Azithromycin plus chloroquine: combination therapy for protection against malaria and sexually transmitted infections in pregnancy

Bibliography

• Brabin B. An analysis of malaria in pregnancy in Africa. Bull World Health Organ 1983;61:1005-16
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGregor IA, Wilson ME, Billewicz WZ. Malaria infection of the placenta in The Gambia, West Africa; its incidence and relationship to stillbirth, birthweight and placental weight. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1983;77(2):232-44
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGregor IA. Epidemiology, malaria and pregnancy. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1984;33(4):517-25
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilles HM, Lawson JB, Sibelas M, Malaria, anaemia and pregnancy. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 1969;63(2):245-63
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dellicour S, Tatem AJ, Guerra CA, Quantifying the number of pregnancies at risk of malaria in 2007: a demographic study. PLoS Med 2010;7(1):e1000221
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• World Health Organization. A strategic framework for malaria prevention and control during pregnancy in the Africa Region. World Health Organization Regional Office for Africa; 2004
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. World Malaria Report 2009. World Health Organization, Geneva; 2009
   Google Scholar
• Greenwood B, Alonso P, ter Kuile FO, Malaria in pregnancy: priorities for research. Lancet Infect Dis 2007;7(2):169-74
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobson GF, Autry AM, Kirby RS, A randomized controlled trial comparing amoxicillin and azithromycin for the treatment of Chlamydia trachomatis in pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2001;184(7):1352-4, discussion 1354-56
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kacmar J, Cheh E, Montagno A, A randomized trial of azithromycin versus amoxicillin for the treatment of Chlamydia trachomatis in pregnancy. Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol 2001;9(4):197-202
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rahangdale L, Guerry S, Bauer HM, An observational cohort study of Chlamydia trachomatis treatment in pregnancy. Sex Transm Dis 2006;33(2):106-10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarkar M, Woodland C, Koren G, Pregnancy outcome following gestational exposure to azithromycin. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2006;6:18
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wolfe MS, Cordero JF. Safety of chloroquine in chemosuppression of malaria during pregnancy. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1985;290(6480):1466-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levy M, Buskila D, Gladman DD, Pregnancy outcome following first trimester exposure to chloroquine. Am J Perinatol 1991;8(3):174-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phillips-Howard PA, Wood D. The safety of antimalarial drugs in pregnancy. Drug Saf 1996;14(3):131-45
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klinger G, Morad Y, Westall CA, Ocular toxicity and antenatal exposure to chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine for rheumatic diseases. Lancet 2001;358(9284):813-14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakornchai S, Konthiang P. Activity of azithromycin or erythromycin in combination with antimalarial drugs against multidrug-resistant Plasmodium falciparum in vitro. Acta Trop 2006;100(3):185-91
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunne MW, Singh N, Shukla M, A multicenter study of azithromycin, alone and in combination with chloroquine, for the treatment of acute uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in India. J Infect Dis 2005;191(10):1582-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riedner G, Rusizoka M, Todd J, Single-dose azithromycin versus penicillin G benzathine for the treatment of early syphilis. N Engl J Med 2005;353(12):1236-44
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Handsfield HH, Dalu ZA, Martin DH, Multicenter trial of single-dose azithromycin vs. ceftriaxone in the treatment of uncomplicated gonorrhea. Azithromycin Gonorrhea Study Group. Sex Transm Dis 1994;21(2):107-11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wehbeh HA, Ruggeirio RM, Shahem S, Single-dose azithromycin for Chlamydia in pregnant women. J Reprod Med 1998;43(6):509-14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luntamo M, Kulmala T, Mbewe B, Effect of repeated treatment of pregnant women with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine and azithromycin on preterm delivery in Malawi: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2010;83:1212-20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDonald HM, Brocklehurst P, Gordon A. Antibiotics for treating bacterial vaginosis in pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007;(1):CD000262
   Google Scholar
• Chico RM. Burden of infections during pregnancy in Sub-Saharan Africa. 59th Annual Meeting of the American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene; 2010
   Google Scholar
• Schlagenhauf P, Adamcova M, Regep L, The position of mefloquine as a 21st century malaria chemoprophylaxis. Malar J 2010;9:357
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karbwang J, White NJ. Clinical pharmacokinetics of mefloquine. Clin Pharmacokinet 1990;19(4):264-79
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steketee RW, Wirima JJ, Slutsker L, Malaria treatment and prevention in pregnancy: indications for use and adverse events associated with use of chloroquine or mefloquine. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1996;55(1 Suppl):50-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Briand V, Bottero J, Noel H, Intermittent treatment for the prevention of malaria during pregnancy in Benin: a randomized, open-label equivalence trial comparing sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine with mefloquine. J Infect Dis 2009;200(6):991-1001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ter Kuile FO, Nosten F, Luxemburger C, Mefloquine treatment of acute falciparum malaria: a prospective study of non-serious adverse effects in 3673 patients. Bull World Health Organ 1995;73(5):631-42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tansley R, Lotharius J, Priestley A, A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study to investigate the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of single enantiomer (+)-mefloquine compared with racemic mefloquine in healthy persons. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2010;83(6):1195-201
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Overbosch D, Schilthuis H, Bienzle U, Atovaquone-proguanil versus mefloquine for malaria prophylaxis in nonimmune travelers: results from a randomized, double-blind study. Clin Infect Dis 2001;33(7):1015-21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sevene E, Gonzalez R, Menendez C. Current knowledge and challenges of antimalarial drugs for treatment and prevention in pregnancy. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2010;11(8):1277-93
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phillips M. Adverse events associated with mefloquine. Women may be more susceptible to adverse events. BMJ 1996;313(7071):1552-3
   Google Scholar
• Pennie RA, Koren G, Crevoisier C. Steady state pharmacokinetics of mefloquine in long-term travellers. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1993;87(4):459-62
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacquerioz FA, Croft AM. Drugs for preventing malaria in travellers. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2009;(4):CD006491
   Google Scholar
• Nosten F, Vincenti M, Simpson J, The effects of mefloquine treatment in pregnancy. Clin Infect Dis 1999;28(4):808-15
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen LH, Wilson ME, Schlagenhauf P. Controversies and misconceptions in malaria chemoprophylaxis for travelers. JAMA 2007;297(20):2251-63
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalilani L, Mofolo I, Chaponda M, A randomized controlled pilot trial of azithromycin or artesunate added to sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine as treatment for malaria in pregnant women. PLoS ONE 2007;2(11):e1166
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• van den Broek NR, White SA, Goodall M, The APPLe study: a randomized, community-based, placebo-controlled trial of azithromycin for the prevention of preterm birth, with meta-analysis. PLoS Med 2009;6(12):e1000191
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• World Health Organization. Sexually transmitted and other reproductive tract infections: guide to essential practice. Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Geneva; 2005
   Google Scholar
• Zhou P, Qian Y, Xu J, Occurrence of congenital syphilis after maternal treatment with azithromycin during pregnancy. Sex Transm Dis 2007;34(7):472-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis TM, Hung TY, Sim IK, Piperaquine: a resurgent antimalarial drug. Drugs 2005;65(1):75-87
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mytton OT, Ashley EA, Peto L, Electrocardiographic safety evaluation of dihydroartemisinin piperaquine in the treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2007;77(3):447-50
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noedl H, Krudsood S, Leowattana W, In vitro antimalarial activity of azithromycin, artesunate, and quinine in combination and correlation with clinical outcome. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2007;51(2):651-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ohrt CWG, Lee P, Knirsch C, Milhous W. Assessment of azithromycin in combination with other antimalarial drugs against Plasmodium falciparum in vitro. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2002;46:2518-24
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sykes A, Hendriksen I, Mtove G, Azithromycin plus artesunate versus artemether-lumefantrine for treatment of uncomplicated malaria in tanzanian children: a randomized, controlled trial. Clin Infect Dis 2009;49:1195-201
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noedl H, Krudsood S, Chalermratana K, Azithromycin combination therapy with artesunate or quinine for the treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in adults: a randomized, phase 2 clinical trial in Thailand. Clin Infect Dis 2006;43(10):1264-71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thriemer K, Starzengruber P, Khan WA, Azithromycin combination therapy for the treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria in Bangladesh: an open-label randomized, controlled clinical trial. J Infect Dis 2010;202(3):392-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pfizer Labs. Zithromax Product Label. Available from: http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2009/050693s014,050730s021lbl.pdf, 2009
   Google Scholar
• Pitsouni E, Iavazzo C, Athanasiou S, Single-dose azithromycin versus erythromycin or amoxicillin for Chlamydia trachomatis infection during pregnancy: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2007;30(3):213-21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oldfield EC III, Fessel WJ, Dunne MW, Once weekly azithromycin therapy for prevention of Mycobacterium avium complex infection in patients with AIDS: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled multicenter trial. Clin Infect Dis 1998;26(3):611-19
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tseng AL, Dolovich L, Salit IE. Azithromycin-related ototoxicity in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Clin Infect Dis 1997;24(1):76-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor WR, Richie TL, Fryauff DJ, Malaria prophylaxis using azithromycin: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in Irian Jaya, Indonesia. Clin Infect Dis 1999;28:74-81
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heppner DG Jr, Walsh DS, Uthaimongkol N, Randomized, controlled, double-blind trial of daily oral azithromycin in adults for the prophylaxis of Plasmodium vivax malaria in Western Thailand. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2005;73(5):842-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Motta M, Tincani A, Faden D, Antimalarial agents in pregnancy. Lancet 2002;359(9305):524-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sowunmi A, Walker O, Salako LA. Pruritus and antimalarial drugs in Africans. Lancet 1989;334(8656):213
   Google Scholar
• Ursing J, Kofoed PE, Rodrigues A, Chloroquine is grossly overdosed and overused but well tolerated in Guinea-bissau. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2009;53(1):180-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jaeger A. Poisonous substances: quinine and chloroquine. Medicine 2007;35:652-3
   Google Scholar
• Mutabingwa T, Villegas L, Nosten F. Chemoprophylaxis and other protective measures: preventing pregnancy malaria. In: Duffy P, editor, Malaria in pregnancy: deadly parasite, susceptible host. Taylor and Francis, London; 2001. p. 189-222
   Google Scholar
• Most H. Clinical trials of antimalarial drugs. In: Coates JB, editor, Internal medicine in world war II. Office of the Surgeon General, Medical Department, United States Army, Washington DC; 1963
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. WHO model prescribing information. Drugs used in parasitic diseases. 2nd edition; 1995
   Google Scholar
• Naing C, Aung K, Win DK, Efficacy and safety of chloroquine for treatment in patients with uncomplicated Plasmodium vivax infections in endemic countries. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2010;104(11):695-705
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baird JK. Resistance to therapies for infection by Plasmodium vivax. Clin Microbiol Rev 2009;22(3):508-34
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. Guidelines for the treatment of malaria. 2nd edition; 2010
   Google Scholar
• Price RN, Douglas NM, Anstey NM. New developments in Plasmodium vivax malaria: severe disease and the rise of chloroquine resistance. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2009;22(5):430-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phillips EJ, Keystone JS, Kain KC. Failure of combined chloroquine and high-dose primaquine therapy for Plasmodium vivax malaria acquired in Guyana, South America. Clin Infect Dis 1996;23(5):1171-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Santana Filho FS, Arcanjo AR, Chehuan YM, Chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium vivax, Brazilian Amazon. Emerg Infect Dis 2007;13(7):1125-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cot M, Le Hesran JY, Miailhes P, Increase of birth weight following chloroquine chemoprophylaxis during the first pregnancy: results of a randomized trial in Cameroon. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1995;53(6):581-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Denoeud L, Fievet N, Aubouy A, Is chloroquine chemoprophylaxis still effective to prevent low birth weight? Results of a study in Benin. Malar J 2007;6:27
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tagbor H, Bruce J, Ord R, Comparison of the therapeutic efficacy of chloroquine and sulphadoxine-pyremethamine in children and pregnant women. Trop Med Int Health 2007;12(11):1288-97
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bloland PB, Lackritz EM, Kazembe PN, Beyond chloroquine: implications of drug resistance for evaluating malaria therapy efficacy and treatment policy in Africa. J Infect Dis 1993;167(4):932-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Djimde A, Doumbo OK, Cortese JF, A molecular marker for chloroquine-resistant falciparum malaria. N Engl J Med 2001;344(4):257-63
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kublin JG, Cortese JF, Njunju EM, Reemergence of chloroquine-sensitive Plasmodium falciparum malaria after cessation of chloroquine use in Malawi. J Infect Dis 2003;187(12):1870-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laufer MK, Thesing PC, Eddington ND, Return of chloroquine antimalarial efficacy in Malawi. N Engl J Med 2006;355(19):1959-66
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laufer MK, Takala-Harrison S, Dzinjalamala FK, Return of chloroquine-susceptible falciparum malaria in Malawi was a reexpansion of diverse susceptible parasites. J Infect Dis 2010;202(5):801-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hastings IM, Donnelly MJ. The impact of antimalarial drug resistance mutations on parasite fitness, and its implications for the evolution of resistance. Drug Resist Updat 2005;8(1-2):43-50
