433
Views
88
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Sudden cardiac death secondary to antidepressant and antipsychotic drugs

, MD & , PhD
Pages 181-194 | Published online: 06 Mar 2008

Bibliography

  • Abdelmawla N, Mitchell AJ. Sudden cardiac death and antipsychotics. Part 1. Risk factors and mechanisms. Adv Psychiatr Treat 2006;12:35-44
  • Abdelmawla N, Mitchell AJ. Sudden cardiac death and antipsychotics. Part 2. Monitoring and prevention. Adv Psychiatr Treat 2006;12:100-9
  • Dessertenne F. La tachycardie ventriculaire a deux foyers opposes variables. Arch Mal Coeur Vaiss 1966;59:263-72
  • Wang Q, Shen J, Splawski I, et al. SCN5A mutations associated with an inherited cardiac arrhythmia, long QT syndrome. Cell 1995;80:805-11
  • Mohler PJ, Schott JJ, Gramolini AO, et al. Ankyrin-B mutation causes type 4 long-QT cardiac arrhythmia and sudden cardiac death. Nature 2003;421:634-9
  • Plaster NM, Tawil R, Tristani-Firouzi M, et al. Mutations in Kir2.1 cause the developmental and episodic electrical phenotypes of Andersen's syndrome. Cell 2001;105:511-9
  • Curran ME, Splawski I, Timothy KW, et al. A molecular basis for cardiac arrhythmia: HERG mutations cause long QT syndrome. Cell 1995;80:795-803
  • Wang Q, Curran ME, Splawski I, et al. Positional cloning of a novel potassium channel gene: KVLQT1 mutations cause cardiac arrhythmias. Nat Genet 1996;12:17-23
  • Splawski I, Tristani-Firouzi M, Lehmann MH, et al. Mutations in the hminK gene cause long QT syndrome and suppress IKs function. Nat Genet 1997;17:338-40
  • Medeiros-Domingo A, Kaku T, Tester DJ, et al. SCN4B-encoded sodium channel {beta}4 subunit in congenital long-QT syndrome. Circulation 2007;116:134-42
  • Cronk LB, Ye B, Kaku T, et al. Novel mechanism for sudden infant death syndrome: persistent late sodium current secondary to mutations in caveolin-3. Heart Rhythm 2007;4:161-6
  • Schwartz PJ, Priori SG, Napolitano C. The long QT syndrome. In: Cardiac Electrophysiology: from Cell to Bedside. Zipes DP, Jalife J, editors. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders. 2000; p 597-615
  • Moss AJ, Zareba W, Hall WJ, et al. Effectiveness and limitations of beta-blocker therapy in congenital long-QT syndrome. Circulation 2000;101:616-23
  • Schwartz PJ, Priori SG, Cerrone M, et al. Left cardiac sympathetic denervation in the management of high-risk patients affected by the long-QT syndrome. Circulation 2004;109:1826-33
  • Bednar MM, Harrigan EP, Anziano RJ, et al. The QT interval. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2001;43:1-45
  • Tomaselli GF, Marban E. Electrophysiological remodeling in hypertrophy and heart failure. Cardiovasc Res 1999;42:270-83
  • Sipido KR, Volders PG, de Groot SH, et al. Enhanced Ca(2+) release and Na/Ca exchange activity in hypertrophied canine ventricular myocytes: potential link between contractile adaptation and arrhythmogenesis. Circulation 2000;102:2137-44
  • Volders PG, Sipido KR, Vos MA, et al. Downregulation of delayed rectifier K(+) currents in dogs with chronic complete atrioventricular block and acquired torsades de pointes. Circulation 1999;100:2455-61
  • Undrovinas AI, Maltsev VA, Sabbah HN. Repolarization abnormalities in cardiomyocytes of dogs with chronic heart failure: role of sustained inward current. Cell Mol Life Sci 1999;55:494-505
  • Maltsev VA, Sabbah HN, Higgins RS, et al. Novel, ultraslow inactivating sodium current in human ventricular cardiomyocytes. Circulation 1998;98:2545-52
  • Antzelevitch C. Role of transmural dispersion of repolarization in the genesis of drug-induced torsades de pointes. Heart Rhythm 2005;2:S9-15
  • QT Drug Lists by Risk Groups Available from: URL: www.torsades.org/medical-pros/drug-lists/drug-lists.htm [Last accessed February 26, 2008]
  • Vieweg WV, Wood MA. Tricyclic antidepressants, QT interval prolongation, and torsade de pointes. Psychosomatics 2004;45:371-7
  • Mehtonen OP, Aranko K, Malkonen L, Vapaatalo H. A survey of sudden death associated with the use of antipsychotic or antidepressant drugs: 49 cases in Finland. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1991;84:58-64
  • Ray WA, Meredith S, Thapa PB, et al. Antipsychotics and the risk of sudden cardiac death. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2001;58:1161-7
  • Hennessy S, Bilker WB, Knauss JS, et al. Cardiac arrest and ventricular arrhythmia in patients taking antipsychotic drugs: cohort study using administrative data. BMJ 2002;325:1070
  • Liperoti R, Gambassi G, Lapane KL, et al. Conventional and atypical antipsychotics and the risk of hospitalization for ventricular arrhythmias or cardiac arrest. Arch Intern Med 2005;165:696-701
  • Brugada P, Brugada J. Right bundle branch block, persistent ST segment elevation and sudden cardiac death: a distinct clinical and electrocardiographic syndrome: a multicenter report. J Am Coll Cardiol 1992;20:1391-6
  • Wilde AA, Antzelevitch C, Borggrefe M, et al. Proposed diagnostic criteria for the Brugada syndrome: Consensus Report. Eur Heart J 2002;23:1648-54
  • Wilde AA, Antzelevitch C, Borggrefe M, et al. Proposed diagnostic criteria for the Brugada syndrome: consensus report. Circulation 2002;106:2514-9
  • Antzelevitch C, Brugada P, Borggrefe M, et al. Brugada syndrome. Report of the second consensus conference: endorsed by the Heart Rhythm Society and the European Heart Rhythm Association. Circulation 2005;111:659-70
  • Antzelevitch C, Brugada P, Borggrefe M, et al. Brugada syndrome: report of the second consensus conference. Heart Rhythm 2005;2:429-40
  • Antzelevitch C, Brugada P, Brugada J, Brugada R. The Brugada syndrome: from bench to bedside. Oxford: Blackwell Futura; 2005
  • Fondazione Salvatore Maugeri – Inherited arrhythmias database. Available from: URL: www.fsm.it/cardmoc [last accessed February 26, 2008]
  • Weiss R, Barmada MM, Nguyen T, et al. Clinical and molecular heterogeneity in the Brugada syndrome. A novel gene locus on chromosome 3. Circulation 2002;105:707-13
  • Antzelevitch C, Pollevick GD, Cordeiro JM, et al. Loss-of-function mutations in the cardiac calcium channel underlie a new clinical entity characterized by ST-segment elevation, short QT intervals, and sudden cardiac death. Circulation 2007;115:442-9
  • Brugada P, Brugada J, Brugada R. Arrhythmia induction by antiarrhythmic drugs. PACE 2000;23:291-2
  • Brugada R, Brugada J, Antzelevitch C, et al. Sodium channel blockers identify risk for sudden death in patients with ST-segment elevation and right bundle branch block but structurally normal hearts. Circulation 2000;101:510-5
  • Miyazaki T, Mitamura H, Miyoshi S, et al. Autonomic and antiarrhythmic drug modulation of ST segment elevation in patients with Brugada syndrome. J Am Coll Cardiol 1996;27:1061-70
  • Babaliaros VC, Hurst JW. Tricyclic antidepressants and the Brugada syndrome: an example of Brugada waves appearing after the administration of desipramine. Clin Cardiol 2002;25:395-8
  • Goldgran-Toledano D, Sideris G, Kevorkian JP. Overdose of cyclic antidepressants and the Brugada syndrome. N Engl J Med 2002;346:1591-2
  • Tada H, Sticherling C, Oral H, Morady F. Brugada syndrome mimicked by tricyclic antidepressant overdose. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2001;12:275
  • Pastor A, Nunez A, Cantale C, Cosio FG. Asymptomatic Brugada syndrome case unmasked during dimenhydrinate infusion. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2001;12:1192-4
  • Ortega-Carnicer J, Bertos-Polo J, Gutierrez-Tirado C. Aborted sudden death, transient Brugada pattern, and wide QRS dysrrhythmias after massive cocaine ingestion. J Electrocardiol 2001;34:345-9
  • Nogami A, Nakao M, Kubota S, et al. Enhancement of J-ST-segment elevation by the glucose and insulin test in Brugada syndrome. PACE 2003;26:332-7
  • Araki T, Konno T, Itoh H, et al. Brugada syndrome with ventricular tachycardia and fibrillation related to hypokalemia. Circ J 2003;67:93-5
  • Akhtar M, Goldschlager NF. Brugada electrocardiographic pattern due to tricyclic antidepressant overdose. J Electrocardiol 2006;39:336-9
  • Darbar D, Yang T, Churchwell K, et al. Unmasking of Brugada syndrome by lithium. Circulation 2005;112:1527-31
  • Rouleau F, Asfar P, Boulet S, et al. Transient ST segment elevation in right precordial leads induced by psychotropic drugs: relationship to the Brugada syndrome. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2001;12:61-5
  • Chow BJ, Gollob M, Birnie D. Brugada syndrome precipitated by a tricyclic antidepressant. Heart 2005;91:651
  • Bolognesi R, Tsialtas D, Vasini P, et al. Abnormal ventricular repolarization mimicking myocardial infarction after heterocyclic antidepressant overdose. Am J Cardiol 1997;79:242-5
  • Bigwood B, Galler D, Amir N, Smith W. Brugada syndrome following tricyclic antidepressant overdose. Anaesth Intensive Care 2005;33:266-70
  • Zareba W, Lin DA. Antipsychotic drugs and QT interval prolongation. Psychiatr Q 2003;74:291-306
  • Glassman AH, Bigger JT Jr. Antipsychotic drugs: prolonged QTc interval, torsade de pointes, and sudden death. Am J Psychiatry 2001;158:1774-82
  • Stroup TS, Lieberman JA, McEvoy JP, et al. Effectiveness of olanzapine, quetiapine, and risperidone in patients with chronic schizophrenia after discontinuing perphenazine: a CATIE study. Am J Psychiatry 2007;164:415-27
  • Kuehn BM. FDA warns antipsychotic drugs may be risky for elderly. JAMA 2005;293:2462
  • Fish JM, Antzelevitch C. Role of sodium and calcium channel block in unmasking the Brugada syndrome. Heart Rhythm 2004;1:210-7
  • Antzelevitch C, Fish JM. Therapy for the Brugada syndrome. In: Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology. Kass R, Clancy CE, editors. New York: Springer-Verlag; 2006. p 305-30
  • Sala M, Coppa F, Cappucciati C, et al. Antidepressants: their effects on cardiac channels, QT prolongation and Torsade de pointes. Curr Opin Investig Drugs 2006;7:256-63
  • Redfern WS, Carlsson L, Davis AS, et al. Relationships between preclinical cardiac electrophysiology, clinical QT interval prolongation and torsade de pointes for a broad range of drugs: evidence for a provisional safety margin in drug development. Cardiovasc Res 2003;58:32-45
  • Belardinelli L, Aantzelevitch C, Vos MA. Assessing predictors of drug-induced torsade de pointes. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2003;24:619-25
  • Antzelevitch C, Shimuzu W. Cellular mechanisms underlying the Long QT syndrome. Curr Opin Cardiol 2002;17:43-51
  • Shimuzu W, Antzelevitch C. Effects of a K(+) channel opener to reduce transmural dispersion of repolarization and prevent torsade de pointes in LQT1, LQT2, and LQT3 models of the long-QT syndrome. Circulation 2000;102:706-12
  • Antzelevitch C. Heterogeneity of cellular repolarization in LQTS: the role of M cells. Eur Heart J 2001;(Suppl 3):K2-16
  • Tsuboi M, Antzelevitch C. Cellular basis for electrocardiographic and arrhythmic manifestations of Andersen-Tawil syndrome (LQT7). Heart Rhythm 2006;3:328-35
  • Sicouri S, Timothy KW, Zygmunt AC, et al. Cellular basis for the electrocardiographic and arrhythmic manifestations of Timothy syndrome: effects of ranolazine. Heart Rhythm 2007;4:638-47
  • Shimuzu W, Antzelevitch C. Cellular basis for the ECG features of the LQT1 form of the long QT syndrome: effects of beta-adrenergic agonists and antagonists and sodium channel blockers on transmural dispersion of repolarization and torsade de pointes. Circulation 1998;98:2314-22
  • Shimuzu W, Antzelevitch C. Sodium channel block with mexiletine is effective in reducing dispersion of repolarization and preventing torsade de pointes in LQT2 and LQT3 models of the long-QT syndrome. Circulation 1997;96:2038-47
  • Shimuzu W, Antzelevitch C. Differential effects of beta-adrenergic agonists and antagonists in LQT1, LQT2 and LQT3 models of the long QT syndrome. J Am Coll Cardiol 2000;35:778-86
  • Sicouri S, Antzelevitch C. A subpopulation of cells with unique electrophysiological properties in the deep subepicardium of the canine ventricle. The M cell. Circ Res 1991;68:1729-41
  • Antzelevitch C, Shimuzu W, Yan GX, et al. The M cell: its contribution to the ECG and to normal and abnormal electrical function of the heart. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 1999;10:1124-52
  • Anyukhovsky EP, Sosunov EA, Gainullin RZ, Rosen MR. The controversial M cell. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 1999;10:244-60
  • Zygmunt AC, Goodrow RJ, Antzelevitch C. I(NaCa) contributes to electrical heterogeneity within the canine ventricle. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2000;278:H1671-8
  • Zygmunt AC, Eddlestone GT, Thomas GP, et al. Larger late sodium conductance in M cells contributes to electrical heterogeneity in canine ventricle. Am J Physiol 2001;281:H689-97
  • Liu DW, Antzelevitch C. Characteristics of the delayed rectifier current (IKr and IKs) in canine ventricular epicardial, midmyocardial, and endocardial myocytes. Circ Res 1995;76:351-65
  • Li GR, Feng J, Yue L, Carrier M. Transmural heterogeneity of action potentials and Ito1 in myocytes isolated from the human right ventricle. Am J Physiol 1998;275:H369-77
  • Krishnan SC, Antzelevitch C. Flecainide-induced arrhythmia in canine ventricular epicardium. Phase 2 reentry? Circulation 1993;87:562-72
  • Yan GX, Antzelevitch C. Cellular basis for the electrocardiographic J wave. Circulation 1996;93:372-9
  • Yan GX, Antzelevitch C. Cellular basis for the Brugada syndrome and other mechanisms of arrhythmogenesis associated with ST segment elevation. Circulation 1999;100:1660-6
  • Fish JM, Antzelevitch C. Cellular and ionic basis for the sex-related difference in the manifestation of the Brugada syndrome and progressive conduction disease phenotypes. J Electrocardiol 2003;36:173-9
  • Antzelevitch C, Fish J. Electrical heterogeneity within the ventricular wall. Basic Res Cardiol 2001;96:517-27
  • Gima K, Rudy Y. Ionic current basis of electrocardiographic waveforms: a model study. Circ Res 2002;90:889-96
  • Kurita T, Shimuzu W, Inagaki M, et al. The electrophysiologic mechanism of ST-segment elevation in Brugada syndrome. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002;40:330-4
  • Yan GX, Lankipalli RS, Burke JF, et al. Ventricular repolarization components on the electrocardiogram: cellular basis and clinical significance. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003;42:401-9
  • Antzelevitch C. Modulation of transmural repolarization. Ann NY Acad Sci 2005;1047:314-23
  • Fish JM, Antzelevitch C. Link between hypothermia and the Brugada syndrome. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2004;15:942-4
  • Fish JM, Welchons DR, Kim YS, et al. Dimethyl lithospermate B, an extract of danshen, suppresses arrhythmogenesis associated with the Brugada syndrome. Circulation 2006;113:1393-400
  • Tukki R, Sogaard P, Vleugels J, et al. Delay in right ventricular activation contributes to Brugada syndrome. Circulation 2004;109:1272-7
  • Roden DM. Drug-induced prolongation of the QT interval. N Engl J Med 2004;350:1013-22
  • Donger C, Denjoy I, Berthet M, et al. KVLQT1 C-terminal missense mutation causes a forme fruste long-QT syndrome. Circulation 1997;96:2778-81
  • Napolitano C, Schwartz PJ, Brown AM, et al. Evidence for a cardiac ion channel mutation underlying drug-induced QT prolongation and life-threatening arrhythmias. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2000;11:691-6
  • Yang P, Kanki H, Drolet B, et al. Allelic variants in long-QT disease genes in patients with drug-associated torsades de pointes. Circulation 2002;105:1943-8
  • Roden DM. Long QT syndrome: reduced repolarization reserve and the genetic link. J Intern Med 2006;259:59-69
  • Abbott GW, Sesti F, Splawski I, et al. MiRP1 forms IKr potassium channels with HERG and is associated with cardiac arrhythmia. Cell 1999;97:175-87
  • Splawski I, Timothy KW, Tateyama M, et al. Variant of SCN5A sodium channel implicated in risk of cardiac arrhythmia. Science 2002;297:1333-6
  • Pollevick GD, Oliva A, Viskin S, et al. Genetic predisposition to post-myocardial infarction long QT intervals and Torsade de pointes [abstract]. Heart Rhythm 2007;4:S121
  • Crotti L, Lundquist AL, Insolia R, et al. KCNH2-K897T is a genetic modifier of latent congenital long-QT syndrome. Circulation 2005;112:1251-8
  • Anson BD, Ackerman MJ, Tester DJ, et al. Molecular and functional characterization of common polymorphisms in HERG (KCNH2) potassium channels. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2004;286:H2434-41
  • Paavonen KJ, Chapman H, Laitinen PJ, et al. Functional characterization of the common amino acid 897 polymorphism of the cardiac potassium channel KCNH2 (HERG). Cardiovasc Res 2003;59:603-11
  • Bezzina CR, Verkerk AO, Busjahn A, et al. A common polymorphism in KCNH2 (HERG) hastens cardiac repolarization. Cardiovasc Res 2003;59:27-36
  • Bezzina CR, Shimizu W, Yang P, et al. Common sodium channel promoter haplotype in asian subjects underlies variability in cardiac conduction. Circulation 2006;113:338-44
  • Ford GA, Wood SM, Daly AK. CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 genotypes of patients with terodiline cardiotoxicity identified through the yellow card system. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2000;50:77-80
  • Roden DM. Pharmacogenetics and drug-induced arrhythmias. Cardiovasc Res 2001;50:224-31
  • Table of CYP substrates, inhibitors and inducers Available from: URL: medicine.iupui.edu/flockhart/clinlist.htm [last accessed February 26, 2008]
  • Dorsey ST, Biblo LA. Prolonged QT interval and torsades de pointes caused by the combination of fluconazole and amitriptyline. Am J Emerg Med 2000;18:227-9
  • Davison ET. Amitriptyline-induced Torsade de pointes: successful therapy with atrial pacing. J Electrocardiol 1985;18:299-301
  • Jerjes Sanchez DC, Garcia HN, Gonzalez CV, Rosado BA. Helicoidal ventricular tachycardia caused by amitriptyline. Presentation of a case. Arch Inst Cardiol Mex 1985;55:353-6
  • Flugelman MY, Pollack S, Hammerman H, et al. Congenital prolongation of Q-T interval: a family study of three generations. Cardiology 1982;69:170-4
  • Strasberg B, Coelho A, Welch W, et al. Doxepin induced torsade de pointes. PACE 1982;5:873-7
  • Alter P, Tontsch D, Grimm W. Doxepin-induced torsade de pointes tachycardia. Ann Intern Med 2001;135:384-5
  • Yap YG, Camm AJ. Drug induced QT prolongation and torsades de pointes. Heart 2003;89:1363-72
  • Teschemacher AG, Seward EP, Hancox JC, Witchel HJ. Inhibition of the current of heterologously expressed HERG potassium channels by imipramine and amitriptyline. Br J Pharmacol 1999;128:479-85
  • Jo SH, Youm JB, Lee CO, et al. Blockade of the HERG human cardiac K(+) channel by the antidepressant drug amitriptyline. Br J Pharmacol 2000;129:1474-80
  • Park KS, Kong ID, Park KC, Lee JW. Fluoxetine inhibits L-type Ca2+ and transient outward K+ currents in rat ventricular myocytes. Yonsei Med J 1999;40:144-51
  • Barber MJ, Starmer CF, Grant AO. Blockade of cardiac sodium channels by amitriptyline and diphenylhydantoin. Evidence for two use-dependent binding sites. Circ Res 1991;69:677-96
  • Curtis LH, Ostbye T, Sendersky V, et al. Prescription of QT-prolonging drugs in a cohort of about 5 million outpatients. Am J Med 2003;114:135-41
  • Witchel HJ, Hancox JC, Nutt DJ. Psychotropic drugs, cardiac arrhythmia, and sudden death. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2003;23:58-77
  • Thomas D, Gut B, Wendt-Nordahl G, Kiehn J. The antidepressant drug fluoxetine is an inhibitor of human ether-a-go-go-related gene (HERG) potassium channels. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2002;300:543-8
  • Tie H, Walker BD, Valenzuela SM, et al. The heart of psychotropic drug therapy. Lancet 2000;355:1825
  • Tie H, Walker BD, Singleton CB, et al. Clozapine and sudden death. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2001;21:630-2
  • Tamargo J. Drug-induced torsade de pointes: from molecular biology to bedside. Jpn J Pharmacol 2000;83:1-19
  • Antzelevitch C. The Brugada syndrome: diagnostic criteria and cellular mechanisms. Eur Heart J 2001;22:356-63

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.