Using pharmacokinetics to predict the effects of pregnancy and maternal–infant transfer of drugs during lactation

Bibliography

• GLOVER DD, AMONKAR M, RYBECK BF, TRACY TS: Prescription, over-the-counter, and herbal medicine use in a rural, obstetric population. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. (2003) 188(4):1039-1045.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BODENDORFER TW, BRIGGS GG, GUNNING JE: Obtaining drug exposure histories during pregnancy. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. (1979) 135(4):490-494.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ANDRADE SE, GURWITZ JH, DAVIS RL et al.: Prescription drug use in pregnancy. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. (2004) 191(2):398-407.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SYME MR, PAXTON JW, KEELAN JA: Drug transfer and metabolism by the human placenta. Clin. Pharmacokinet. (2004) 43(8):487-514.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LOEBSTEIN R, LALKIN A, KOREN G: Pharmacokinetic changes during pregnancy and their clinical relevance. Clin. Pharmacokinet. (1997) 33(5):328-343.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’HARE MF, LEAHEY W, MURNAGHAN GA, MCDEVITT DG: Pharmacokinetics of sotalol during pregnancy. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol. (1983) 24(4):521-524.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’HARE MF, KINNEY CD, MURNAGHAN GA, MCDEVITT DG: Pharmacokinetics of propranolol during pregnancy. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol. (1984) 27(5):583-587.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PHILIPSON A: Pharmacokinetics of ampicillin during pregnancy. J. Infect. Dis. (1977) 136(3):370-376.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PHILIPSON A, STIERNSTEDT G, EHRNEBO M: Comparison of the pharmacokinetics of cephradine and cefazolin in pregnant and non-pregnant women. Clin. Pharmacokinet. (1987) 12(2):136-144.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DEAN M, STOCK B, PATTERSON RJ, LEVY G: Serum protein binding of drugs during and after pregnancy in humans. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. (1980) 28(2):253-261.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TSEN LC, TARSHIS J, DENSON DD, OSATHANONDH R, DATTA S, BADER AM: Measurements of maternal protein binding of bupivacaine throughout pregnancy. Anesth. Analg. (1999) 89(4):965-968.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ANDERSON GD: Pregnancy-induced changes in pharmacokinetics: a mechanistic-based approach. Clin. Pharmacokinet. (2005) 44(10):989-1008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MORGAN DJ, SMALLWOOD RA: Clinical significance of pharmacokinetic models of hepatic elimination. Clin. Pharmacokinet. (1990) 18(1):61-76.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BENET LZ, HOENER BA: Changes in plasma protein binding have little clinical relevance. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. (2002) 71(3):115-121.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TOMSON T, LINDBOM U, EKQVIST B, SUNDQVIST A: Epilepsy and pregnancy: a prospective study of seizure control in relation to free and total plasma concentrations of carbamazepine and phenytoin. Epilepsia (1994) 35(1):122-130.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• YERBY MS, FRIEL PN, MCCORMICK K et al.: Pharmacokinetics of anticonvulsants in pregnancy: alternations in plasma protein binding. Epilepsy Res. (1990) 5:223-228.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VAJDA FJ, O’BRIEN TJ, HITCHCOCK A, GRAHAM J, LANDER C: The Australian registry of anti-epileptic drugs in pregnancy: experience after 30 months. J. Clin. Neurosci. (2003) 10(5):543-549.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KANEKO S, KONDO T: Antiepileptic agents and birth defects. Incidence, mechanisms and prevention. CNS Drugs (1995) 3(1):41-55.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ADAB N: Therapeutic monitoring of antiepileptic drugs during pregnancy and in the postpartum period: is it useful? CNS Drugs (2006) 20(10):791-800.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WRIGHTON SA, STEVENS JC: The human hepatic cytochrome P450 involved in drug metabolism. Crit. Rev. Toxicol. (1992) 22:1-21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CLARKE DJ, BURCHELL B: The uridine diphosphate glucuronosyltransferase multigene family; function and regulation. Handb. Exp. Pharmacol. (1994) 112:3-43.
   Google Scholar
• MACKENZIE PI, OWENS IS, BURCHELL B et al.: The UDP glucuronosyltrasnferase gene superfamily: recommended nomenclature update based on evolutionary divergence. Pharmacogenetics (1997) 7:255-259.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• BURCHELL B, BRIERLEY CH, RANCE D: Specificity of human UDP-glucuronosyltransferases and xenobiotic glucuronidation. Life Sci. (1995) 57:1819-1831.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MINERS JO, MCKINNON RA: CYP1A. In: Metabolic Drug Interactions. Levy RH, Thummel KE, Trager WF, Hansten PD, Eichelbaum M (Eds), Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, USA (2000):61-73.
   Google Scholar
• KNUTTI R, ROTHWEILER H, SCHLATTER C: Effect of pregnancy on the pharmacokinetics of caffeine. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol. (1981) 21:(2):121-126.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ALDRIDGE A, BAILEY J, NEIMS AH: The disposition of caffeine during and after pregnancy. Semin. Perinatol. (1981) 5(4):310-314.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BOLOGA M, TANG B, KLEIN J, TESORO A, KOREN G: Pregnancy-induced changes in drug metabolism in epileptic women. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. (1991) 257(2):735-740.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TSUTSUMI K, KOTEGAWA T, MATSUKI S et al.: The effect of pregnancy on cytochrome P4501A2, xanthine oxidase, and N-acetyltransferase activities in humans. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. (2001) 70(2):121-125.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• STREETMAN DS, BERTINO JS Jr, NAFZIGER AN: Phenotyping of drug-metabolizing enzymes in adults: a review of in vivo cytochrome P450 phenotyping probes. Pharmacogenetics (2000) 10(3):187-216.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• MESSINA ES, TYNDALE RF, SELLERS EM: A major role for CYP2A6 in nicotine C-oxidation by human liver microsomes. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. (1997) 282(3):1608-1614.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DEMPSEY D, TUTKA P, JACOB P III et al.: Nicotine metabolite ratio as an index of cytochrome P450 2A6 metabolic activity. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. (2004) 76(1):64-72.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DEMPSEY D, JACOB P III, BENOWITZ NL: Accelerated metabolism of nicotine and cotinine in pregnant smokers. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. (2002) 301(2):594-598.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• OSCARSON M: Genetic polymorphisms in the cytochrome P450 2A6 (CYP2A6) gene: implications for interindividual differences in nicotine metabolism. Drug Metab. Dispos. (2001) 29(2):91-95.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BAJPAI M, ROSKOS LK, SHEN DD, LEVY RH: Roles of cytochrome P4502C9 and cytochrome P4502C19 in the stereoselective metabolism of phenytoin to its major metabolites. Drug Metab. Dispos. (1996) 24:1401-1403.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TOMSON T, LINDBOM U, EKQVIST B, SUNDQVIST A: Disposition of carbamazepine and phenytoin in pregnancy. Epilepsia (1994) 35(1):131-135.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HELSBY NA, WARD SA, EDWARDS G, HOWELLS RE, BRECKENRIDGE AM: The pharmacokinetics and activation of proguanil in man: consequences of variability in drug metabolism. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. (1990) 30(4):593-598.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HELSBY NA, WARD SA, HOWELLS RE, BRECKENRIDGE AM: In vitro metabolism of the biguanide antimalarials in human liver microsomes: evidence for a role of the mephenytoin hydroxylase (P450 MP) enzyme. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. (1990) 30(2):287-291.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MCGREADY R, STEPNIEWSKA K, SEATON E et al.: Pregnancy and use of oral contraceptives reduces the biotransformation of proguanil to cycloguanil. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol. (2003) 59(7):553-557.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MCGREADY R, STEPNIEWSKA K, EDSTEIN MD et al.: The pharmacokinetics of atovaquone and proguanil in pregnant women with acute falciparum malaria. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol. (2003) 59(7):545-552.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CASCORBI I: Pharmacogenetics of cytochrome P4502D6: genetic background and clinical implication. Eur. J. Clin. Invest. (2003) 33(Suppl. 2):17-22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WADELIUS M, DARJ E, FRENNE G, RANE A: Induction of CYP2D6 in pregnancy. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. (1997) 62:(4):400-407.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CHARLIER C, BROLY F, LHERMITTE M, PINTO E, ANSSEAU M, PLOMTEUX G: Polymorphisms in the CYP2D6 gene: association with plasma concentrations of fluoxetine and paroxetine. Ther. Drug Monit. (2003) 25(6):738-742.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HEIKKINEN T, EKBLAD U, PALO P, LAINE K: Pharmacokinetics of fluoxetine and norfluoxetine in pregnancy and lactation. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. (2003) 73:(4):330-337.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WISNER KL, PEREL JM, WHEELER SB: Tricyclic dose requirements across pregnancy. Am. J. Psychiatry (1993) 150(10):1541-1542.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HOGSTEDT S, LINDBERG B, RANE A: Increased oral clearance of metoprolol in pregnancy. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol. (1983) 24(2):217-220.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SHIMADA T, YAMAZAKI H, MIMURA M, INUI T, GUENGERICH FP: Interindividual variation in human liver cytochrome P450 enzymes involved in the oxidation of drugs, carcinogens, and toxic chemicals: studies with the microsomes of 30 Japanese and 30 Caucasians. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. (1994) 270:414-423.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• OHKITA C, GOTO M: Increased 6-hydroxycortisol excretion in pregnant women: implication of drug-metabolizing enzyme induction. DICP (1990) 24(9):814-816.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• KOSEL BW, BECKERMAN KP, HAYASHI S, HOMMA M, AWEEKA FT: Pharmacokinetics of nelfinavir and indinavir in HIV-1-infected pregnant women. AIDS (2003) 17(8):1195-1199.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PREVOST RR, AKL SA, WHYBREW WD, SIBAI BM: Oral nifedipine pharmacokinetics in pregnancy-induced hypertension. Pharmacotherapy (1992) 12(3):174-177.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MATHIAS AA, MAGGIO-PRICE L, LAI Y, GUPTA A, UNADKAT JD: Changes in pharmacokinetics of anti-HIV protease inhibitors during pregnancy: the role of CYP3A and P-glycoprotein. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. (2006) 316(3):1202-1209.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MIROCHNICK M, CAPPARELLI E: Pharmacokinetics of antiretrovirals in pregnant women. Clin. Pharmacokinet. (2004) 43(15):1071-1087.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ACOSTA EP, ZORRILLA C, VAN DYKE R et al.: Pharmacokinetics of saquinavir-SGC in HIV-infected pregnant women. HIV Clin Trials (2001) 2(6):460-465.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• ACOSTA EP, BARDEGUEZ A, ZORRILLA CD et al.: Pharmacokinetics of saquinavir plus low-dose ritonavir in human immunodeficiency virus-infected pregnant women. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (2004) 48(2):430-436.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VON HENTIG NH, HABEL A, KLAUKE S, LOCHER L, STASZEWSKI S, HARDER S: Gender-specific differences in the pharmacokinetics of ritonavir (RTV)-boosted saquinavir (SQV) in men, women and pregnent women. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. (2006) 79:P31 (Abstract).
   Google Scholar
• STEK A, MIROCHNICK M, CAPPARELLI E et al. Reduced lopinavir exposure during pregnancy: preliminary pharmacokinetic results from PACTG 1026 (abstract). XV International Aids Conference. eJIAS, Bangkok 11-18 July (2004):Abstract number LbOrB08.
   Google Scholar
• GREEN MD, BISHOP WP, TEPHLEY TR: Expressed human UGT1.4 protein catalyzes the formation of quaternary ammonium-linked glucuronides. Drug Metab. Dispos. (1995) 23:299-302.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PENNELL PB, NEWPORT DJ, STOWE ZN, HELMERS SL, MONTGOMERY JQ, HENRY TR: The impact of pregnancy and childbirth on the metabolism of lamotrigine. Neurology (2004) 62(2):292-295.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DE HAAN GJ, EDELBROEK P, SEGERS J et al.: Gestation-induced changes in lamotrigine pharmacokinetics: a monotherapy study. Neurology (2004) 63(3):571-573.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TRAN TA, LEPPIK IE, BLESI K, SATHANANDAN ST, REMMEL R: Lamotrigine clearance during pregnancy. Neurology (2002) 59(2):251-255.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• OHMAN I, VITOLS S, TOMSON T: Lamotrigine in pregnancy: pharmacokinetics during delivery, in the neonate and during lactation. Epilepsia (2000) 41:709-713.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WATTS DH, BROWN ZA, TARTAGLIONE T et al.: Pharmacokinetic disposition of zidovudine during pregnancy. J. Infect. Dis. (1991) 163(2):226-232.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GERDIN E, SALMONSON T, LINDBERG B, RANE A: Maternal kinetics of morphine during labour. J. Perinat. Med. (1990) 18(6):479-487.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• COURT MH, DUAN SX, GUILLEMETTE C et al.: Stereoselective conjugation of oxazepam by human UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs): S-oxazepam is glucuronidated by UGT2B15, while R-oxazepam is glucuronidated by UGT2B7 and UGT1A9. Drug Metab. Dispos. (2002) 30(11):1257-1265.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TOMSON G, LUNELL NO, SUNDWALL A, RANE A: Placental passage of oxazepam and its metabolism in mother and newborn. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. (1979) 25(1):74-81.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GREENBLATT DJ, DIVOLL M, HARMATZ JS, SHADER RI: Oxazepam kinetics: effect of age and sex. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. (1980) 215:86-91.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PAPINI O, DA CUNHA SP, DA SILVA MATHES ADO C et al.: Kinetic disposition of lorazepam with focus on the glucuronidation capacity, transplacental transfer in parturients and racemization in biological samples. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. (2006) 40:(2):397-403.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TANG BK, KADAR D, QIAN L, IRIAH J, YIP J, KALOW W: Caffeine as a metabolic probe: validation of its use for acetylator phenotyping. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. (1991) 49(6):648-657.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KALOW W, TANG BK: Caffeine as a metabolic probe: exploration of the enzyme-inducing effect of cigarette smoking. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. (1991) 49(1):44-48.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HAN XM, OU-YANG DS, LU PX et al.: Plasma caffeine metabolite ratio (17X/137X) in vivo associated with G-2964A and C734A polymorphisms of human CYP1A2. Pharmacogenetics (2001) 11(5):429-435.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• NORDMARK A, LUNDGREN S, ASK B, GRANATH F, RANE A: The effect of the CYP1A2 *1F mutation on CYP1A2 inducibility in pregnant women. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. (2002) 54(5):504-510.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SACHSE C, BHAMBRA U, SMITH G et al.: Polymorphisms in the cytochrome P450 CYP1A2 gene (CYP1A2) in colorectal cancer patients and controls: allele frequencies, linkage disequilibrium and influence on caffeine metabolism. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. (2003) 55(1):68-76.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NAKAI A, SEKIYA I, OYA A, KOSHINO T, ARAKI T: Assessment of the hepatic arterial and portal venous blood flows during pregnancy with Doppler ultrasonography. Arch. Gynecol. Obstet. (2002) 266(1):25-29.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• ROBSON SC, MUTCH E, BOYS RJ, WOODHOUSE KW: Apparent liver blood flow during pregnancy: a serial study using indocyanine green clearance. Br. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. (1990) 97(8):720-724.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• WILSON CM, DUNDEE JW, MOORE J, HOWARD PJ, COLLIER PS: A comparison of the early pharmacokinetics of midazolam in pregnant and nonpregnant women. Anaesthesia (1987) 42(10):1057-1062.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HOGSTEDT S, LINDBERG B, PENG DR, REGARDH CG, RANE A: Pregnancy-induced increase in metoprolol metabolism. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. (1985) 37(6):688-692.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DAVISON JM, DUNLOP W: Renal hemodynamics and tubular function normal human pregnancy. Kidney Int. (1980) 18(2):152-161.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DUNLOP W: Serial changes in renal haemodynamics during normal human pregnancy. Br. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. (1981) 88(1):1-9.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• DAVISON JM, DUNLOP W, EZIMOKHAI M: 24-hour creatinine clearance during the third trimester of normal pregnancy. Br. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. (1980) 87(2):106-109.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• INUI KI, MASUDA S, SAITO H: Cellular and molecular aspects of drug transport in the kidney. Kidney Int. (2000) 58(3):944-958.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CHAMBERLAIN A, WHITE S, BAWDON R, THOMAS S, LARSEN B: Pharmacokinetics of ampicillin and sulbactam in pregnancy. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. (1993) 168(2):667-673.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ASSAEL BM, COMO ML, MIRAGLIA M, PARDI G, SERENI F: Ampicillin kinetics in pregnancy. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. (1979) 8(3):286-288.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PHILIPSON A, STIERNSTEDT G: Pharmacokinetics of cefuroxime in pregnancy. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. (1982) 142(7):823-828.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NATHORST-BOOS J, PHILIPSON A, HEDMAN A, ARVISSON A: Renal elimination of ceftazidime during pregnancy. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. (1995) 172(1 Pt 1):163-166.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HEIKKILA A, ERKKOLA R: Pharmacokinetics of piperacillin during pregnancy. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. (1991) 28:(3):419-423.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HEIKKILA A, PYYKKO K, ERKKOLA R, IISALO E: The pharmacokinetics of mecillinam and pivmecillinam in pregnant and non-pregnant women. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. (1992) 33(6):629-633.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HURST AK, SHOTAN A, HOFFMAN K et al.: Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic evaluation of atenolol during and after pregnancy. Pharmacotherapy (1998) 18(4):840-846.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• THORLEY KJ, MCAINSH J, CRUICKSHANK JM: Atenolol in the treatment of pregnancy-induced hypertension. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. (1981) 12(5):725-730.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HEBERT MF, CARR DB, ANDERSON GD et al.: Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of atenolol during pregnancy and postpartum. J. Clin. Pharmacol. (2005) 45:25-33.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SCHOU M, AMDISEN A, STEENSTRUP OR: Lithium and pregnancy. II. Hazards to women given lithium during pregnancy and delivery. BMJ (1973) 2(5859):137-138.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LUXFORD AM, KELLAWAY GS: Pharmacokinetics of digoxin in pregnancy. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol. (1983) 25(1):117-121.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KOREN G, FARINE D, MARESKY D et al.: Significance of the endogenous digoxin-like substance in infants and mothers. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. (1984) 36(6):759-764.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ENSOM MH, STEPHENSON MD: Pharmacokinetics of low molecular weight heparin and unfractionated heparin in pregnancy. J. Soc. Gynecol. Investig. (2004) 11(6):377-383.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• BLOMBACK M, BREMME K, HELLGREN M, LINDBERG H: A pharmacokinetic study of dalteparin (Fragmin) during late pregnancy. Blood Coagul. Fibrinolysis (1998) 9(4):343-350.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CASELE HL, LAIFER SA, WOELKERS DA, VENKATARAMANAN R: Changes in the pharmacokinetics of the low-molecular-weight heparin enoxaparin sodium during pregnancy. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. (1999) 181(5 Pt 1):1113-1117.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CHARLES B, NORRIS R, XIAO X, HAGUE W: Population pharmacokinetics of metformin in late pregnancy. Ther. Drug Monit. (2006) 28(1):67-72.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ANDERSON PO, POCHOP SL, MANOGUERRA AS: Adverse drug reactions in breastfed infants: less than imagined. Clin. Pediatr. (Phila) (2003) 42(4):325-340.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BEGG EJ, DUFFULL SB, HACKETT LP, ILETT KF: Studying drugs in human milk: time to unify the approach. J. Hum. Lact. (2002) 18(4):323-332.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• LARSEN LA, ITO S, KOREN G: Prediction of milk/plasma concentration ratio of drugs. Ann. Pharmacother. (2003) 37(9):1299-1306.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ATKINSON HC, BEGG EJ: Prediction of drug distribution into human milk from physicochemical characteristics. Clin. Pharmacokinet. (1990) 18(2):151-167.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NOTARIANNI LJ, BELK D, AIRD SA, BENNETT PN: An in vitro technique for the rapid determination of drug entry into breast milk. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. (1995) 40:333-337.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RIANT P, URIEN S, ALBENGRES E, DUCHE JC, TILLEMENT JP: High plasma protein binding as a parameter in the selection of betablockers for lactating women. Biochem. Pharmacol. (1986) 35(24):4579-4581.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HENDRICK V, STOWE ZN, ALTSHULER LL et al.: Fluoxetine and norfluoxetine concentrations in nursing infants and breast milk. Biol. Psychiatry (2001) 50(10):775-782.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KIM J, RIGGS KW, MISRI S et al.: Stereoselective disposition of fluoxetine and norfluoxetine during pregnancy and breast-feeding. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. (2006) 61(2):155-163.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MORSELLI PL, FRANCO-MORSELLI R, BOSSI L: Clinical pharmacokinetics in newborns and infants. Age-related differences and therapeutic implications. Clin. Pharmacokinet. (1980) 5:485-527.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LAINE K, TYBRING G, BERTILSSON L: No sex-related differences but significant inhibition by oral contraceptives of CYP2C19 activity as measured by the probe drugs mephenytoin and omeprazole in healthy Swedish white subjects. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. (2000) 68(2):151-159.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BALOGH A, KLINGER G, HENSCHEL L, BORNER A, VOLLANTH R, KUHNZ W: Influence of ethinylestradiol-containing combination oral contraceptives with gestodene or levonorgestrel on caffeine elimination. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol. (1995) 48(2):161-166.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TAMMINGA WJ, WEMER J, OOSTERHUIS B et al.: CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 activity in a large population of dutch healthy volunteers: indications for oral contraceptive-related. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol. (1999) 55:177-184.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MCCUNE JS, LINDLEY C, DECKER JL et al.: Lack of gender differences and large intrasubject variability in cytochrome P450 activity measured by phenotyping with dextromethorphan. J. Clin. Pharmacol. (2001) 41(7):723-731.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SABERS A, OHMAN I, CHRISTENSEN J, TOMSON T: Oral contraceptives reduce lamotrigine plasma levels. Neurology (2003) 61(4):570-571.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ABERNETHY DR, GREENBLATT DJ, OCHS HR et al.: Lorazepam and oxazepam kinetics in women on low-dose oral contraceptives. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. (1983) 33(5):628-632.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• STOEHR GP, KROBOTH PD, JUHL RP, WENDER DB, PHILLIPS JP, SMITH RB: Effect of oral contraceptives on triazolam, temazepam, alprazolam, and lorazepam kinetics. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. (1984) 36(5):683-690.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MINERS JO, ATTWOOD J, BIRKETT DJ: Influence of sex and oral contraceptive steroids on paracetamol metabolism. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. (1983) 16:503-509.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KUHNZ W, KOCH S, JAKOB S, HARTMANN A, HELGE H, NAU H: Ethosuximide in epileptic women during pregnancy and lactation period. Placental transfer, serum concentrations in nursed infants and clinical status. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. (1984) 18(5):671-677.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KOUP JR, ROSE JQ, COHEN ME: Ethosuximide pharmacokinetics in a pregnant patient and her newborn. Epilepsia (1978) 19:533-539.
   Google Scholar
• TOMSON T, VILLEN T: Ethosuximide enantiomers in pregnancy and lactation. Ther. Drug Monit. (1994) 16(6):621-623.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CHAUDRON LH, JEFFERSON JW: Mood stabilizers during breastfeeding: a review. J. Clin. Psychiatry (2000) 61(2):79-90.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KUHNZ W, KOCH S, HELGE H, NAU H: Primidone and phenobarbital during lactation period in epileptic women: total and free drug serum levels in the nursed infants and their effect on neonatal behavior. Dev. Pharmacol. Ther. (1988) 11:147-154.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• OHMAN I, VITOLS S, TOMSON T: Pharmacokinetics of gabapentin during delivery, in the neonatal period, and lactation: does a fetal accumulation occur during pregnancy? Epilepsia (2005) 46(10):1621-1624.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JOHANNESSEN SI, HELDE G, BRODTKORB E: Levetiracetam concentrations in serum and in breast milk at birth and during lactation. Epilepsia (2005) 46:(5):775-777.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GARDINER SJ, KIRKPATRICK CM, BEGG EJ, ZHANG M, MOORE MP, SAVILLE DJ: Transfer of metformin into human milk. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. (2003) 73:(1):71-77.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SCHIMMEL MS, EIDELMAN AI, WILSCHANSKI MA, SHAW D Jr, OGILVIE RJ, KOREN G: Toxic effects of atenolol consumed during breast feeding. J. Pediatr. (1989) 114:(3):476-478.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ATKINSON HC, BEGG EJ, DARLOW BA: Drugs in human milk. Clinical pharmacokinetic considerations. Clin. Pharmacokinet. (1988) 14(4):217-240.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KULAS J, LUNELL NO, ROSING U, STEEN B, RANE A: Atenolol and metoprolol. A comparison of their excretion into human breast milk. Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand. Suppl. (1984) 118:65-69.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• OHMAN I, VITOLS S, LUEF G, SODERFELDT B, TOMSON T: Topiramate kinetics during delivery, lactation, and in the neonate: preliminary observations. Epilepsia (2002) 43(10):1157-1160.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FREY OR, SCHEIDT P, VON BRENNDORFF AI: Adverse effects in a newborn infant breast-fed by a mother treated with doxepin. Ann. Pharmacother. (1999) 33(6):690-693.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KEMP J, ILETT KF, BOOTH J, HACKETT LP: Excretion of doxepin and N-desmethyldoxepin in human milk. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. (1985) 20(5):497-499.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BOUTROY MJ, BIANCHETTI G, DUBRUC C, VERT P, MORSELLI PL: To nurse when receiving acebutolol: is it dangerous for the neonate? Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol. (1986) 30(6):737-739.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CHAN V, TSE TF, WONG V: Transfer of digoxin across the placenta and into breast milk. Br. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. (1978) 85(8):605-609.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• FINLEY JP, WAXMAN MB, WONG PY, LICKRISH GM: Digoxin excretion in human milk. J. Pediatr. (1979) 94(2):339-340.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• BULAU P, PAAR WD, VON UNRUH GE: Pharmacokinetics of oxcarbazepine and 10-hydroxy-carbazepine in the newborn child of an oxcarbazepine-treated mother. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol. (1988) 34(3):311-313.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BAR-OZ B, NULMAN I, KOREN G, ITO S: Anticonvulsants and breast-feeding: a critical review. Pediatr Drugs (2000) 2:113-126.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• YURCHAK AM, JUSKO WJ: Theophylline secretion into breast milk. Pediatrics (1976) 57(4):518-520.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SHIMOYAMA R, OHKUBO T, SUGAWARA K: Monitoring of zonisamide in human breast milk and maternal plasma by solid-phase extraction HPLC method. Biomed. Chromatogr. (1999) 13(5):370-372.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KAWADA K, ITOH S, KUSAKA T, ISOBE K, ISHII M: Pharmacokinetics of zonisamide in perinatal period. Brain Dev. (2002) 24(2):95-97.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RAMBECK B, KURLEMANN G, STODIECK SR, MAY TW, JURGENS U: Concentrations of lamotrigine in a mother on lamotrigine treatment and her newborn child. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol. (1997) 51(6):481-484.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LIPORACE J, KAO A, D’ABREU A: Concerns regarding lamotrigine and breast-feeding. Epilepsy Behav. (2004) 5(1):102-105.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WISNER KL, PEREL JM: Serum levels of valproate and carbamazepine in breastfeeding mother-infant pairs. J. Clin. Psychopharmacol. (1998) 18(2):167-169.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FROESCHER W, EICHELBAUM M, NIESEN M, DIETRICH K, RAUSCH P: Carbamazepine levels in breast milk. Ther. Drug Monit. (1984) 6(3):266-271.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KUHNZ W, JAGER-ROMAN E, RATING D et al.: Carbamazepine and carbamazepine-10,11- epoxide during pregnancy and postnatal period in epileptic mother and their nursed infants: pharmacokinetics and clinical effects. Pediatr. Pharmacol. (1983) 3(3-4):199-208.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• WEISSMAN AM, LEVY BT, HARTZ AJ et al.: Pooled analysis of antidepressant levels in lactating mothers, breast milk, and nursing infants. Am. J. Psychiatry (2004) 161(6):1066-1078.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BIRNBAUM CS, COHEN LS, BAILEY JW, GRUSH LR, ROBERTSON LM, STOWE ZN: Serum concentrations of antidepressants and benzodiazepines in nursing infants: a case series. Pediatrics (1999) 104(1):e11.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• MIRKIN BL: Diphenylhydantoin: placental transport, fetal localization, neonatal metabolism, and possible teratogenic effects. J. Pediatr. (1971) 78(2):329-337.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• STEEN B, RANE A, LONNERHOLM G, FALK O, ELWIN CE, SJOQVIST F: Phenytoin excretion in human breast milk and plasma levels in nursed infants. Ther. Drug Monit. (1982) 4(4):331-334.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MORETTI ME, SGRO M, JOHNSON DW et al.: Cyclosporine excretion into breast milk. Transplantation (2003) 75(12):2144-2146.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• THIRU Y, BATEMAN DN, COULTHARD MG: Successful breast feeding while mother was taking cyclosporin. BMJ (1997) 315(7106):463.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ERICKSON SH, SMITH GH, HEIDRICH F: Tricyclics and breast feeding. Am. J. Psychiatry (1979) 136(11):1483-1484.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• CROKE S, BUIST A, HACKETT LP, ILETT KF, NORMAN TR, BURROWS GD: Olanzapine excretion in human breast milk: estimation of infant exposure. Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol. (2002) 5(3):243-247.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GARDINER SJ, KRISTENSEN JH, BEGG EJ et al.: Transfer of olanzapine into breast milk, calculation of infant drug dose, and effect on breast-fed infants. Am. J. Psychiatry (2003) 160(8):1428-1431.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PIONTEK CM, BAAB S, PEINDL KS, WISNER KL: Serum valproate levels in 6 breastfeeding mother-infant pairs. J. Clin. Psychiatry (2000) 61(3):170-172.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ORME ML, LEWIS PJ, DE SWIET M et al.: May mothers given warfarin breast-feed their infants? BMJ (1977) 1(6076):1564-1565.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MCKENNA R, COLE ER, VASAN U: Is warfarin sodium contraindicated in the lactating mother? J. Pediatr. (1983) 103(2):325-327.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ERKKOLA R, KANTO J: Diazepam and breast-feeding. Lancet (1972) 1(7762):1235-1236.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WESSON DR, CAMBER S, HARKEY M, SMITH DE: Diazepam and desmethyldiazepam in breast milk. J. Psychoactive Drugs (1985) 17(1):55-56.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BRANDT R: Passage of diazepam and desmethyldiazepam into breast milk. Arzneimittelforschung (1976) 26(3):454-457.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LEBEDEVS TH, WOJNAR-HORTON RE, YAPP P et al.: Excretion of temazepam in breast milk. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. (1992) 33(2):204-206.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WISNER KL, PEREL JM, FOGLIA JP: Serum clomipramine and metabolite levels in four nursing mother-infant pairs. J. Clin. Psychiatry (1995) 56(1):17-20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TOWNSEND RJ, BENEDETTI TJ, ERICKSON SH et al.: Excretion of ibuprofen into breast milk. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. (1984) 149(2):184-186.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WEIBERT RT, TOWNSEND RJ, KAISER DG, NAYLOR AJ: Lack of ibuprofen secretion into human milk. Clin. Pharm. (1982) 1(5):457-458.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar