270
Views
53
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Polymeric nanoparticles for gene delivery

&
Pages 325-344 | Published online: 26 Apr 2006

Bibliography

  • LEHRMAN S: Virus treatment questioned after gene therapy death. Nature (1999) 401:517-518.
  • WILLIAMS DA, BAUM C: Gene therapy- new challenges ahead. Science (2003) 302:400-401.
  • LI Z, DULLMANN J, SCHIEDLMEIER B et al.: Murine leukemia induced by retroviral gene marking. Science (2002) 296(5567):497.
  • SEISENBERGER G, RIED MU, ENDRESS T et al.: Real-time single-molecule imaging of the infection pathway of an adeno-associated virus. Science (2001) 294(5548):1929-1932.
  • LEMARCHAND P, JAFFE HA, DANEL C et al.: Adenovirus-mediated transfer of a recombinant human α1-antitrypsin cDNA to human endothelial cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1992) 89(14):6482-6486.
  • MILLER N, VILE R: Targeted vectors for gene therapy. FASEB J. (1995) 9(2):190-199.
  • MORISHITA R, GIBBONS GH, KANEDA Y, OGIHARA T, DZAU VJ: Pharmacokinetics of antisense oligodeoxyribonucleotides (cyclin B1 and CDC 2 kinase) in the vessel wall in vivo: enhanced therapeutic utility for restenosis by HVJ-liposome delivery. Gene (1994) 149(1):13-19.
  • POUTON CW, SEYMOUR LW: Key issues in non-viral gene delivery. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. (2001) 46(1-3):187-203.
  • VASIR JK, REDDY MK, LABHASETWAR V: Nanosystems in drug targeting: opportunities and challenges. Curr. Nanoscience (2005) 1:47-64.
  • WIETHOFF CM, MIDDAUGH CR: Barriers to nonviral gene delivery. J. Pharm. Sci. (2003) 92(2):203-217.
  • LECHARDEUR D, LUKACS GL: Intracellular barriers to non-viral gene transfer. Curr. Gene Ther. (2002) 2(2):183-194.
  • BOUSSIF O, LEZOUALC’H F, ZANTA MA et al.: A versatile vector for gene and oligonucleotide transfer into cells in culture and in vivo: polyethylenimine. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1995) 92(16):7297-7301.
  • TANG MX, SZOKA FC: The influence of polymer structure on the interactions of cationic polymers with DNA and morphology of the resulting complexes. Gene Ther. (1997) 4(8):823-832.
  • DUNLAP DD, MAGGI A, SORIA MR, MONACO L: Nanoscopic structure of DNA condensed for gene delivery. Nucleic Acids Res. (1997) 25(15):3095-3101.
  • OGRIS M, STEINLEIN P, KURSA M et al.: The size of DNA/transferrin-PEI complexes is an important factor for gene expression in cultured cells. Gene Ther. (1998) 5(10):1425-1433.
  • WIGHTMAN L, KIRCHEIS R, ROSSLER V et al.: Different behavior of branched and linear polyethylenimine for gene delivery in vitro and in vivo. J. Gene Med. (2001) 3(4):362-372.
  • GODBEY WT, WU KK, MIKOS AG: Size matters: molecular weight affects the efficiency of poly(ethylenimine) as a gene delivery vehicle. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. (1999) 45(3):268-275.
  • BIEBER T, MEISSNER W, KOSTIN S, NIEMANN A, ELSASSER HP: Intracellular route and transcriptional competence of polyethylenimine-DNA complexes. J. Control. Release (2002) 82(2-3):441-454.
  • KIRCHEIS R, KICHLER A, WALLNER G et al.: Coupling of cell-binding ligands to polyethylenimine for targeted gene delivery. Gene Ther. (1997) 4(5):409-418.
  • KICHLER A, LEBORGNE C, COEYTAUX E, DANOS O: Polyethylenimine-mediated gene delivery: a mechanistic study. J. Gene Med. (2001) 3(2):135-144.
  • BRUNNER S, SAUER T, CAROTTA S et al.: Cell cycle dependence of gene transfer by lipoplex, polyplex and recombinant adenovirus. Gene Ther. (2000) 7(5):401-407.
  • LEMIEUX P, VINOGRADOV SV, GEBHART CL et al.: Block and graft copolymers and NanoGel copolymer networks for DNA delivery into cell. J. Drug Target. (2000) 8(2):91-105.
  • FORREST ML, KOERBER JT, PACK DW: A degradable polyethylenimine derivative with low toxicity for highly efficient gene delivery. Bioconjug. Chem. (2003) 14(5):934-940.
  • BETTINGER T, CARLISLE RC, READ ML, OGRIS M, SEYMOUR LW: Peptide-mediated RNA delivery: a novel approach for enhanced transfection of primary and post-mitotic cells. Nucleic Acids Res. (2001) 29(18):3882-3891.
  • SWEENEY P, KARASHIMA T, ISHIKURA H et al.: Efficient therapeutic gene delivery after systemic administration of a novel polyethylenimine/DNA vector in an orthotopic bladder cancer model. Cancer Res. (2003) 63(14):4017-4020.
  • VERNEJOUL F, FAURE P, BENALI N et al.: Antitumor effect of in vivo somatostatin receptor subtype 2 gene transfer in primary and metastatic pancreatic cancer models. Cancer Res. (2002) 62(21):6124-6131.
  • GOULA D, REMY JS, ERBACHER P et al.: Size, diffusibility and transfection performance of linear PEI/DNA complexes in the mouse central nervous system. Gene Ther. (1998) 5(5):712-717.
  • LAEMMLI UK: Characterization of DNA condensates induced by poly(ethylene oxide) and polylysine. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1975) 72(11):4288-4292.
  • AKINC A, LANGER R: Measuring the pH environment of DNA delivered using nonviral vectors: implications for lysosomal trafficking. Biotechnol. Bioeng. (2002) 78(5):503-508.
  • LEE M, NAH JW, KWON Y et al.: Water-soluble and low molecular weight chitosan-based plasmid DNA delivery. Pharm. Res. (2001) 18(4):427-431.
  • CHOI YH, LIU F, KIM JS et al.: Polyethylene glycol-grafted poly-l-lysine as polymeric gene carrier. J. Control. Release (1998) 54(1):39-48.
  • WARD CM, READ ML, SEYMOUR LW: Systemic circulation of poly(l-lysine)/DNA vectors is influenced by polycation molecular weight and type of DNA: differential circulation in mice and rats and the implications for human gene therapy. Blood (2001) 97(8):2221-2229.
  • WAGNER E, OGRIS M, ZAUNER W: Polylysine-based transfection systems utilizing receptor-mediated delivery. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. (1998) 30(1-3):97-113.
  • KATAYOSE S, KATAOKA K: Remarkable increase in nuclease resistance of plasmid DNA through supramolecular assembly with poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(l-lysine) block copolymer. J. Pharm. Sci. (1998) 87(2):160-163.
  • KATAYOSE S, KATAOKA K: Water-soluble polyion complex associates of DNA and poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(l-lysine) block copolymer. Bioconjug. Chem. (1997) 8(5):702-707.
  • WOLFERT MA, SCHACHT EH, TONCHEVA V et al.: Characterization of vectors for gene therapy formed by self-assembly of DNA with synthetic block co-polymers. Hum. Gene Ther. (1996) 7(17):2123-2133.
  • MARUYAMA A, ISHIHARA T, KIM JS, KIM SW, AKAIKE T: Nanoparticle DNA carrier with poly(l-lysine) grafted polysaccharide copolymer and poly(d, l-lactic acid). Bioconjug. Chem. (1997) 8(5):735-742.
  • LEE H, JEONG JH, PARK TG: PEG grafted polylysine with fusogenic peptide for gene delivery: high transfection efficiency with low cytotoxicity. J. Control. Release (2002) 79(1-3):283-291.
  • MIDOUX P, MONSIGNY M: Efficient gene transfer by histidylated polylysine/pDNA complexes. Bioconjug. Chem. (1999) 10(3):406-411.
  • RICHARDSON S, FERRUTI P, DUNCAN R: Poly(amidoamine)s as potential endosomolytic polymers: evaluation in vitro and body distribution in normal and tumour-bearing animals. J. Drug Target. (1999) 6(6):391-404.
  • DUNCAN R, FERRUTI P, SGOURAS D et al.: A polymer-Triton X-100 conjugate capable of pH-dependent red blood cell lysis: a model system illustrating the possibility of drug delivery within acidic intracellular compartments. J. Drug Target. (1994) 2(4):341-347.
  • RICHARDSON SC, PATTRICK NG, MAN YK, FERRUTI P, DUNCAN R: Poly(amidoamine)s as potential nonviral vectors: ability to form interpolyelectrolyte complexes and to mediate transfection in vitro. Biomacromolecules (2001) 2(3):1023-1028.
  • TOMALIA DA, BAKER H, DEWALD JR et al.: A new class of polymers: starburst-dendritic macromolecules. Polym. J. (1985) 17:117-132.
  • TOMALIA DA, HUANG B, SWANSON DR, BROTHERS HM, KLIMASH JW: Structure control within poly(amidoamine) dendrimers: size, shape and regio-chemical mimicry of globular proteins. Tetrahedron (2003) 59:3799-3813.
  • HAENSLER J, SZOKA FC Jr: Polyamidoamine cascade polymers mediate efficient transfection of cells in culture. Bioconjug. Chem. (1993) 4(5):372-379.
  • TANG MX, REDEMANN CT, SZOKA FC Jr: In vitro gene delivery by degraded polyamidoamine dendrimers. Bioconjug. Chem. (1996) 7(6):703-714.
  • NAKANISHI H, MAZDA O, SATOH E et al.: Nonviral genetic transfer of Fas ligand induced significant growth suppression and apoptotic tumor cell death in prostate cancer in vivo. Gene Ther. (2003) 10(5):434-442.
  • FERRARI F, ROSSI S, BONFERONI MC, CARAMELLA C, KARLSEN J: Characterization of rheological and mucoadhesive properties of three grades of chitosan hydrochloride. Farmaco (1997) 52(6-7):493-497.
  • LEE KY, KWON IC, KIM YH, JO WH, JEONG SY: Preparation of chitosan self-aggregates as a gene delivery system. J. Control. Release (1998) 51(2-3):213-220.
  • MAO HQ, ROY K, TROUNG-LE VL et al.: Chitosan-DNA nanoparticles as gene carriers: synthesis, characterization and transfection efficiency. J. Control. Release (2001) 70(3):399-421.
  • MUMPER RJ, WANG J, CLASPELL JM, ROLLAND AP: Novel polymeric condensing carriers for gene delivery. Proc. Intern. Symp. Control. Rel. Bioact. Mater. (1995) 22:178-179.
  • ERBACHER P, ZOU S, BETTINGER T, STEFFAN AM, REMY JS: Chitosan-based vector/DNA complexes for gene delivery: biophysical characteristics and transfection ability. Pharm. Res. (1998) 15(9):1332-1339.
  • THANOU M, FLOREA BI, GELDOF M, JUNGINGER HE, BORCHARD G: Quaternized chitosan oligomers as novel gene delivery vectors in epithelial cell lines. Biomaterials (2002) 23(1):153-159.
  • PARK IK, PARK YH, SHIN BA et al.: Galactosylated chitosan-graft-dextran as hepatocyte-targeting DNA carrier. J. Control. Release (2000) 69(1):97-108.
  • BERNKOP-SCHNURCH A, KRAJICEK ME: Mucoadhesive polymers as platforms for peroral peptide delivery and absorption: synthesis and evaluation of different chitosan-EDTA conjugates. J. Control. Release (1998) 50(1-3):215-223.
  • ARTURSSON P, LINDMARK T, DAVIS SS, ILLUM L: Effect of chitosan on the permeability of monolayers of intestinal epithelial cells (Caco-2). Pharm. Res. (1994) 11(9):1358-1361.
  • ROY K, MAO HQ, HUANG SK, LEONG KW: Oral gene delivery with chitosan-DNA nanoparticles generates immunologic protection in a murine model of peanut allergy. Nat. Med. (1999) 5(4):387-391.
  • TRUONG-LE VL, AUGUST JT, LEONG KW: Controlled gene delivery by DNA-gelatin nanospheres. Hum. Gene Ther. (1998) 9(12):1709-1717.
  • TRUONG-LE VL, WALSH SM, SCHWEIBERT E et al.: Gene transfer by DNA-gelatin nanospheres. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. (1999) 361(1):47-56.
  • KAUL G, AMIJI M: Tumor-targeted gene delivery using poly(ethylene glycol)-modified gelatin nanoparticles: in vitro and in vivo studies. Pharm. Res. (2005) 22(6):951-961.
  • KAUL G, AMIJI M: Biodistribution and targeting potential of poly(ethylene glycol)-modified gelatin nanoparticles in subcutaneous murine tumor model. J. Drug Target. (2004) 12(9-10):585-591.
  • LYNN DM, ANDERSON DG, PUTNAM D, LANGER R: Accelerated discovery of synthetic transfection vectors: parallel synthesis and screening of a degradable polymer library. J. Am. Chem. Soc. (2001) 123(33):8155-8156.
  • LYNN DM, LANGER R: Degradable poly(β-amino esters): synthesis, characterization, and self-assembly with plasmid DNA. J. Am. Chem. Soc. (2000) 122:10761-10768.
  • AKINC A, LYNN DM, ANDERSON DG, LANGER R: Parallel synthesis and biophysical characterization of a degradable polymer library for gene delivery. J. Am. Chem. Soc. (2003) 125(18):5316-5323.
  • ANDERSON DG, LYNN DM, LANGER R: Semi-automated synthesis and screening of a large library of degradable cationic polymers for gene delivery. Angew Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. (2003) 42(27):3153-3158.
  • AKINC A, ANDERSON DG, LYNN DM, LANGER R: Synthesis of poly(β-amino ester)s optimized for highly effective gene delivery. Bioconjug. Chem. (2003) 14(5):979-988.
  • LYNN DM, AMIJI MM, LANGER R: pH-Responsive polymer microspheres: rapid release of encapsulated material within the range of intracellular pH. Angew Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. (2001) 40(9):1707-1710.
  • PRABHA S, LABHASETWAR V: Critical determinants in PLGA/PLA nanoparticle-mediated gene expression. Pharm. Res. (2004) 21(2):354-364.
  • PANYAM J, LABHASETWAR V: Dynamics of endocytosis and exocytosis of poly(d, l-lactide-co-glycolide) nanoparticles in vascular smooth muscle cells. Pharm. Res. (2003) 20(2):212-220.
  • PANYAM J, ZHOU WZ, PRABHA S, SAHOO SK, LABHASETWAR V: Rapid endo-lysosomal escape of poly(d, l-lactide-co-glycolide) nanoparticles: implications for drug and gene delivery. FASEB J. (2002) 16(10):1217-1226.
  • MURAKAMI H, KOBAYASHI M, TAKEUCHI H, KAWASHIMA Y: Preparation of poly(d, l-lactide- co-glycolide) nanoparticles by modified spontaneous emulsification solvent diffusion method. Int. J. Pharm. (1999) 187(2):143-152.
  • SAHOO SK, PANYAM J, PRABHA S, LABHASETWAR V: Residual polyvinyl alcohol associated with poly(d, l-lactide-co-glycolide) nanoparticles affects their physical properties and cellular uptake. J. Control. Release (2002) 82(1):105-114.
  • PRABHA S, ZHOU WZ, PANYAM J, LABHASETWAR V: Size-dependency of nanoparticle-mediated gene transfection: studies with fractionated nanoparticles. Int. J. Pharm. (2002) 244(1-2):105-115.
  • PRABHA S, LABHASETWAR V: Nanoparticle-mediated wild-type p53 gene delivery results in sustained antiproliferative activity in breast cancer cells. Mol. Pharm. (2004) 1(3):211-219.
  • COHEN H, LEVY RJ, GAO J et al.: Sustained delivery and expression of DNA encapsulated in polymeric nanoparticles. Gene Ther. (2000) 7(22):1896-1905.
  • TOBIO M, NOLLEY J, GUO Y, MCIVER J, ALONSO MJ: A novel system based on a poloxamer/PLGA blend as a tetanus toxoid delivery vehicle. Pharm. Res. (1999) 16(5):682-688.
  • REDHEAD HM, DAVIS SS, ILLUM L: Drug delivery in poly(lactide-co-glycolide) nanoparticles surface modified with poloxamer 407 and poloxamine 908: in vitro characterisation and in vivo evaluation. J. Control. Release (2001) 70(3):353-363.
  • BENNS JM, KIM SW: Tailoring new gene delivery designs for specific targets. J. Drug Target. (2000) 8(1):1-12.
  • OTSUKA H, NAGASAKI Y, KATAOKA K: Pegylated nanoparticles for biological and pharmaceutical applications. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. (2003) 55(3):403-419.
  • NEAL JC, STOLNIK S, SCHACHT E et al.: In vitro displacement by rat serum of adsorbed radiolabeled poloxamer and poloxamine copolymers from model and biodegradable nanospheres. J. Pharm. Sci. (1998) 87(10):1242-1248.
  • STOLNIK S, DUNN SE, GARNETT MC et al.: Surface modification of poly(lactide-co-glycolide) nanospheres by biodegradable poly(lactide)-poly(ethylene glycol) copolymers. Pharm. Res. (1994) 11(12):1800-1808.
  • HAWLEY AE, ILLUM L, DAVIS SS: Preparation of biodegradable, surface engineered PLGA nanospheres with enhanced lymphatic drainage and lymph node uptake. Pharm. Res. (1997) 14(5):657-661.
  • PEREZ C, SANCHEZ A, PUTNAM D et al.: Poly(lactic acid)-poly(ethylene glycol) nanoparticles as new carriers for the delivery of plasmid DNA. J. Control. Release (2001) 75(1-2):211-224.
  • COUVREUR P, KANTE B, ROLAND M et al.: Polycyanoacrylate nanocapsules as potential lysosomotropic carriers: preparation, morphological and sorptive properties. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. (1979) 31(5):331-332.
  • GODARD G, BOUTORINE AS, SAISON-BEHMOARAS E, HELENE C: Antisense effects of cholesterol-oligodeoxynucleotide conjugates associated with poly(alkylcyanoacrylate) nanoparticles. Eur. J. Biochem. (1995) 232(2):404-410.
  • CHAVANY C, LE DOAN T, COUVREUR P, PUISIEUX F, HELENE C: Polyalkylcyanoacrylate nanoparticles as polymeric carriers for antisense oligonucleotides. Pharm. Res. (1992) 9(4):441-449.
  • CHAVANY C, SAISON-BEHMOARAS T, LE DOAN T et al.: Adsorption of oligonucleotides onto polyisohexylcyanoacrylate nanoparticles protects them against nucleases and increases their cellular uptake. Pharm. Res. (1994) 11(9):1370-1378.
  • LENAERTS V, NAGELKERKE JF, VAN BERKEL TJ et al.: In vivo uptake of polyisobutyl cyanoacrylate nanoparticles by rat liver Kupffer, endothelial, and parenchymal cells. J. Pharm. Sci. (1984) 73(7):980-982.
  • WAGNER E: Application of membrane-active peptides for nonviral gene delivery. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. (1999) 38(3):279-289.
  • LI W, NICOL F, SZOKA FC Jr: GALA: a designed synthetic pH-responsive amphipathic peptide with applications in drug and gene delivery. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. (2004) 56(7):967-985.
  • WAGNER E, PLANK C, ZATLOUKAL K, COTTEN M, BIRNSTIEL ML: Influenza virus hemagglutinin HA-2 N-terminal fusogenic peptides augment gene transfer by transferrin-polylysine-DNA complexes: toward a synthetic virus-like gene-transfer vehicle. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1992) 89(17):7934-7938.
  • PLANK C, OBERHAUSER B, MECHTLER K, KOCH C, WAGNER E: The influence of endosome-disruptive peptides on gene transfer using synthetic virus-like gene transfer systems. J. Biol. Chem. (1994) 269(17):12918-12924.
  • LIM DW, YEOM YI, PARK TG: Poly(DMAEMA-NVP)-b-PEG-galactose as gene delivery vector for hepatocytes. Bioconjug. Chem. (2000) 11(5):688-695.
  • JEONG JH, KIM SW, PARK TG: Novel intracellular delivery system of antisense oligonucleotide by self-assembled hybrid micelles composed of DNA/PEG conjugate and cationic fusogenic peptide. Bioconjug. Chem. (2003) 14(2):473-479.
  • MURTHY N, CAMPBELL J, FAUSTO N, HOFFMAN AS, STAYTON PS: Bioinspired pH-responsive polymers for the intracellular delivery of biomolecular drugs. Bioconjug. Chem. (2003) 14(2):412-419.
  • LABHASETWAR V: Nanotechnology for drug and gene therapy: the importance of understanding molecular mechanisms of delivery. Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. (2005) 16(6):674-680.
  • MUNKONGE FM, DEAN DA, HILLERY E, GRIESENBACH U, ALTON EW: Emerging significance of plasmid DNA nuclear import in gene therapy. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. (2003) 55(6):749-760.
  • PARK YJ, LIANG JF, KO KS, KIM SW, YANG VC: Low molecular weight protamine as an efficient and nontoxic gene carrier: in vitro study. J. Gene Med. (2003) 5(8):700-711.
  • LEE EJ, JAMESON JL: Gene therapy of pituitary diseases. J. Endocrinol. (2005) 185(3):353-362.
  • OHNO T, GORDON D, SAN H et al.: Gene therapy for vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation after arterial injury. Science (1994) 265(5173):781-784.
  • LEE RJ, SPRINGER ML, BLANCO-BOSE WE et al.: VEGF gene delivery to myocardium: deleterious effects of unregulated expression. Circulation (2000) 102(8):898-901.
  • The Metabolic Basis of Inherited Disease. CR Scriver, AL Beaudet, WS Sly, DV Valle (Eds), McGraw-Hill, Inc., New York, NY, USA (1989).
  • KABANOV AV, BATRAKOVA EV, SRIADIBHATLA S et al.: Polymer genomics: shifting the gene and drug delivery paradigms. J. Control. Release (2005) 101(1-3):259-271.
  • ROBSON T, HIRST DG: Transcriptional targeting in cancer gene therapy. J. Biomed. Biotechnol. (2003) 2003(2):110-137.
  • KIM NW, PIATYSZEK MA, PROWSE KR et al.: Specific association of human telomerase activity with immortal cells and cancer. Science (1994) 266(5193):2011-2015.
  • ISHIKAWA H, NAKATA K, MAWATARI F et al.: Utilization of variant-type of human α-fetoprotein promoter in gene therapy targeting for hepatocellular carcinoma. Gene Ther. (1999) 6(4):465-470.
  • LUO D, SALTZMAN WM: Synthetic DNA delivery systems. Nat. Biotechnol. (2000) 18(1):33-37.
  • SCHERER F, ANTON M, SCHILLINGER U et al.: Magnetofection: enhancing and targeting gene delivery by magnetic force in vitro and in vivo. Gene Ther. (2002) 9(2):102-109.
  • CHABRI F, BOURIS K, JONES T et al.: Microfabricated silicon microneedles for nonviral cutaneous gene delivery. Br. J. Dermatol. (2004) 150(5):869-877.
  • RAVI KUMAR MN, SAMETI M, MOHAPATRA SS et al.: Cationic silica nanoparticles as gene carriers: synthesis, characterization and transfection efficiency in vitro and in vivo. J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. (2004) 4(7):876-881.
  • SCHARFMANN R, AXELROD JH, VERMA IM: Long-term in vivo expression of retrovirus-mediated gene transfer in mouse fibroblast implants. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1991) 88(11):4626-4630.
  • HATTORI Y, MAITANI Y: Enhanced in vitro DNA transfection efficiency by novel folate-linked nanoparticles in human prostate cancer and oral cancer. J. Control. Release (2004) 97(1):173-183.
  • HOOD JD, BEDNARSKI M, FRAUSTO R et al.: Tumor regression by targeted gene delivery to the neovasculature. Science (2002) 296(5577):2404-2407.
  • SCHIFFELERS RM, ANSARI A, XU J et al.: Cancer siRNA therapy by tumor selective delivery with ligand-targeted sterically stabilized nanoparticle. Nucleic Acids Res. (2004) 32(19):e149.
  • ZHANG XQ, WANG XL, ZHANG PC et al.: Galactosylated ternary DNA/polyphosphoramidate nanoparticles mediate high gene transfection efficiency in hepatocytes. J. Control. Release (2005) 102(3):749-763.

Website

  • http://www.wiley.co.uk/genmed/clinical Gene therapy clinical trials worldwide.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.