Immune response to xenobiotics in the skin: from contact sensitivity to drug allergy

Bibliography

• GORBACHEV AV, FAIRCHILD RL: Induction and regulation of T-cell priming for contact hypersensitivity. Crit. Rev. Immunol. (2001) 21:451-472.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WATANABE H, UNGER M, TUVEL B, WANG B, SAUDER DN: Contact hypersensitivity: the mechanism of immune responses and T-cell balance. J. Interferon Cytokine Res. (2002) 22:407-412.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LARREGINA AT, FALO LD: Changing paradigms in cutaneous immunology: Adapting with dendritic cells. J. Invest. Dermatol. (2005) 124:1-12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HAAKE A, SCOTT GA, HOLBROOKKA: Structure and function of the skin: overview of the epidermis and dermis. In: The Biology of the Skin. RK Freinkel, DT Woodley (Eds), TheParthenon Publishing Group, NewYork, US (2000):19-45.
   Google Scholar
• GASPARI A: The role of keratinocytes in the pathophysiology of contact dermatitis. Immunol. Allergy Clin. North Amer. (1997) 17:377-405.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GRONE A: Keratinocytes and cytokines. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. (2002) 88:1-12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NICKOLOFF B, TURKA L, MITRA R, NESTLE F: Direct and indirect control of T-cell activation by keratinocytes. J. Invest. Dermatol. (1995) 105:25S-29S.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JAKOB T, RING J, UDEY MC: Multistep navigation of Langerhans/dendritic cells in and out of the skin. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. (2001) 108:688-696.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ROMANI N, HOLZMANN S, TRIPPCH, KOCH F, STOITZNER P: Langerhans cells dendritic cells of the epidermis. APMIS (2003) 111:725-740.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CUMBERBATCH M, DEARMAN RJ, GRIFFITHS CEM, KIMBER I: Epidermal Langerhans cell migration and sensitisation to chemical allergens. APMIS (2003) 111:797-804.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NORDLUND JJ, BOISSY RE: The biology of melanocytes. In: The Biology of the Skin. RK Freinkel, DT Woodley (Eds), The Parthenon Publishing Group, NewYork, US (2000):113-132.
   Google Scholar
• HATCHOME N, AIBA S, KATO T, TORINUKI W, TAGAMI H: Possible functional impairment of Langerhans cells in vitiliginous skin: reduced ability to elicit dinitrochlorobenzene contact sensitivity and decreased stimulatory effect in the allogenic mixed skin cell lymphocyte culture reaction. Arch. Dermatol. Res. (1989) 281:52-56.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• UEHARA M, MIYAUCHI H, TANAKAS: Diminished contact sensitivity response in vitiliginous skin. Arch. Dermatol. (1984) 120:195-198.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TACHIBANA T, NAWA T: Recent progress in studies on Merkel cell biology. Anatom. Sci. Int. (2002) 77:26-33.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• AJUWON KM, JACOBI SK, KUSKE JL, SPURLOCK ME: Interleukin-6 and interleukin-15 are selectively regulated by lipopolysaccharide and interferon- in primary pig adipocytes. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. (2004) 286:R547-R553.
   Google Scholar
• BIGBY M, JICK S, JICK H, ARNDT K: Drug-induced cutaneous reactions. JAMA (1986) 256:3358-3363.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WINTROUB BU, STERN R: Cutaneous drug reactions: pathogenesis and clinical classification. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. (1985) 13:167-179.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SVENSSON CK, COWEN EW, GASPARIAA: Cutaneous drug reactions. Pharmacol. Rev. (2001) 53:357-379.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BIGBY M: Rates of cutaneous reactions to drugs. Arch. Dermatol. (2001) 137:765-770.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CROWSON AN, BROWN TJ, MARGOCM: Progress in the understanding of the pathology and pathogenisis of cutaneous drug eruptions. Am. J. Clin. Dermatol. (2003) 4:407-428.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TORRES MJ, CORZO JL, LEYVA L etal.: Differences in the immunological responses in drug- and virus-induced cutaneous reactions in children. Blood Cells. Mol. Dis. (2003) 30:124-131.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HABIF TP, CAMPBELL JL, CHAPMANSM, DINOLOS JGH, ZUGKA: Skin disease: diagnosis and treatment, 2nd Ed. Elsevier Mosby, Philadelphia, US (2005):268-283.
   Google Scholar
• VALSECCHI R, CAINELLI T: Non-pigmenting fixed drug reaction to piroxicam. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. (1989) 21:1300.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• LITT JZ: Physicians Guide to Drug Eruptions (1998).
   Google Scholar
• SHIOHARA T, NICKOLOFF B, SAGAWA Y, GOMI T, NAGASHIMA M: Fixed drug eruption. Expression of epidermal keratinocyte intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1). Arch. Dermatol. (1989) 125:1371-1376.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MURPHY GF, GUILLEN FJ, FLYNN TC: Cytotoxic T lymphocytes and phenotypically abnormal epidermal dendritic cells in fixed cutaneous eruption. Hum. Pathol. (1985) 16:1264-1271.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SMOLLER B, LUSTER A, KRANE J etal.: Fixed drug eruptions: evidence for a cytokine-mediated process. J. Cutan. Pathol. (1991) 18:13-19.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AUQUIER-DUNANT A, MOCKENHAUPT M, NALDI L etal.: Correlations between clinical patterns and causes of erythema multiforme majus, StevensJohnson syndrome, and toxic epidermal necrolysis: results of an international prospective study. Arch. Dermatol. (2002) 138:1019-1024.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WONG KC, KENNEDY PJ, LEE S: Clinical manifestations and outcomes in 17 cases of StevensJohnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis. Australas. J. Dermatol. (1999) 40:131-134.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• ROUJEAU JC, KELLY JP, NALDI L etal.: Medication use and the risk of StevensJohnson Syndrome or Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis. N. Engl. J. Med. (1995) 333:1600-1607.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ROUJEAU JC, STERN RS: Severe adverse cutaneous reactions to drugs. N. Engl. J. Med. (1994) 331:1272-1285.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LANDSTEINER K, JACOBS J: Studies on the sensitization of animals with simple chemical compounds. J. Exp. Med. (1935) 61:643-656.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• LEPOITTEVIN JP, BERL V: Molecular basis of allergic contact dermatitis. In: Dermatoxicology. FN Marzalli, HI Maibach (Eds), Taylor & Francis, Washington DC, USA (1996):147-160.
   Google Scholar
• CUMBERBATCH M, DEARMAN R, KIMBER I: Interleukin-1 and the stimulation of Langerhans cell migration: comparisons with tumour necrosis factor-. Arch. Dermatol. Res. (1997) 289:277-284.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CUMBERBATCH M, DEARMAN R, KIMBER I: Langerhans cells require signals from both tumour necrosis factor- and interleukin-1 for migration. Immunology (1997) 92:388-395.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CUMBERBATCH M, DEARMAN R, ANTONOPOULOS C, GROVES R, KIMBER I: Interleukin (IL)-18 induces Langerhans cell migration by a tumour necrosis factor- and IL--dependent mechanism. Immunology (2001) 102:323-330.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CUMBERBATCH M, DEARMAN RJ, GROVES RW, ANTONOPOULOS C, KIMBER I: Differential regulation of epidermal Langerhans cell migration by interleukins (IL)-1 and IL-1 during irritant- and allergen-induced cutaneous responses. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. (2002) 182:126-135.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MCFADDEN J, BASKETTER D: Contact allergy, irritancy and danger. Contact Dermatitis (2000) 42:123-127.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SCHWARZENBERGER K, UDEY MC: Contact allergens and epidermal pro-inflammatory cytokines modulate Langerhans cell E-cadherin expression insitu. J. Invest. Dermatol. (1996) 106:553-558.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JAKOB T, UDEY MC: Regulation of E-cadherin-mediated adhesion in Langerhans cell-like dendritic cells by inflammatory mediators that mobilize Langerhans cells invivo. J. Immunol. (1998) 160:4067-4073.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LEBRE M, KALINSKI P, DAS P, EVERTSV: Inhibition of contact sensitizer-induced migration of human Langerhans cells by matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors. Arch. Dermatol. Res. (1999) 291:447-452.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• YANAGIHARA S, KOMURA E, NAGAFUNE J, WATARAI H, YAMAGUCHI Y: EB11/CCR7 is a new member of dendritic cell chemokine receptor that is upregulated upon maturation. J. Immunol. (1998) 161:3096-3102.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SAEKI H, MOORE AM, BROWN MJ, HWANG ST: Secondary lymphoid-tissue chemokine (SLC) and CC chemokine receptor 7 (CCR7) participate in the emigration pathway of mature dendritic cells from the skin to regional lymph nodes. J. Immunol. (1999) 162:2472-2475.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RANDOLPH G, BEAULIEU S, POPE M etal.: A physiologic function for P-glycoprotein (MDR-1) during the migration of dendritic cells from skin via afferent lymphatic vessels. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1998) 95:6924-6929.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HONIG SM, FU S, MAO X etal.: FTY720 stimulates multidrug transporter- and cysteinyl leukotriene-dependent T-cell chemotaxis to lymph nodes. J. Clin. Invest. (2003) 111:627-637.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ROBBIANI D, FINCH R, JAGER D etal.: The leukotriene C4 transporter MRP1 regulates CCL19 (MIB-3, ELC)-dependent mobilization of dendritic cells to lymph nodes. Cell (2000) 103:757-768.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MARTIN S, WELTZIEN H: T-cell recognition of haptens, a molecular view. Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol. (1994) 104:10-16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GASPARI AA: Advances in understanding contact hypersensitivity. Am. J. Contact Dermat. (1993) 4:138-149.
   Google Scholar
• NICKOLOFF B, TURKA L: Immunological functions of non-professional antigen-presenting cells: new insights from studies of T-cell interactions with keratinocytes. Immunol. Today (1994) 15:464-469.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• SANTAMARIA BABI LF, PICKER LJ, PEREZ-SOLER MT etal.: Circulating allergen-reactive T cells from patients with atopic dermatitis and allergenic contact dermatitis express the skin-selective homing receptor, the cutaneous lymphocyte-associated antigen. J. Exp. Med. (1995) 181:1935-1940.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SANTAMARIA BABI LF, PEREZ-SOLER MT, HAUSER C, BLASER K: Skin-homing T cells in human cutaneous allergic inflammation. Immunol. Res. (1995) 14:317-324.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GRABBE S, STEINERT M, MAHNKE K etal.: Dissection of antigenic and irrative effects of epicutaneously applied haptens in mice. Evidence that not the antigenic component, but nonspecific proinflammatory effects of haptens determine the concentration-dependent elicitation of allergic contact dermatitis. J. Clin. Invest. (1996) 98:1158-1164.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ROBERT C, KUPPER TS: Inflammatory skin diseases, T cells and immune surveillance. N. Engl. J. Med. (1999) 341:1817-1828.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ALBANESI C, CAVANI A, GIROLOMONI G: Interferon--stimulated human keratinocytes express the genes necessary for the production of peptide-loaded MHC class II molecules. J. Invest. Dermatol. (1998) 110:138-142.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BASHAM T, NICKOLOFF B, MERIGANT, MORHENN V: Recombinant gamma interferon induces HLA-DR expression on cultured human keratinocytes. J. Invest. Dermatol. (1984) 83:88-90.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KEHREN J, DESVIGNES C, KRASTEVAM etal.: Cytotoxicity is mandatory for CD8+ T cell-mediated contact hypersensitivity. J. Exp. Med. (1999) 189:779-786.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AKIBA H, KEHREN J, DUCLUZEAUMT etal.: Skin inflammation during contact hypersensivity is mediated by early recruitment of CD8+ T cytotoxic 1 cells inducing keratinocyte apopotosis. J. Immunol. (2002) 168:3079-3087.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WANG B, FUJISAWA H, ZHUANG L etal.: CD4+ TH1 and CD8+ type 1 cytotoxic T cells both play a crucial role in the full development of contact hypersensitivity. J. Immunol. (2000) 165:6783-6790.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SAINT-MEZARD P, CHAVAGNAC C, VOCANSON M etal.: Deficient contact hypersensitivity reaction in CD4-/- mice is because of impaired hapten-specific CD8+ T-cell functions. J. Invest. Dermatol. (2005) 124:562-569.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SAINT-MEZARD P, BERARD F, DUBOIS B, KAISERLIAN D, NICOLASJF: The role of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in contact hypersensitivity and allergic contact dermatitis. Eur. J. Dermatol. (2004) 14:131-138.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BOUR H, PEYRON E, GAUCHERANDM etal.: Major histocompatibility complex class I-restricted CD8+ T cells and class II-restricted CD4+ T cells, respectively, mediate and regulate contact sensitivity to dinitrofluorobenzene. Eur. J. Immunol. (1995) 25:3006-3010.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WAKEM P, BURNS R, RAMIREZ F etal.: Allergens and irritants transcriptionally upregulate CD80 gene expression in human keratinocytes. J. Invest. Dermatol. (2000) 114:1085-1092.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CAMPBELL DJ, BUTCHER EC: Rapid acquisition of tissue-specific homing phenotypes by CD4(+) T cells activated in cutaneous or mucosal lymphoid tissues. J. Exp. Med. (2002) 195:135-141.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ALVAREZ D, HARDER G, FATTOUH R etal.: Cutaneous antigen priming via gene gun leads to skin-selective TH2 immune-inflammatory responses. J. Immunol. (2005) 174:1664-1674.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DUDDA JC, SIMON JC, MARTIN S: Dendritic cell immunization route determines CD8+ T-cell trafficking to inflammed skin: role for tissue microenvironment and dendritic cells in establishment of T cell-homing subsets. J. Immunol. (2004) 172:857-863.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DUDDA JC, LEMBO A, BACHTANIANE etal.: Dendritic cells govern induction and reprogramming of polarized tissue-selective homing receptor patterns of T cells: important roles for soluble factors and tissue microenvironments. Eur. J. Immunol. (2005) 35:1056-1065.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GONZALEZ FJ, CARVAJAL MJ, LEIVAL etal.: Expression of the cutaneous lymphocyte-associated antigen in circulating T cells in drug-allergic reactions. Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol. (1997) 113:345-347.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BLANCA M, POSADAS S, TORRES MJ etal.: Expression of the skin-homing receptor in peipheral blood lymphocytes from subjects with non-immediate cutaneous allergic drug reactions. Allergy (2000) 55:998-1004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BLANCA M, LEYVA L, TORRES MJ etal.: Memory to the hapten in non-immediate cutaneous allergic reactions to betalactams resides in a lymphocyte subpopulation expressing both CD45RO and CLA markers. Blood Cells. Mol. Dis. (2003) 31:75-79.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NASSIF A, BENSUSSAN A, DOROTHEE G etal.: Drug specific cytotoxic T-cells in the skin of lesions of a patient with toxic epidermal necrolysis. J. Invest. Dermatol. (2002) 118:728-733.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PARK BK, PIRMOHAMED M, KITTERINGHAM NR: Role of drug disposition in drug hypersensitivity: a chemical, molecular and clinical perspective. Chem. Res. Toxicol. (1998) 11:969-988.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• REILLY TP, LASH LH, DOLL MA etal.: A role for bioactivation and covalent binding within epidermal keratinocytes in sulfonamide-induced cutaneous drug reactions. J. Invest. Dermatol. (2000) 114:1164-1173.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ROYCHOWDHURY S, VYAS PM, REILLY TP, GASPARI AA, SVENSSONCK: Characterization of the formation and localization of sulfamethoxazole- and dapsone-associated drug-protein adducts in human epidermal keratinocytes. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. (2005) 314:43-52.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• UETRECHT JP: The role of leukocyte-generated reactive metabolites in the pathogenesis of idiosyncratic drug reactions. Drug Metab. Rev. (1992) 24:299-366.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MATZINGER P: Tolerance, danger and the extended family. Ann. Rev. Immunol. (1994) 12:991-1045.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MATZINGER P: An innate sense of danger. Semin. Immunol. (1998) 10:399-415.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• UETRECHT JP: New concepts in immunology relevant to idiosyncratic drug reactions: the Danger Hypothesis and innate immune system. Chem. Res. Toxicol. (1999) 12:387-395.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GALLUCCI S, MATZINGER P: Danger signals: SOS to the immune system. Curr. Opin. Immunol. (2001) 13:114-119.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GALLUCCI S, LOLKEMA M, MATZINGER P: Natural adjuvants: endogenous activators of dendritic cells. Nat. Med. (1999) 5:1249-1255.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SHI Y, EVANS JE, ROCK KL: Molecular identification of a danger signal that alerts the immune system to dying cells. Nature (2003) 425:516-521.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VYAS PM, ROYCHOWDHURY S, WOSTER PM, SVENSSON CK: Reactive oxygen species generation and its role in the differential cytotoxicity of the arylhydroxylamine metabolites of sulfamethoxazole and dapsone in normal human epidermal keratinocytes. Biochem. Pharmacol. (2005) 70:275-286.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RIEDER MJ, SHEAR NH, KANEE A, TANG BK, SPIELBERG SP: Prominence of slow acetylator phenotype among patients with sulfonamide hypersensitivity reactions. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. (1991) 49:13-17.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SHEAR NH, SPIELBERG SP, GRANTDM, TANG BK, KALOW W: Differences in metabolism of sulfonamides predisposing to idiosyncratic toxicity. Ann. Intern. Med. (1986) 105:179-184.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CARR A, GROSS AS, HOSKINS JM, PENNY R, COOPER DA: Acetylation phenotype and cutaneous hypersensitivity to trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole in HIV-infected patients. AIDS (1994) 8:333-337.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WOLKENSTEIN P, CARRIERE V, CHARUE D etal.: A slow acetylator genotype is a risk factor for sulphonamide-induced toxic epidermal necrolysis and StevensJohnson syndrome. Pharmacogenetics (1995) 5:255-258.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• WOLKENSTEIN P, LORIOT M-A, ARACTINGI S etal.: Prospective evaluation of detoxification pathways as markers of cutaneous adverse reactions to sulphonamides in AIDS. Pharmacogenetics (2000) 10:821-828.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• ELIASZEWICZ M, FLAHAULT A, ROUJEAU JC etal.: Prospective evaluation of risk factors of cutaneous drug reactions to sulfonamides in patients with AIDS. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. (2002) 47:40-46.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ONEIL WM, MACARTHUR RD, FARROUGH MJ etal.: Acetylator phenotype and genotype in HIV-infected patients with and without sulfonamide hypersensitivity. J. Clin. Pharmacol. (2002) 42:613-619.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ALFIREVIC A, STALFORD AC, VILARFJ etal.: Slow acetylator phenotype and genotype in HIV-positive patients with sulphamethoxazole hypersensitivity. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. (2003) 55:158-165.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DELOMENIE C, GRANT D, MATHELIER-FUSADE P etal.: N-acetylation genotype and risk of severe reactions to sulphonamides in AIDS patients. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. (1994) 38:581.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PIRMOHAMED M, ALFIREVIC A, VILAR J etal.: Association analysis of drug metabolizing enzyme gene polymorphisms in HIV-positive patients with co-trimoxazole hypersensitivity. Pharmacogenetics (2000) 10:705-713.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• ATES NA, TURSEN U, TAMER L etal.: Glutathione S-transferase polymorphisms in patients with drug eruption. Arch. Dermatol. Res. (2005) 295:429-433.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CHUNG WH, HUNG SI, HONG HS etal.: A marker for StevensJohnson syndrome. Nature (2004) 428:486.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HUNG SI, CHUNG WH, LIOU LB etal.: HLA-B*5801 allele as a genetic marker for severe cutaneous adverse reactions caused by allopurinol. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (2005) 102:4134-4139.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MALLAL S, NOLAN D, WITT C etal.: Association between presence of HLA-B*5701, HLA-DR7 and HLA-DQ3 and hypersensitivity to HIV-1 reverse-transcriptase inhibitor abacavir. Lancet (2002) 359:727-732.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MARTIN AM, NOLAN D, GAUDIERI S etal.: Predisposition to abacavir hypersensitivity conferred by HLA-B*5701 and a haplotypic Hsp70-Hom variant. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (2004) 101:4180-4185.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HETTHERINGTON S, HUGHES AR, MOSTELLER M etal.: Genetic variations in HLA-B region and hypersensitivity reactions to abacavir. Lancet (2002) 359:1121-1122.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HUGHES AR, MOSTELLER M, BANSAL AT etal.: Association of genetic variations in HLA-B region with hypersensitivity to abacavir in some, but not all, populations. Pharmacogenomics (2004) 5:203-211.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HUGHES DA, VILAR FJ, WARD CC etal.: Cost-effectiveness analysis of HLA B*5701 genotyping in preventing abacavir hypersensitivity. Pharmacogenetics (2004) 14:335-342.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• PATEL BM: Skin rash with infectious mononucleosis and ampicillin. Pediatrics (1967) 40:910-911.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KLEMOLA E: Hypersensitivity reactions to ampicillin in cytomegalovirus mononucleosis. Scand. J. Infect. Dis. (1970) 2:29-31.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• NAZARETH I, MORTIMER P, MCKENDRICK GD: Ampicillin sensitivity in infectious mononucleosis temporary or permanent? Scand. J. Infect. Dis. (1972) 4:229-230.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• ROUDIER C, CAUMES E, ROGEAUXO, BRICAIRE F, GENTILINIM: Adverse cutaneous reactions to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. Arch. Dermatol. (1994) 130:1383-1386.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KOVACS J, HIEMENZ J, MACHER A etal.: Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia: a comparison between patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and patients with other immunodeficiencies. Ann. Intern. Med. (1984) 100:663-671.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GORDIN FM, SIMON GL, WOFSY CB, MILLS J: Adverse reactions to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Ann. Intern. Med. (1984) 100:495-499.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ONEIL WM, DROBITCH RK, MACARTHUR RD etal.: Acetylator phenotype and genotype in patients infected with HIV: discordance between methods for phenotype determination and genotype. Pharmacogenetics (2000) 10:171-182.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• YAWALKAR N, SHRIKHANDE M, HARI Y etal.: Evidence for a role for IL-5 and eotaxin in activating and recruiting eosinophils in drug-induced cutaneous eruptions. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. (2000) 106:1171-1176.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• YAWALKAR N: Drug-induced exanthemas. Toxicology (2005) 209:131-134.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• YAWALKAR N, EGLI F, HARI Y etal.: Infiltration of cytotoxic T cells in drug-induced cutaneous eruptions. Clin. Exp. Allergy (2000) 30:847-855.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CROWSON AN, MARGO CM: Recent advances in the pathology of cutaneous drug eruptions. Dermatol. Clin. (1999) 17:537-560.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• POSADAS SJ, TORRES MJ, MAYORGAC, JUAREZ C, BLANCA M: Gene expression levels of cytokine profile and cytotoxic markers in non-immediate reactions to drugs. Blood Cells. Mol. Dis. (2002) 29:179-189.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VILLADA G, ROUJEAU JC, CLERICI T, BOURGAULT I, REVUZ J: Immunopathology of toxic epidermal necrolysis. Keratinocytes, HLA-DR expression, Langerhans cells, and mononuclear cells: an immunopathologic study of five cases. Arch. Dermatol. (1992) 128:50-53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ROMANO A, DE SANTIS A, ROMITOA etal.: Delayed hypersensitivity to aminopencillins is related to major histocompatibility complex genes. Ann. Allergy. Asthma. Immunol. (1998) 80:433-437.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ROUJEAU JC, HUYNH TN, BRACQ C etal.: Genetic susceptibility to toxic epidermal necrolysis. Arch. Dermatol. (1987) 123:1171-1173.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar