P-glycoprotein related drug interactions: clinical importance and a consideration of disease states

Bibliography

• Juliano RL, Ling V. A surface glycoprotein modulating drug permeability in Chinese hamster ovary cell mutants. Biochimica et biophysica acta 1976;455(1):152-62
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans WE, McLeod HL. Pharmacogenomics–drug disposition, drug targets, and side effects. N Engl J Med 2003;348(6):538-49
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hebert MF. Contributions of hepatic and intestinal metabolism and P-glycoprotein to cyclosporine and tacrolimus oral drug delivery. Advanced drug delivery reviews 1997;27(2-3):201-14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Custodio JM, Wu CY, Benet LZ. Predicting drug disposition, absorption/elimination/transporter interplay and the role of food on drug absorption. Advanced drug delivery reviews 2008;60(6):717-33
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smit JW, Duin E, Steen H, Interactions between P-glycoprotein substrates and other cationic drugs at the hepatic excretory level. British journal of pharmacology 1998;123(3):361-70
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seelig A, Landwojtowicz E. Structure-activity relationship of P-glycoprotein substrates and modifiers. Eur J Pharm Sci 2000;12(1):31-40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paule B, Castagne V, Picard V, MDR1 polymorphism role in patients treated with cetuximab and irinotecan in irinotecan refractory colorectal cancer. Med Oncol 2009. Online publication 26 Oct 2009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Acosta EP, Kendall MA, Gerber JG, Effect of concomitantly administered rifampin on the pharmacokinetics and safety of atazanavir administered twice daily. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2007;51(9):3104-10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fenner KS, Troutman MD, Kempshall S, Drug-drug interactions mediated through P-glycoprotein: clinical relevance and in vitro-in vivo correlation using digoxin as a probe drug. Clin pharmacol Ther 2009;85(2):173-81
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sauna ZE, Ambudkar SV. About a switch: how P-glycoprotein (ABCB1) harnesses the energy of ATP binding and hydrolysis to do mechanical work. Mol Cancer Ther 2007;6(1):13-23
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee JY, Urbatsch IL, Senior AE, Wilkens S. Nucleotide-induced structural changes in P-glycoprotein observed by electron microscopy. J Biol Chem 2008;283(9):5769-79
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aller SG, Yu J, Ward A, Structure of P-glycoprotein reveals a molecular basis for poly-specific drug binding. Science 2009;323(5922):1718-22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bentz J, Tran TT, Polli JW, The steady-state Michaelis-Menten analysis of P-glycoprotein mediated transport through a confluent cell monolayer cannot predict the correct Michaelis constant Km. Pharm Res 2005;22(10):1667-77
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shirasaka Y, Sakane T, Yamashita S. Effect of P-glycoprotein expression levels on the concentration-dependent permeability of drugs to the cell membrane. J Pharm Sci 2008;97(1):553-65
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin C, Higgins CF, Callaghan R. The vinblastine binding site adopts high- and low-affinity conformations during a transport cycle of P-glycoprotein. Biochemistry 2001;40(51):15733-42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eckford PD, Sharom FJ. ABC efflux pump-based resistance to chemotherapy drugs. Chem Rev 2009;109(7):2989-3011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crowley E, O'Mara ML, Reynolds C, Transmembrane helix 12 modulates progression of the ATP catalytic cycle in ABCB1. Biochemistry 2009;48(26):6249-58
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sato T, Masuda S, Yonezawa A, Transcellular transport of organic cations in double-transfected MDCK cells expressing human organic cation transporters hOCT1/hMATE1 and hOCT2/hMATE1. Biochemical pharmacology 2008;76(7):894-903
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FDA. http://www.fda.gov/downloads/Drugs/GuidanceComplianceRegulatory Information/Guidances/ucm072101.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Sadeque AJ, Wandel C, He H, Increased drug delivery to the brain by P-glycoprotein inhibition. Clin pharmacol Ther 2000;68(3):231-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang L, Zhang YD, Strong JM, A regulatory viewpoint on transporter-based drug interactions. Xenobiotica 2008;38(7-8):709-24
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richter M, Gyemant N, Molnar J, Hilgeroth A. P-glycoprotein effects of cyclic urea HIV protease inhibitor DMP 323 in competitional absorption studies. Arch Pharm 2006;339(11):625-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kovarik JM, Rigaudy L, Guerret M, Longitudinal assessment of a P-glycoprotein-mediated drug interaction of valspodar on digoxin. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1999;66(4):391-400
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Igel S, Drescher S, Murdter T, Increased absorption of digoxin from the human jejunum due to inhibition of intestinal transporter-mediated efflux. Clin pharmacokinet 2007;46(9):777-85
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greiner B, Eichelbaum M, Fritz P, The role of intestinal P-glycoprotein in the interaction of digoxin and rifampin. J Clin Invest 1999;104(2):147-53
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwarz UI, Gramatte T, Krappweis J, P-glycoprotein inhibitor erythromycin increases oral bioavailability of talinolol in humans. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther 2000;38(4):161-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meerum Terwogt JM, Malingre MM, Beijnen JH, Coadministration of oral cyclosporin A enables oral therapy with paclitaxel. Clin Cancer Res 1999;5(11):3379-84
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choi DH, Shin WG, Choi JS. Drug interaction between oral atorvastatin and verapamil in healthy subjects: effects of atorvastatin on the pharmacokinetics of verapamil and norverapamil. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2008;64(5):445-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sakugawa T, Miura M, Hokama N, Enantioselective disposition of fexofenadine with the P-glycoprotein inhibitor verapamil. Br J Clin Pharm 2009;67(5):535-40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• He YJ ZW, Chen Y, Guo D, Rifampicin alters atorvastatin plasma concentration on the basis of SLCO1B1 521T>C polymorphism. Clin Chim Acta 2009;405(1-2):49-52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christians U, Jacobsen W, Floren LC. Metabolism and drug interactions of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors in transplant patients: are the statins mechanistically similar? Pharma Ther 1998;80(1):1-34
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asberg A, Hartmann A, Fjeldsa E, Bilateral pharmacokinetic interaction between cyclosporine A and atorvastatin in renal transplant recipients. Am J Transplant 2001;1(4):382-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shitara Y, Itoh T, Sato H, Inhibition of transporter-mediated hepatic uptake as a mechanism for drug-drug interaction between cerivastatin and cyclosporin A. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2003;304(2):610-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ding R, Tayrouz Y, Riedel KD, Substantial pharmacokinetic interaction between digoxin and ritonavir in healthy volunteers. Clin Pharm Ther 2004;76(1):73-84
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sasongko L, Link JM, Muzi M, Imaging P-glycoprotein transport activity at the human blood-brain barrier with positron emission tomography. Clin Pharm Ther 2005;77(6):503-14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schinkel AH, Wagenaar E, Mol CA, van Deemter L. P-glycoprotein in the blood-brain barrier of mice influences the brain penetration and pharmacological activity of many drugs. J Clinical Invest 1996;97(11):2517-24
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dagenais C, Graff CL, Pollack GM. Variable modulation of opioid brain uptake by P-glycoprotein in mice. Biochem Pharm 2004;67(2):269-76
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim RB, Fromm MF, Wandel C, The drug transporter P-glycoprotein limits oral absorption and brain entry of HIV-1 protease inhibitors. J Clin Invest 1998;101(2):289-94
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zong J, Pollack GM. Modulation of P-glycoprotein transport activity in the mouse blood-brain barrier by rifampin. J Pharm Exp Ther 2003;306(2):556-62
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eyal S, Chung FS, Muzi M, Simultaneous PET imaging of P-glycoprotein inhibition in multiple tissues in the pregnant nonhuman primate. J Nucl Med 2009;50(5):798-806
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liow JS, Kreisl W, Zoghbi SS, P-glycoprotein function at the blood-brain barrier imaged using 11C-N-desmethyl-loperamide in monkeys. J Nucl Med 2009;50(1):108-15
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hendrikse NH, Schinkel AH, de Vries EG, Complete in vivo reversal of P-glycoprotein pump function in the blood-brain barrier visualized with positron emission tomography. British journal of pharmacology 1998;124(7):1413-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hsiao P, Sasongko L, Link JM, Verapamil P-glycoprotein transport across the rat blood-brain barrier: cyclosporine, a concentration inhibition analysis, and comparison with human data. J Pharm Exp Ther 2006;317(2):704-10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seneca N, Zoghbi SS, Liow JS, Human brain imaging and radiation dosimetry of 11C-N-desmethyl-loperamide, a PET radiotracer to measure the function of P-glycoprotein. J Nucl Med 2009;50(5):807-13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Endres CJ, Hsiao P, Chung FS, Unadkat JD. The role of transporters in drug interactions. Eur J Pharm Sci 2006;27(5):501-17
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leonard GD, Fojo T, Bates SE. The role of ABC transporters in clinical practice. oncologist 2003;8(5):411-24
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu ZL, Onda K, Tanaka S, Induction of multidrug resistance in MOLT-4 cells by anticancer agents is closely related to increased expression of functional P-glycoprotein and MDR1 mRNA. Cancer Chem Pharm 2002;49(5):391-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hille S, Rein DT, Riffelmann M, Anticancer drugs induce mdr1 gene expression in recurrent ovarian cancer. Anticancer Drugs 2006;17(9):1041-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Efferth T, Konkimalla VB, Wang YF, Prediction of broad spectrum resistance of tumors towards anticancer drugs. Clin Cancer Res 2008;14(8):2405-12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seo S, Hatano E, Higashi T, Fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography predicts tumor differentiation, P-glycoprotein expression, and outcome after resection in hepatocellular carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 2007;13(2 Pt 1):427-33
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller DS, Bauer B, Hartz AM. Modulation of P-glycoprotein at the blood-brain barrier: opportunities to improve central nervous system pharmacotherapy. Pharmacol Rev 2008;60(2):196-209
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blaney SM, Phillips PC, Packer RJ, Phase II evaluation of topotecan for pediatric central nervous system tumors. Cancer 1996;78(3):527-31
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fellner S, Bauer B, Miller DS, Transport of paclitaxel (Taxol) across the blood-brain barrier in vitro and in vivo. J Clin Invest 2002;110(9):1309-18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhuang Y, Fraga CH, Hubbard KE, Topotecan central nervous system penetration is altered by a tyrosine kinase inhibitor. Cancer Res 2006;66(23):11305-13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Breedveld P, Beijnen JH, Schellens JH. Use of P-glycoprotein and BCRP inhibitors to improve oral bioavailability and CNS penetration of anticancer drugs. Trends Pharm Sci 2006;27(1):17-24
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pusztai L, Wagner P, Ibrahim N, Phase II study of tariquidar, a selective P-glycoprotein inhibitor, in patients with chemotherapy-resistant, advanced breast carcinoma. Cancer 2005;104(4):682-91
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ludwig JA, Szakacs G, Martin SE, Selective toxicity of NSC73306 in MDR1-positive cells as a new strategy to circumvent multidrug resistance in cancer. Cancer research 2006;66(9):4808-15
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jabr-Milane LS, van Vlerken LE, Yadav S, Amiji MM. Multi-functional nanocarriers to overcome tumor drug resistance. Cancer Treat Rev 2008;34(7):592-602
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Folks T, Kelly J, Benn S, Susceptibility of normal human lymphocytes to infection with HTLV-III/LAV. J Immunol 1986;136(11):4049-53
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Owen A, Chandler B, Back DJ. The implications of P-glycoprotein in HIV: friend or foe? Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2005;19(3):283-96
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rao KS, Ghorpade A, Labhasetwar V. Targeting anti-HIV drugs to the CNS. Expert Opin Drug deliv 2009;6(8):771-84
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ford J, Boffito M, Maitland D, Influence of atazanavir 200 mg on the intracellular and plasma pharmacokinetics of saquinavir and ritonavir 1600/100 mg administered once daily in HIV-infected patients. J Antimicrob Chemother 2006;58(5):1009-16
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kinter AL, Hennessey M, Bell A, CD25(+)CD4(+) regulatory T cells from the peripheral blood of asymptomatic HIV-infected individuals regulate CD4(+) and CD8(+) HIV-specific T cell immune responses in vitro and are associated with favorable clinical markers of disease status. J Exp Med 2004;200(3):331-43
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finzi D, Blankson J, Siliciano JD, Latent infection of CD4+ T cells provides a mechanism for lifelong persistence of HIV-1, even in patients on effective combination therapy. Nature Med 1999;5(5):512-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meaden ER, Hoggard PG, Newton P, P-glycoprotein and MRP1 expression and reduced ritonavir and saquinavir accumulation in HIV-infected individuals. J Antimicrob Chemother 2002;50(4):583-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Almond LM, Hoggard PG, Edirisinghe D, Intracellular and plasma pharmacokinetics of efavirenz in HIV-infected individuals. J Antimicrob Chemother 2005;56(4):738-44
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Almond LM, Edirisinghe D, Dalton M, Intracellular and plasma pharmacokinetics of nevirapine in human immunodeficiency virus-infected individuals. Clin Pharma Ther 2005;78(2):132-42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thaisrivongs S, Strohbach JW. Structure-based discovery of Tipranavir disodium (PNU-140690E): a potent, orally bioavailable, nonpeptidic HIV protease inhibitor. Biopolymers 1999;51(1):51-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Back NK, van Wijk A, Remmerswaal D, In-vitro tipranavir susceptibility of HIV-1 isolates with reduced susceptibility to other protease inhibitors. AIDS 2000;14(1):101-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta RK, Loveday C, Kalidindi U, Tipranavir/T20-based salvage regimens highly effective and durable against HIV-1 with evidence for genotypic predictability of response in clinical practice. Int J STD AIDS 2007;18(9):630-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larder BA, Hertogs K, Bloor S, Tipranavir inhibits broadly protease inhibitor-resistant HIV-1 clinical samples. AIDS 2000;14(13):1943-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mukwaya G, MacGregor T, Hoelscher D, Interaction of ritonavir-boosted tipranavir with loperamide does not result in loperamide-associated neurologic side effects in healthy volunteers. Antimicrob Agents Chem 2005;49(12):4903-10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tayrouz Y, Ganssmann B, Ding R, Ritonavir increases loperamide plasma concentrations without evidence for P-glycoprotein involvement. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2001;70(5):405-14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lam FC, Liu R, Lu P, beta-Amyloid efflux mediated by p-glycoprotein. J Neurochem 2001;76(4):1121-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vogelgesang S, Cascorbi I, Schroeder E, Deposition of Alzheimer's beta-amyloid is inversely correlated with P-glycoprotein expression in the brains of elderly non-demented humans. Pharmacogenetics 2002;12(7):535-41
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vogelgesang S, Glatzel M, Walker LC, Cerebrovascular P-glycoprotein expression is decreased in Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Acta neuropathologica 2006;111(5):436-43
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Satoh K, Shirabe S, Eguchi K, Toxicity of quinacrine can be reduced by co-administration of P-glycoprotein inhibitor in sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2004;24(6):873-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bartels AL, van Berckel BN, Lubberink M, Blood-brain barrier P-glycoprotein function is not impaired in early Parkinson's disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2008;14(6):505-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bartels AL, Willemsen AT, Kortekaas R, Decreased blood-brain barrier P-glycoprotein function in the progression of Parkinson's disease, PSP and MSA. J Neural Transm 2008;115(7):1001-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fakhoury M, Lecordier J, Medard Y, Impact of inflammation on the duodenal mRNA expression of CYP3A and P-glycoprotein in children with Crohn's disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2006;12(8):745-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buchman AL, Paine MF, Wallin A, Ludington SS. A higher dose requirement of tacrolimus in active Crohn's disease may be related to a high intestinal P-glycoprotein content. Dig Dis Sci 2005;50(12):2312-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farrell RJ, Murphy A, Long A, High multidrug resistance (P-glycoprotein 170) expression in inflammatory bowel disease patients who fail medical therapy. Gastroenterology 2000;118(2):279-88
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Llorente L, Richaud-Patin Y, Diaz-Borjon A, Multidrug resistance-1 (MDR-1) in rheumatic autoimmune disorders. Part I: Increased P-glycoprotein activity in lymphocytes from rheumatoid arthritis patients might influence disease outcome. Joint Bone Spine 2000;67(1):30-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diaz-Borjon A, Richaud-Patin Y, Alvarado de la Barrera C, Multidrug resistance-1 (MDR-1) in rheumatic autoimmune disorders. Part II: Increased P-glycoprotein activity in lymphocytes from systemic lupus erythematosus patients might affect steroid requirements for disease control. Joint Bone Spine 2000;67(1):40-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sorokin A. Cyclooxygenase-2: potential role in regulation of drug efflux and multidrug resistance phenotype. Curr Pharm Des 2004;10(6):647-57
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zibell G, Unkruer B, Pekcec A, Prevention of seizure-induced up-regulation of endothelial P-glycoprotein by COX-2 inhibition. Neuropharmacology 2009;56(5):849-55
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benet LZ, Cummins CL, Wu CY. Unmasking the dynamic interplay between efflux transporters and metabolic enzymes. Int J Pharm 2004;277(1-2):3-9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cummins CL, Jacobsen W, Benet LZ. Unmasking the dynamic interplay between intestinal P-glycoprotein and CYP3A4. J Pharm Exp Ther 2002;300(3):1036-45
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wacher VJ, Wu CY, Benet LZ. Overlapping substrate specificities and tissue distribution of cytochrome P450 3A and P-glycoprotein: implications for drug delivery and activity in cancer chemotherapy. Mol Carcinog 1995;13(3):129-34
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan LM, Cooper AE, Dudley AL, P-glycoprotein potentiates CYP3A4-mediated drug disappearance during Caco-2 intestinal secretory detoxification. J Drug Target 2004;12(7):405-13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foradori A, Mezzano S, Videla C, Modification of the pharmacokinetics of cyclosporine A and metabolites by the concomitant use of Neoral and diltiazem or ketoconazol in stable adult kidney transplants. Transplant Proc 1998;30(5):1685-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akhlaghi F, Keogh AM, McLachlan AJ, Kaan A. Pharmacokinetics of cyclosporine in heart transplant recipients receiving metabolic inhibitors. J Heart Lung Transplant 2001;20(4):431-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grub S BH, Goggin T, Lüdin E, Jorga K. The interaction of saquinavir (soft gelatin capsule) with ketoconazole, erythromycin and rifampicin: comparison of the effect in healthy volunteers and in HIV-infected patients. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2001;57(2):15-21
   Google Scholar
• Tuteja S, Alloway RR, Johnson JA, Gaber AO. The effect of gut metabolism on tacrolimus bioavailability in renal transplant recipients. Transplantation 2001;71(9):1303-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buss N, Snell P, Bock J, Saquinavir and ritonavir pharmacokinetics following combined ritonavir and saquinavir (soft gelatin capsules) administration. Br J Clin Pharm 2001;52(3):255-64
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoffmeyer S, Burk O, von Richter O, Functional polymorphisms of the human multidrug-resistance gene: multiple sequence variations and correlation of one allele with P-glycoprotein expression and activity in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2000;97(7):3473-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sakaeda T, Nakamura T, Horinouchi M, MDR1 genotype-related pharmacokinetics of digoxin after single oral administration in healthy Japanese subjects. Pharm Res 2001;18(10):1400-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim RB, Leake BF, Choo EF, Identification of functionally variant MDR1 alleles among European Americans and African Americans. Clin Pharm Ther 2001;70(2):189-99
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams JA, Andersson T, Andersson TB, PhRMA white paper on ADME pharmacogenomics. J Clin Pharm 2008;48(7):849-89
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pauli-Magnus C, Kroetz DL. Functional implications of genetic polymorphisms in the multidrug resistance gene MDR1 (ABCB1). Pharm Res 2004;21(6):904-13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kerb R. Implications of genetic polymorphisms in drug transporters for pharmacotherapy. Cancer Lett 2006;234(1):4-33
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mosyagin I, Runge U, Schroeder HW, Association of ABCB1 genetic variants 3435C>T and 2677G>T to ABCB1 mRNA and protein expression in brain tissue from refractory epilepsy patients. Epilepsia 2008;49(9):1555-61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kitamura S, Maeda K, Sugiyama Y. Recent progresses in the experimental methods and evaluation strategies of transporter functions for the prediction of the pharmacokinetics in humans. Naunyn Schmiedeberg's Arch Pharm 2008;377(4-6):617-28
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niemi M, Tornio A, Pasanen MK, Itraconazole, gemfibrozil and their combination markedly raise the plasma concentrations of loperamide. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2006;62(6):463-72
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skarke C, Jarrar M, Schmidt H, Effects of ABCB1 (multidrug resistance transporter) gene mutations on disposition and central nervous effects of loperamide in healthy volunteers. Pharmacogenetics 2003;13(11):651-60
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kurnik D, Sofowora GG, Donahue JP, Tariquidar, a selective P-glycoprotein inhibitor, does not potentiate loperamide's opioid brain effects in humans despite full inhibition of lymphocyte P-glycoprotein. Anesthesiology 2008;109(6):1092-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar