nonischemic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008;51:415-26
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deichmann R, Lavie C, Andrews S. Coenzyme q10 and statin-induced mitochondrial dysfunction. Ochsner J 2010;10:16-21
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zureik M, Courbon D, Ducimetiere P. Serum cholesterol concentration and death from suicide in men: paris prospective study I. BMJ 1996;313:649-51
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muldoon MF, Manuck SB, Matthews KA. Lowering cholesterol concentrations and mortality: a quantitative review of primary prevention trials. BMJ 1990;301:309-14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ben-Yehuda O, DeMaria AN. Low LDL-C levels and cancer reassuring but still not definitive. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008;52:1150-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alsheikh-Ali AA, Trikalinos TA, Kent DM, Statins, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and risk of cancer. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008;52:1141-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steinberg D. Statin treatment does not cause cancer. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008;52:1148-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobs EJ, Gapstur SM. Cholesterol and cancer: answers and new questions. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009;18:2805-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson PD, Clarkson PM, Rosenson RS. An assessment of statin safety by muscle experts. Am J Cardiol 2006;97:69C-76C
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson PD, Clarkson P, Karas RH. Statin-associated myopathy. JAMA 2003;289:1681-90
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marie I, Delafenetre H, Massy N, Tendinous disorders attributed to statins: a study on ninety-six spontaneous reports in the period 1990-2005 and review of the literature. Arthritis Rheum 2008;59:367-72
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carmont MR, Highland AM, Blundell CM, Simultaneous bilateral achilles tendon ruptures associated with statin medication despite regular rock climbing exercise. Phys Ther Sport 2009;10:150-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beri A, Dwamena FC, Dwamena BA. Association between statin therapy and tendon rupture: a case-control study. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2009;53:401-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pullatt RC, Gadarla MR, Karas RH, Tendon rupture associated with simvastatin/ezetimibe therapy. Am J Cardiol 2007;100:152-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graham DJ, Staffa JA, Shatin D, Incidence of hospitalized rhabdomyolysis in patients treated with lipid-lowering drugs. JAMA 2004;292:2585-90
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Draeger A, Monastyrskaya K, Mohaupt M, Statin therapy induces ultrastructural damage in skeletal muscle in patients without myalgia. J Pathol 2006;210:94-102
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phillips PS, Haas RH, Bannykh S, Statin-associated myopathy with normal creatine kinase levels. Ann Intern Med 2002;137:581-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang KC, Chien JY, Tseng WK, Statins do not improve short-term survival in an oriental population with sepsis. Am J Emerg Med 2007;25:494-501
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wagstaff LR, Mitton MW, Arvik BM, Statin-associated memory loss: analysis of 60 case reports and review of the literature. Pharmacotherapy 2003;23:871-80
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans MA, Golomb BA. Statin-associated adverse cognitive effects: survey results from 171 patients. Pharmacotherapy 2009;29:800-11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muldoon MF, Ryan CM, Sereika SM, Randomized trial of the effects of simvastatin on cognitive functioning in hypercholesterolemic adults. Am J Med 2004;117:823-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alsheikh-Ali AA, Maddukuri PV, Han H, Effect of the magnitude of lipid lowering on risk of elevated liver enzymes, rhabdomyolysis, and cancer: insights from large randomized statin trials. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007;50:409-18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mason RP, Walter MF, Day CA, Intermolecular differences of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme a reductase inhibitors contribute to distinct pharmacologic and pleiotropic actions. Am J Cardiol 2005;96:11F-23F
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hsiang B, Zhu Y, Wang Z, A novel human hepatic organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP2). Identification of a liver-specific human organic anion transporting polypeptide and identification of rat and human hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase inhibitor transporters. J Biol Chem 1999;274:37161-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamazaki M, Akiyama S, Ni'inuma K, Biliary excretion of pravastatin in rats: contribution of the excretion pathway mediated by canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter. Drug Metab Dispos 1997;25:1123-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vgontzas AN, Kales A, Bixler EO, Effects of lovastatin and pravastatin on sleep efficiency and sleep stages. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1991;50:730-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collins R, Armitage J, Parish S, MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of cholesterol-lowering with simvastatin in 5963 people with diabetes: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2003;361:2005-16
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LaRosa JC, Grundy SM, Waters DD, Intensive lipid lowering with atorvastatin in patients with stable coronary disease. N Engl J Med 2005;352:1425-35
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kemmler G, Hummer M, Widschwendter C, Dropout rates in placebo-controlled and active-control clinical trials of antipsychotic drugs: a meta-analysis. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2005;62:1305-12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ridker PM, Danielson E, Fonseca FA, Rosuvastatin to prevent vascular events in men and women with elevated C-reactive protein. N Engl J Med 2008;359:2195-207
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Launer LJ, Wind AW, Deeg DJ. Nonresponse pattern and bias in a community-based cross-sectional study of cognitive functioning among the elderly. Am J Epidemiol 1994;139:803-12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palmer SC, Craig JC, Navaneethan SD, Benefits and harms of statin therapy for persons with chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med 2012;157:263-75
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor F, Ward K, Moore TH, Statins for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2011;CD004816
   Google Scholar
• Psaty BM, Furberg CD, Ray WA, Potential for conflict of interest in the evaluation of suspected adverse drug reactions: use of cerivastatin and risk of rhabdomyolysis. JAMA 2004;292:2622-31
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobson TA. Toward "pain-free" statin prescribing: clinical algorithm for diagnosis and management of myalgia. Mayo Clin Proc 2008;83:687-700
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hsia J, MacFadyen JG, Monyak J, Cardiovascular event reduction and adverse events among subjects attaining low-density lipoprotein cholesterol < 50 mg/dl with rosuvastatin. The JUPITER trial (Justification for the Use of Statins in Prevention: an Intervention Trial Evaluating Rosuvastatin). J Am Coll Cardiol 2011;57:1666-75
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buettner C, Rippberger MJ, Smith JK, Statin use and musculoskeletal pain among adults with and without arthritis. Am J Med 2012;125:176-82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruckert E, Hayem G, Dejager S, Mild to moderate muscular symptoms with high-dosage statin therapy in hyperlipidemic patients–the PRIMO study. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2005;19:403-14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buettner C, Davis RB, Leveille SG, Prevalence of musculoskeletal pain and statin use. J Gen Intern Med 2008;23:1182-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FDA Drug Safety Communication. New restrictions, contraindications, and dose limitations for Zocor (simvastatin) to reduce the risk of muscle injury. U.S. Food and Drug Administration; 2011, http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/ucm256581.htm (Accessed June 8, 2011)
   Google Scholar
• FDA Drug Safety Communication. Important safety label changes to cholesterol-lowering statin drugs. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration; 2012, http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/ucm293101.htm (Accessed March 1, 2012)
   Google Scholar
• Hoffman R, Lim H. Observational study design. In: Ambrosius W, editor. Topics in biostatistics. Humana Press, New Jersey; 2007. p. 19-30
   Google Scholar
• Hemmila MR, Birkmeyer NJ, Arbabi S, Introduction to propensity scores: a case study on the comparative effectiveness of laparoscopic vs open appendectomy. Arch Surg 2010;145:939-45
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deyo RA, Cherkin DC, Ciol MA. Adapting a clinical comorbidity index for use with ICD-9-CM administrative databases. J Clin Epidemiol 1992;45:613-19
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schneeweiss S, Seeger JD, Maclure M, Performance of comorbidity scores to control for confounding in epidemiologic studies using claims data. Am J Epidemiol 2001;154:854-64
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perkins AJ, Kroenke K, Unutzer J, Common comorbidity scales were similar in their ability to predict health care costs and mortality. J Clin Epidemiol 2004;57:1040-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen D, Restrepo MI, Fine MJ, Observational study of inhaled corticosteroids on outcomes for COPD patients with pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2011;184:312-16
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boudreau DM, Yu O, Johnson J. Statin use and cancer risk: a comprehensive review. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2010;9:603-21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brookhart MA, Patrick AR, Dormuth C, Adherence to lipid-lowering therapy and the use of preventive health services: an investigation of the healthy user effect. Am J Epidemiol 2007;166:348-54
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dormuth CR, Patrick AR, Shrank WH, Statin adherence and risk of accidents: a cautionary tale. Circulation 2009;119:2051-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McWilliams JM, Zaslavsky AM, Meara E, Impact of medicare coverage on basic clinical services for previously uninsured adults. JAMA 2003;290:757-64
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friedman E. The uninsured. From dilemma to crisis. JAMA 1991;265:2491-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McWilliams JM. Health consequences of uninsurance among adults in the United States: recent evidence and implications. Milbank Q 2009;87:443-94
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glantz S, Slinker B. Primer of applied regression and analysis of variance. 2nd edition. McGraw-Hill, Inc, New York; 2001
   Google Scholar
• Raphael KG, Cloitre M. Does mood-congruence or causal search govern recall bias? A test of life event recall. J Clin Epidemiol 1994;47:555-64
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elwood M. Critical appraisal of epidemiological studies and clinical trials. 3rd edition. Oxford University Press, Oxford; 2007
   Google Scholar
• Weitzen S, Lapane KL, Toledano AY, Principles for modeling propensity scores in medical research: a systematic literature review. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2004;13:841-53
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patrick AR, Schneeweiss S, Brookhart MA, The implications of propensity score variable selection strategies in pharmacoepidemiology: an empirical illustration. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2011;20:551-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oberg AL, Mahoney DW. Linear mixed effects models. In: Ambrosius W, editor. Topics in biostatistics. Humana Press, New Jersey; 2007. p. 213-35
   Google Scholar
• Campbell M. Statistics at square two: understanding modern statistical applications in medicine. 1st edition. BMJ Publishing Group, London; 2001
   Google Scholar
• Toh S, Hernandez-Diaz S. Statins and fracture risk. A systematic review. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2007;16:627-40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fairman KA, Curtiss FR. Still looking for health outcomes in all the wrong places? Misinterpreted observational evidence, medication adherence promotion, and value-based insurance design. J Manag Care Pharm 2009;15:501-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patel A, MacMahon S, Chalmers J, Intensive blood glucose control and vascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2008;358:2560-72
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Varma J, Rodriguez R, Mansi IA. Reasoning and evidence-based medicine: common pitfalls. South Med J 2012;105:167-72
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar