Advanced search
Publication Cover
Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery Volume 5, 2008 - Issue 11
Submit an article Journal homepage
340
Views
26
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Acyclovir delivery systems

Rita Cortesi University of Ferrara, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, CoReS Techno Group, Via Fossato di Mortara, 19-44100 Ferrara, Italy +39 0532 455259; +39 0532 455953; [email protected]
, PhD &
Elisabetta Esposito University of Ferrara, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, CoReS Techno Group, Via Fossato di Mortara, 19-44100 Ferrara, Italy +39 0532 455259; +39 0532 455953; [email protected]
, PhD
Pages 1217-1230 | Published online: 01 Nov 2008

Bibliography

  • Richards DM, Carmine AA, Brogden RN, et al. Acyclovir. A review of its pharmacodynamic properties and therapeutic efficacy. Drugs 1983;26:378-438
  • Wagstaff AJ, Faulds D, Goa KL. Aciclovir. A reappraisal of its antiviral activity, pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic efficacy. Drugs 1994;47:153-205
  • Fletcher C, Bean B. Evaluation of oral acyclovir therapy. Drug Intell Clin Pharm 1985;19:518-24
  • Blum MR, Liao SHT, Miranad PD. Overview of acyclovir pharmacokinetic disposition in adults and children. Am J Med 1982;73(Suppl):186-92
  • Douglas JM, Davis LG, Remington ML, et al. A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of the effect of chronically administered acyclovir on sperm production in men with frequently recurring genital herpes. J Infect Dis 1988;157:588-90
  • Stahlmann R, Klug S, Lewandowski C, et al. Teratogenicity of acyclovir in rats. Infection 1987;15:261-2
  • Tucker WE. Pre-clinical toxicology profile of acyclovir: an overview. Am J Med 1982;73:27-30
  • Ga De Jalon E, Blanco-Priieto MJ, Ygartua P, et al. Increased efficacy of acyclovir-loaded microparticles against herpes simplex virus type 1 in cell culture. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2003;56:183-7
  • Modiano P, Salloum E, Gillet-Terver M, et al. Acyclovir-resistant chronic cutaneous herpes simplex in Wiskott–Aldrich syndrom. Br J Dermatol 1995;133:475-8
  • Reichman RC, Badger GJ, Mertz GJ, et al. Treatment of recurrent genital herpes simplex infections with oral acyclovir: a controlled trial. J Am Med Ass 1984;251:2103-7
  • Miranda PD, Blum MR. Pharmacokinetics of acyclovir after intravenous and oral administration. Antimicrob Chemother 1983;12:29-37
  • Bryson YJ, Dillon M, Lovett M, et al. Treatment of first episodes of genital herpes simplex virus infection with oral acyclovir. A randomized double-blind controlled trial in normal subjects. N Engl J Med 1983;308:916-21
  • Snoeck R, De Clercq E. New treatments for genital herpes. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2002;15:49-55
  • Goldberg LH, Kaufman R, Kurtz TO, et al. Long-term suppression of recurrent genital herpes with acyclovir. Arch Dermatol 1993;129:582-7
  • Wade JC, Newton B, McLaren C, et al. Intravenous acyclovir to treat mucocutaneous herpes simplex virus infection after marrow transplantation: a double blind trial. Ann Intern Med 1982;96:265-9
  • Spruance SL, Nett R, Marbury T, et al. Acyclovir cream for treatment of herpes simplex labialis: results of two randomized, double-blind, vehicle controlled, multicenter clinical trials. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2002;46:2238-43
  • Raborn GW, Grace MGA. Recurrent herpes simplex labialis: selected therapeutic options. J Can Dent Assoc 2003;69:498-503
  • Spruance SL, Crumpacker CS. Topical 5 percent acyclovir in polyethylene glycol for herpes simplex labialis. Antiviral effect without clinical benefit. Am J Med 1982;73:315-9
  • Spruance SL, Crumpacker CS, Schnipper LE, et al. Early, patient-initiated treatment of herpes labialis with topical 10% acyclovir. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1984;25:553-5
  • Freeman DJ, Sheth NV, Spruance SL. Failure of topical acyclovir in ointment to penetrate human skin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1986;29:730-2
  • Parry GE, Dunn P, Shah VP, et al. Acyclovir bioavailability in human skin. J Invest Dermatol 1992;98:856-63
  • Piret J, Desormeaux A, Gourde P, et al. Efficacies of topical formulations of foscarnet and acyclovir and of 5-percent acyclovir ointment (Zovirax) in a murine model of cutaneous herpes simplex virus type 1 infection. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2000;44:30-8
  • Albert A. Chemical aspects of selective toxicity. Nature 1958;182:421-3
  • Krenitsky TA, Hall WW, De Miranda PD, et al. 6-Deoxyacyclovir: a xanthine oxidase activated prodrug of acyclovir. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1984;81:3209-13
  • De Clercq H, Field HJ. Antiviral prodrugs – the development of successful prodrug strategies for antiviral chemotherapy. Br J Pharmacol 2006;147:1-11
  • Granero GE, Amidon GL. Stability of valacyclovir: implications for its oral bioavailability. Int J Pharm 2006;317:14-8
  • Perry CM, Faulds D. Valaciclovir. A review of its antiviral activity, pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic efficacy in herpes virus infections. Drugs 1996;52:754-72
  • Acosta EP, Fletcher CV. Valacyclovir. Ann Pharmacother 1997;31:185-91
  • Anand BS, Katragadda S, Nashed YE, et al. Amino acid prodrugs of acyclovir as possible antiviral agents against ocular HSV-1 infections: interactions with the neutral and cationic amino acid transporter on the corneal epithelium. Curr Eye Res 2004;29:153-66
  • Amidon GL, Leesman GD, Elliott RL. Improving intestinal absorption of water-insoluble compounds: a membrane metabolism strategy. J Pharm Sci 1980;69:1363-8
  • Han HK, Oh DM, Amidon GL. Cellular uptake mechanism of amino acid ester prodrugs in Caco-2/hPEPT1 cells overexpressing a human peptide transporter. Pharm Res 1998;15:1382-6
  • Bai JP, Hu M, Subramanian P, et al. Utilization of peptide carrier system to improve intestinal absorption: targeting prolidase as a prodrug-converting enzyme. J Pharm Sci 1992;81:113-6
  • Balimane PV, Tamai I, Guo A, et al. Direct evidence for peptide transporter (PepT1)-mediated uptake of a nonpeptide prodrug, valacyclovir. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1998;250:246-51
  • Sinko PJ, Balimane PV. Carrier-mediated intestinal absorption of valacyclovir, the L-valyl ester prodrug of acyclovir: 1. Interactions with peptides, organic anions and organic cations in rats. Biopharm Drug Dispos 1998;19:209-17
  • Palmberger TF, Hombach J, Bernkop-Schnürch A. Thiolated chitosan: development and in vitro evaluation of an oral delivery system for acyclovir. Int J Pharm 2008;348:54-60
  • Cascorbi I. Role of pharmacogenetics of ATP-binding cassette transporters in the pharmacokinetics of drugs. Pharmacol Ther 2006;112:457-73
  • Salama NN, Scott KR, Eddington ND. DM27, an enaminone, modifies the in vitro transport of antiviral therapeutic agents. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2004;25:227-36
  • Yang ZG, Meng H, Zhang X, et al. Effect of quercetin on the acyclovir intestinal absorption. Beijing Da Xue Xue Bao 2004;36:309-12
  • Tallury P, Airrabeelli R, Li J, et al. Release of antimicrobial and antiviral drugs from methacrylate copolymer system: effect of copolymer molecular weight and drug loading on drug release. Dent Mater 2008;24:274-80
  • Tallury P, Randall MK, Thaw KL, et al. Effects of solubilizing surfactants and loading of antiviral, antimicrobial, and antifungal drugs on their release rates from ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer. Dent Mater 2007;23:977-82
  • Kalachandra S, Takamata T, Lin DM, et al. Stability and release of antiviral drugs from ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) copolymer. J Mater Sci Mater Med 2006;17:1227-36
  • Jin Y, Tong L, Ai P, et al. Self-assembled drug delivery systems. 1. Properties and in vitro/in vivo behavior of acyclovir self-assembled nanoparticles (SAN). Int J Pharm 2006;309:199-207
  • Jin Y, Xin R, Ai P, Chen D. Self-assembled drug delivery systems 2. Cholesteryl derivatives of antiviral nucleoside analogues: synthesis, properties and the vesicle formation. Int J Pharm 2008;350:330-7
  • Aquaro S, Calio R, Balzarini J, et al. Macrophages and HIV infection: therapeutical approaches toward this strategic virus reservoir. Antiviral Res 2002;55:209-25
  • Mogensen S. Role of macrophages in hepatitis induced by Herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 in mice. Infect Immun 1977;15:686-91
  • Mott K, Brick DJ, Van Rooijen N, et al. Macrophages are important determinants of acute ocular HSV-1 infection in immunized mice. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2007;48:5605-15
  • Ogihara-Umeda I, Sasaki T, Toyama H, et al. Rapid diagnostic imaging of cancer using radiolabeled liposomes. Cancer Detect Prev 1997;21:490-6
  • Park JW, Hong K, Kirpotin DB, et al. Immunoliposomes for cancer treatment. Adv Pharmacol 1997;40:399-435
  • Kao GY, Change LJ, Allen TM. Use of targeted cationic liposomes in enhanced DNA delivery to cancer cells. Cancer Gene Ther 1996;3:250-6
  • Lasic DD. Novel applications of liposomes. TIBTECH 1998;16:307-21
  • Ran Y, Yalkowsky SH. Halothane, a novel solvent for the preparation of liposomes containing 2-40-amino-30-methylphenul benzothiazole (AMPB), an anticancer drug: a technical note. AAPS PharmSciTech 2003;4:E20
  • Mumper RJ, Hoffman AS. The stabilization and release of hirudin from liposomes or lipid-assemblies coated with hydrophobically modified dextran. AAPS PharmSciTech 2000;1:E3
  • Riaz M, Martin F, Weiner H. Liposomes as a drug delivery system. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 1989;15:1523-4
  • Lasic DD, Papadjopoulos D. Liposomes revisited. Science 1995;267:1275-6
  • Meyer J, Whitcomb L, Collins D. Efficient encapsulation of proteins within liposomes for slow release in vivo. Biochim Biophys Res Commun 1994;199:433-8
  • Kim T, Murdane S, Gruber A, Kim S. Sustained-release morphine for epidural analgesia in rats. Anesthesiology 1996;85:331-8
  • Khatibi S, Howell Sb, McCully C. Prolongation of action in CSF by encapsulation into multivesicular liposomes. Am Soc Clin Oncol 1991;10:282-6
  • Jain SK, Jain RK, Chourasia MK, et al. Design and development of multivesicular liposomal depot delivery system for controlled systemic delivery of acyclovir sodium. AAPS PharmSciTech 2005;6:E35-41
  • Langston MV, Rampresad MP, Karali TT, et al. Modulation of the sustained delivery of myelopoietin (Leridistim) encapsulated in multivesicular liposomes (DepoFoam). J Control Rel 2003;89:87-99
  • Xiao CJ, Qi XR, Aini W, et al. Preparation of cisplatin multivesicular liposomes and release of cisplatin from the liposomes in vitro. Yao Xue Xue Bao 2003;38:133-7
  • Kim S, Howell S. Multivesicular liposomes having a biologically active substance encapsulated therein in the presence of a hydrochloride. US5807572; 1998
  • Law SL, Huang KJ, Chiang CH. Acyclovir-containing liposomes for potential ocular delivery. Corneal penetration and absorption. J Control Rel 2000;63:135-40
  • Lasch J, Bouwstra J. Interaction of external lipid (lipid vesicles) with the skin. J Liposome Res 1995;5:543-69
  • Pavelic Z, Skalko-Basnet N, Schubert R. Liposomal gels for vaginal drug delivery. Int J Pharm 2001;219:139-49
  • Pavelic Z, Skalko-Basnet N, Filipovic-Grcic JE, et al. Development and in vitro evaluation of a liposomal vaginal delivery system for acyclovir. J Control Rel 2005;106:34-43
  • Jain SK, Singh R, Jain VV. Mucoadhesive liposomes bearing metronidazole for controlled and localized vaginal delivery. Proc Int Symp Control Release Bioact Mater 1996;23:701-2
  • Foldvari M, Moreland A. Clinical observations with topical liposome-encapsulated interferon alpha for the treatment of genital papilloma virus infections. J Liposome Res 1997;7:115-26
  • Jain SK, Singh R, Sahu B. Development of a liposome based contraceptive system for intravaginal administration of progesterone. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 1997;23:827-30
  • Kikuchi H, Yamauchi H, Hirota S. A polyol dilution method for mass production of liposomes. J Liposome Res 1994;4:71-91
  • Jain SK, Gupta Y, Jain A, et al. Enhanced transdermal delivery of acyclovir sodium via elastic liposomes. Drug Deliv 2008;15:141-7
  • Kajiwara E, Kawano K, Hattori Y, et al. Long-circulating liposome-encapsulated ganciclovir enhances the efficacy of HSV-TK suicide gene therapy. J Control Release 2007;120:104-10
  • Gregoriadis G. Liposome technology. 3rd edition. volume1. CRC Press, Florida; 2007
  • Monnard PA, Oberholzer T, Luisi P. Entrapment of nucleic acids in liposomes. Biochim Biophys Acta 1997;1329:39-50
  • Biju SS, Talegaonkar S, Mishra PR, et al. Vesicular systems: an overview. Indian J Pharm Sci 2006;68:141-53
  • Sahin NO. Niosomes as nanocarrier systems. In: Mozafari MR, editor, Nanomaterials and nanosystems for biomedical applications. Springer, Dordrecht. The Netherlands; 2007. p. 67-82
  • Baillie AJ, Florence AT, Hume LR, et al. The preparation and properties of niosome-non ionic surfactant vesicles. J Pharm Pharmacol 1985;37:863-8
  • Echoyen LE, Hernandez JC, Kaifer AE, et al. Aggregates of steroidal lariat ethers: the first example of non-ionic liposomes (niosomes) formed from neutral crown ethers compounds. J Chem Soc Chem Comm 1988;8:836-7
  • Hofland HEJ, Bouwstra JA, Ponec M, et al. Interactions of non-ionic surfactant vesicles with cultured keratinocytes and human skin in vitro: a survey of toxicological aspects and ultrastructural changes in stratum corneum. J Control Rel 1991;16:155-68
  • Hofland HEJ, Bouwstra JA, Verhoef JC, et al. Safety aspects of non-ionic surfactant vesicles – a toxicity study related to the physicochemical characteristics of non-ionic surfactants. J Pharm Pharmacol 1992;44:287-94
  • Parthasarathi G, Udupa N, Umadevi P, et al. Niosome encapsulated of vincristine sulfateimproved anticancer activity with reduced toxicity in mice. J Drug Target 1994;2:173-82
  • Attia IA, El-Gizawy SA, Fouda MAA, et al. Influence of a niosomal formulation on the oral bioavailability of acyclovir in rabbits. AAPS PharmSciTech 2007;8:E106
  • Mukherjee B, Patra B, Layek B, et al. Sustained release of acyclovir from nano-liposomes and nano-niosomes: an in vitro study. Int J Nanomed 2007;2:213-25
  • Godin B, Touitou E. Ethosomes: new prospects in transdermal delivery. Crit Rev Ther Drug Carrier Syst 2003;20:63-102
  • Touitou E, Godin B. Dermal drug delivery with ethosomes: therapeutic potential. Therapy 2007;4:465-72
  • Touitou E. Drug delivery across the skin. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2002;2:723-33
  • Huff JC, Kreuger GC, Overall JC, et al. The histopathologic evolution of recurrent herpes simplex labialis. J Am Acad Dermatol 1981;5:550-7
  • Horwitz E, Pisanty S, Czerninski R, et al. A clinical evaluation of a novel liposomal carrier for acyclovir in the topical treatment of recurrent herpes labialis. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 1999;88:700-5
  • Duvvuri S, Janoria Kg, Pal D, et al. Controlled delivery of ganciclovir to the retina with drug-loaded Poly(d,L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) microspheres dispersed in PLGA-PEG-PLGA Gel: a novel intravitreal delivery system for the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2007;23:264-74
  • Duvvuri S, Gaurav Janoria K, Mitra AK. Effect of polymer blending on the release of ganciclovir from PLGA microspheres. Pharm Res 2006;23:215-23
  • Cortesi R, Ajanji SC, Sivieri E, et al. Eudragit microparticles as a possible tool for ophthalmic administration of acyclovir. J Microencapsul 2007;24:445-56
  • Genta I, Conti B, Perugini P, et al. Bioadhesive microspheres for ophthalmic administration of acyclovir. J Pharm Pharmacol 1997;49:737-42
  • Rokhade AP, Patil SA, Aminabhavi TM. Synthesis and characterization of semi-interpenetrating polymer network microspheres of acrylamide grafted dextran and chitosan for controlled release of acyclovir. Carbohydr Polym 2007;67:605-13
  • Kim SC, Sperling LH. IPNs around the world: Science and Engineering, New York: Wiley; 1997
  • Diez-Sales O, Dolz M, Hernandez MJ, et al. Acyclovir delivery matrices based on poly(ethylene glycol)/chitosan semi-interpenetrating networks. J Pharm Sci 2007;96:1653-7
  • Kubik T, Bogunia-Kubik K, Sugisaka M. Nanotechnology on duty in medical applications. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2005;6:17-33
  • Giannavola C, Bucolo C, Maltese A, et al. Influence of preparation conditions on acyclovir-loaded poly-d,l-lactic acid nanospheres and effect of PEG coating on ocular drug bioavailability. Pharm Res 2003;20:584-90
  • Cortesi R, Drechsler M, Esposito E. SLN as a tool to administrate acyclovir. (Manuscript in preparation)
  • Duchêne D, Vaultion C, Glomot F. Cyclodextrins, their value in pharmaceutical technology. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 1986;12:2193-215
  • Loftsson T, Brewste ME. Pharmaceutical applications of cyclodextrins. 1. Drug solubilization and stabilization. J Pharm Sci 1996;85:1017-25
  • Loftsson T, Duchêne D. Cyclodextrins and their pharmaceutical applications. Int J Pharm 2007;329:1-11
  • Loftsson T, Hreinsdóttir D, Másson M. Evaluation of cyclodextrin solubilization of drugs. Int J Pharm 2005;302:18-28
  • Bencini M, Ranucci E, Ferruti P, et al. Preparation and in vitro evaluation of the antiviral activity of the Acyclovir complex of a beta-cyclodextrin/poly(amidoamine) copolymer. J Control Rel 2008;126:17-25
  • Constantinides P, Scalart J, Lancaster C, et al. Formulation and intestinal absorption enhancement evaluation of water-in-oil microemulsions incorporating medium-chain glycerides. Pharm Res 1994;11:1385-90
  • Charman S, Charman W, Rogge M, et al. Self-emulsifying drug delivery systems: formulation and biopharmaceutic evaluation of an investigational lipophilic compound. Pharm Res 1992;9:87-93
  • Ghosh PK, Majithiya RJ, Umrethia ML, et al. Design and development of microemulsion drug delivery system of acyclovir for improvement of oral bioavailability. AAPS PharmSciTech 2006;7:77
  • Patel D, Sawant KK. Oral bioavailability enhancement of acyclovir by self-microemulsifying drug delivery systems (SMEDDS). Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2007;33:1318-26
  • Abla N, Naik A, Guy RH, et al. Topical iontophoresis of valaciclovir hydrochloride improves cutaneous aciclovir delivery. Pharm Res 2006;23:1842-9
  • Ita KB, Du Preez J, Lane ME, et al. Dermal delivery of selected hydrophilic drugs from elastic liposomes: effect of phospholipid formulation and surfactants. J Pharm Pharmacol 2007;59:1215-22
  • Kalia YN, Naik A, Garrison J, et al. Iontophoretic drug delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2004;56:619-58
  • Abla N, Naik A, Guy RH, et al. Iontophoresis: clinical applications and future challenges. In: Smith EW, Maibach HI, editors, Percutaneous penetration enhancers. CRC, Boca Raton, Florida; 2005. p. 177-219
  • Gangarosa S, Hill JM. Modern iontophoresis for local drug delivery. Int J Pharm 1995;123:159-71
  • Stagni G, Ali ME, Weng D. Pharmacokinetics of acyclovir in rabbit skin after IV-bolus, ointment, and iontophoretic administrations. Int J Pharm 2004;274:201-11
  • Brown MB, Traynor MJ, Martin GP, et al. Transdermal drug delivery systems: skin perturbation devices. Methods Mol Biol 2008;437:119-39
  • Choonara YE, Pillay V, Carmichael T, et al. Studies on a novel doughnut-shaped minitablet for intraocular drug delivery. AAPS PharmSciTech 2007;8:E118
  • Kaparissides C, Alexandridou S, Kotti K et al. Recent advances in novel drug delivery systems. AZojono – Journal of Nanotechnology Online, 2007. Available from: http://www.azonano.com/nanotechnology
  • Han HK, Oh DM, Amidon GL. Cellular uptake mechanism of amino acid ester prodrugs in Caco-2/hPEPT1 cells overexpressing a human peptide transporter. Pharm Res 1998;15:1382-6
  • Han H, De Vrueh RL, Rhie JK, et al. 5′-Amino acid esters of antiviral nucleosides, acyclovir, and AZT are absorbed by the intestinal PEPT1 peptide transporter. Pharm Res 1998;15:1154-9
  • Bundgaard H, Jensen E, Falch E. Water-soluble, solution-stable, and biolabile N-substituted (aminomethyl) benzoate ester prodrugs of acyclovir. Pharm Res 1991;8:1087-93
  • Shao Z, Park G, Krishnamoorthy R, et al. The physicochemical properties, plasma enzymatic hydrolysis, and nasal absorption of acyclovir and its 2′-ester prodrugs. Pharm Res 1994;11:237-42
  • Chikhale P, Bodor N. Improved delivery of acyclovir to the skin using a dihydrotrigonelline in equilibrium with trigonelline redox carrier. J Pharm Sci 1991;80:402-3
  • Shojaei AH, Zhou S, Xiaoling L. Transbuccal delivery of acyclovir (II): feasibility, system design, and in vitro permeation studies. J Pharm Pharm Sci 1998;1:66-73
  • Greco A, Diaz JJ, Thouvenot D, et al. Novel targets for the development of anti-herpes compounds. Infect Disord Drug Targets 2007;7:11-8
  • Yasukawa T, Ogura Y, Sakurai E, et al. Intraocular sustained drug delivery using implantable polymeric devices. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2005;57:2033-46
  • Anand BS, Dey S, Mitra AK. Current prodrug strategies via membrane transporters/receptors. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2002;2:607-20
  • Neves SS, Sarmento-Ribeiro AB, Simões SP, et al. Transfection of oral cancer cells mediated by transferrin-associated lipoplexes: mechanisms of cell death induced by herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase/ganciclovir therapy. Biochim Biophys Acta 2006;1758:1703-12
  • Magenheim B, Benita S. Nanoparticle characterization: a comprehensive physicochemical approach. STP Pharm Sci 1991;1:221-41
  • Iwasaki Y, Ueda M, Yamada T, et al. Gene therapy of liver tumors with human liver-specific nanoparticles. Cancer Gene Ther 2007;14:74-81
  • Sham JO, Zhang Y, Finlay WH, et al. Formulation and characterization of spray-dried powders containing nanoparticles for aerosol delivery to the lung. Int J Pharm 2004;269:457-67
  • Tsapis N, Bennett D, Jackson B, et al. Trojan particles: large porous carriers of nanoparticles for drug delivery. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2002;99:12001-05
  • Schmidt C, Bodmeier R. Incorporation of polymeric nanoparticles into solid dosage forms. J Control Rel 1999;57:115-25

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Order Reprints Request Corporate Permissions

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

Request Academic Permissions

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.

Related research

People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read.

Recommended articles lists articles that we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine.

Cited by lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations.
Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new tab.