Bibliography
- FISHER B, DIGNAM JJ, WOLMARK N et al.: Tamoxifen in treatment of intraductal breast cancer: National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project B-24 randomised controlled trial. Lancet (1999) 353: 1993-2000.
- FISHER B, BRYANT J, DIGNAM JJ et al.: Tamoxifen, radiation therapy, or both for prevention of ipsilateral breast tumor recurrence after lumpectomy in women with invasive breast cancers of one centimeter or less. J. Gin Oncol (2002) 20:4141–4149.
- CUZICK J, POWLES T, VERONESI U et al.: Overview of the main outcomes in breast-cancer prevention trials. Lancet (2003) 361:296–300.
- FISHER B, COSTANTINO JP, WICKERHAM DL et al.: Tamoxifen for prevention of breast cancer: Report of the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project P-1 Study. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. (1998) 90:1371–1388.
- IBIS INVESTIGATORS. First results from the International Breast Cancer Intervention Study (IBIS-1): a randomised prevention trial. Lancet (2002) 360:817–824.
- CHANG J, POWLES T, ASHLEY S et al: The effect of tamoxifen and hormone replacement therapy on serum cholesterol, bone mineral density and coagulation factors in healthy postmenopausal women participating in a randomised, controlled tamoxifen prevention study. Ann. Oncol (1996) 7:671–675.
- THE ATAC (ARIMIDEX, TAMOXIFEN ALONE OR IN COMBINATION) TRIALISTS' GROUP: Anastrazole alone or in combination with tamoxifen versus tamoxifen for adjuvant treatment of postmenopausal women with early breast cancer: first results of the ATAC randomised trial. Lancet (2002) 359:2131–2139.
- CUSHMAN M, COSTANTINO JP, TRACY RP et al.: Tamoxifen and cardiac risk factors in healthy women. Suggestion of an anti-inflammatory effect. Arteriocler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. (2001) 21:255–261.
- MCDONALD CC, ALEXANDER FE, WHYTE BW, FORREST AP, STEWART HJ: Cardiac and vascular morbidity in women receiving adjuvant tamoxifen for breast cancer in a randomised trial. BE Med. J. (1995) 311:977–980.
- VERONESI U, MAISONNEUVE P, SACCHINI V, ROTMENSZ N, BOYLE P: Tamoxifen for breast cancer among hysterectomised women. Lancet (2002) 359:1122–1124.
- HOLLI K, VALAVAARA R, BLANCO G et al: Safety and efficacy results of a randomized trial comparing adjuvant toremifene and tamoxifen in postmenopausal patients with node-positive breast cancer. Oncol (2000) 18:3487–3494.
- AKDAL G, DONMEZ B, CAKMAKCI H, GULMEN YENER G: A case with cerebral thrombosis receiving tamoxifen treatment. European Neurol (2001) 8:723–724.
- MASJUAN J, PARDO J, CALLEJO J, ANDRES M, ALVAREZ-CERMENO J: Tamoxifen: A new risk factor for cerebral sinus thrombosis. Neurology (2004) 62:334–335.
- BOUSSER M-G, BARNETT HJ: CerebralVenous Thrombosis. In: Barnett Hi Mohr" Stein BM Yatsu FM, Eds. Stroke. Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Management Ord Ed" New York: Churchill Livingstone. (1998) pp623–647.
- PEMBERTON K, MELISSARI E, KAKKAR V: The influence of tamoxifen in vivo on the main natural anticoagulants and fibrinolysis. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis (1993) 4:935–942.
- MAMBY CC, LOVE RR, FEYZI J: ProteinS and protein C level changes with adjuvant tamoxifen therapy in postmenopausal women. Breast Cancer Res. Treat. (1994) 30:311–314.
- CUSHMAN M, COSTANTINO JP, BOVILL EG et al: Effect of tamoxifen on venous thrombosis risk factors in women without cancer: the Breast Cancer Prevention Trial. Br. J. Haematol (2003) 120:109–116.
- MANNUCCI P, BETTEGA D, CHANTARANGKUL V et al: Effect of tamoxifen on measurements of hemostasis in healthy women. Arch. Intern. Med. (1996) 156:1806–1810.
- LOWE G, WOODWARD M, VESSEY M et al.: Thrombotic variables an drisk of idiopathic venous thromboembolism in women aged 45-64 years. Relationships to hormone replacement therapy. Thromb. Haemost. (2000) 83:530–535.
- WEITZ IC, ISRAEL VK, LIEBMAN HA: Tamoxifen-associated venous thrombosis and activated protein C resistance due to Factor V Leiden. Cancer (1997) 79:2024–2027.
- BRAITHWAITE R, CHLEBOWSKI RT, Lau J et al.: Meta-analysis of vascular and neoplastic events associated with tamoxifen. J. Gen. Intern. Med. (2003) 18:937–947.
- •A meta-analysis that assessed the risk of stroke in addition to other adverse events from breast cancer trials published during 2002.
- BUSHNELL CD, GOLDSTEIN LB: Risk of ischemic stroke with tamoxifen treatment for breast cancer: A meta-analysis. Neurology (2004) 63:1230–1233.
- •A meta-analysis focused primarily on ischaemic stroke events reported from breast cancer trials.
- VERONESI U, MAISONNEUVE P, COSTA A et al.: Prevention of breast cancer with tamoxifen: preliminary findings from the Italian ramdomised trial among hysterectomised women. Lancet (1998) 352:93–97.
- POWLES T, EELES R, ASHLEY S et al: Interim analysis of the incidence of breast cancer in the Royal Marsden Hospital tamoxifen randomised chemoprevention trial. Lancet (1998) 352:98–101.
- DIGNAM JJ, FISHER B: Occurrence of stroke with tamoxifen in NSABP-B-24.Lancet (2000) 355:848–849.
- PETTITI DB: Meta-Analysis, Decision Analysis, and Cost-Effectiveness Analysis. In: Methods for Quantitative Synthesis IP Medicine (2nd Ed). New York: Oxford University Press, 2000.
- GEIGER AM, FISCHBERG GM, CHEN W, BERNSTEIN L: Stroke risk and tamoxifen therapy for breast cancer. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. (2004) 96:1528–1536.
- ••This is a well-designed case-control studyof stroke events in women with breast cancer treated with tamoxifen and other chemotherapy.
- BONANNI B, JOHANSSON H, GANDINI S et al: Effect of tamoxifen at low doses on ultrasensitive C-reactive protein in healthy women. I Thromb. Haemost. (2003) 1:2149–2152.
- GREY AB, STAPLETON JP, EVANS MC, REID IR: The effect of the anti-estrogen tamoxifen on cardiovascular risk factors in normal postmenopausal women. J. Clin. Endocrin. Metab. (1995) 80:3191–3195.
- PENOTTI M, SIRONI L, MIGLIERINA L et al: The effect of tamoxifen and transdermal 17 beta-estradiol on cerebral arterial vessles: A randomized controlled study. Am. j Obstet. Cynecol (1998) 178:801–805.
- ONG PJ, LINARDOU H, GRAHAM HA et al.: Tamoxifen is not detrimental to endothelial function in postmenopausal women with breast cancer. Am. Heart J. (2001) 142:e6.
- CLARKE SC, SCHOFIELD PM, GRACE AA, METCALFE JC, KIRSCHENLOHR HL: Tamoxifen effects on endothelial function and cardiovascular risk factors in men with advanced atherosclerosis. Circulation (2001) 103:1497–1502.
- SIMON T, BOUTOUYRIE P, SIMON J et al.: Influence of tamoxifen on carotid intima-media thickness in postmenopausal women. Circulation (2002) 106:2952–2929.
- KINSINGER LS, HARRIS R, WOOLF SH, SOX HC, LOHR KN: Chemoprevention of breast cancer: A summary of the evidence for the US Preventive Services Task Force. Ann. Intern. Med. (2002) 137:E59–E69.
- CHANT H, MCCOLLUM C: Stroke in young adults: The role of paradoxical embolism. Thromb. Haemost. (2001) 85:22–29.
- RANOUX D, COHEN A, CABANES L et al.: Patent foramen ovale: Is stroke due to paradoxical embolism? Stroke (1993) 24:31–34.
- CRAMER SC, RORDORF G, MAKI JH et al.: Increased Pelvic Vein Thrombi in Cryptogenic Stroke. Results of the Paradoxical Emboli from Large Veins in Ischemic Stroke (PELVIS) Study. Stroke (2004) 35:46–50.
- FINELLI PF, SCHAUER PK: Cerebral sinus thrombosis with tamoxifen. Neurology (2001) 56:1113.
- KIMELBERG H, FEUSTEL P, Y J et al: Acute treatment with tamoxifen reduces ischemic damage following middle cerebral artery occlusion. Neuroreport (2000) 11:2675–2679.
- MEHTA S, DHANDAPANI K, DE SEVILLA L et al: Tamoxifen, a selective estrogen receptor modulator, reduces ischemic damage caused by middle cerebral artery occlusion in the ovariectomized female rat. Neuroendocrinology (2003) 77:44–50.
- BONNETERRE J, BUZDAR A, NABHOLTZ J-MA et al: Anastrozole is superior to tamoxifen as first-line therapy in hormone receptor positive advanced breast carcinoma. Results of two randomized trials designed for combined analysis. Cancer (2001) 92:2247–2258.
- WOLF PA, D'AGOSTINO RB, BELANGER AJ, KANNEL WB: Probability of stroke: A risk profile from the Framingham study. Stroke (1991) 22:312–318.
- NORTH AMERICAN SYMPTOMATIC CAROTID ENDARTERECTOMY TRIAL COLLABORATORS: Beneficial effect of carotid endarterectomy in symptomatic patients with high-grade carotid stenosis. N Engl. J. Med. (1991) 325:445–453.