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hellgren U, Johansson I, Dias F, Chloroquine resistant Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Guinea-Bissau. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1991;85(1):36
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ursing J, Schmidt BA, Lebbad M, Chloroquine resistant P. falciparum prevalence is low and unchanged between 1990 and 2005 in Guinea-Bissau: an effect of high chloroquine dosage? Infect Genet Evol 2007;7(5):555-61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ursing J, Kofoed PE, Rodrigues A, Similar efficacy and tolerability of double-dose chloroquine and artemether-lumefantrine for treatment of Plasmodium falciparum infection in Guinea-Bissau: a randomized trial. J Infect Dis 2011;203(1):109-16
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valderramos SG, Valderramos JC, Musset L, Identification of a mutant PfCRT-mediated chloroquine tolerance phenotype in Plasmodium falciparum. PLoS Pathog 2010;6(5):e1000887
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• van Eijk AM, Terlouw DJ. Azithromycin for treating uncomplicated malaria. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2011;CD006688
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tagbor H, Bruce J, Agbo M, Intermittent screening and treatment versus intermittent preventive treatment of malaria in pregnancy: a randomised controlled non-inferiority trial. PLoS ONE 2010;5(12):e14425
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lewis D, Mulenga M, Mugyenyi P, Abstracts of the 5th European Congress on Tropical Medicine and International Health, 24 – 28 May 2007, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; O26-44: a phase 2/3, randomized, double-blind, comparative trial of azithromycin plus chloroquine vs. mefloquine for the treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Africa. Trop Med Int Health 2007;12(Suppl 1):82-3, Available from: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-3156.2007.01866.x/pdf
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chandra R, Lewis D, Moran D, A phase 2, open-label, non-comparative trial of azithromycin 2G plus chloroquine 600 mg base daily for three days for the treatment of uncomplicated plasmodium falciparum malaria. 57th Annual Meeting of the American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene; Symposium 62, No. 374. Available from: http://www.astmh.org/documents/ASTMH08FinalProgram.pdf, [7 – 11 December 2008]
   Google Scholar
• Gladue RP, Bright GM, Isaacson RE, In vitro and in vivo uptake of azithromycin (CP-62,993) by phagocytic cells: possible mechanism of delivery and release at sites of infection. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1989;33(3):277-82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sidhu AB, Sun Q, Nkrumah LJ, In vitro efficacy, resistance selection, and structural modeling studies implicate the malarial parasite apicoplast as the target of azithromycin. J Biol Chem 2007;282(4):2494-504
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Retsema J, Fu W. Macrolides: structures and microbial targets. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2001;18(Suppl 1):3-10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schlünzen F, Harms JM, Franceschi F, Structural basis for the antibiotic activity of ketolides and azalides. Structure 2003;11:329-38
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dahl EL, Rosenthal PJ. Apicoplast translation, transcription and genome replication: targets for antimalarial antibiotics. Trends Parasitol 2008;24(6):279-84
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peters DH, Friedel HA, McTavish D. Azithromycin. A review of its antimicrobial activity, pharmacokinetic properties and clinical efficacy. Drugs 1992;44(5):750-99
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunn CJ, Barradell LB. Azithromycin. A review of its pharmacological properties and use as 3-day therapy in respiratory tract infections. Drugs 1996;51(3):483-505
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ballow CH, Amsden GW. Azithromycin: the first azalide antibiotic. Ann Pharmacother 1992;26(10):1253-61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Hospital Formulary Service – Drug Information. In: McEvoy G, editor, Other macrolides: azithromycin. American Society Health System Pharmacists, Inc., Bethesda, MD; 2010
   Google Scholar
• Heikkinen T, Laine K, Neuvonen PJ, The transplacental transfer of the macrolide antibiotics erythromycin, roxithromycin and azithromycin. BJOG 2000;107(6):770-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hopkins S. Clinical toleration and safety of azithromycin. Am J Med 1991;91(3A):40S-5S
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ramsey PS, Vaules MB, Vasdev GM, Maternal and transplacental pharmacokinetics of azithromycin. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2003;188(3):714-18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salman S, Rogerson SJ, K K, Pharmacokinetic properties of azithromycin in pregnancy. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2010;54(1):360-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fitch CD, Chevli R, Banyal HS, Lysis of plasmodium falciparum by ferriprotoporphyrin IX and a chloroquine-ferriprotoporphyrin IX complex. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1982;21(5):819-22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chinappi M, Via A, Marcatili P, On the mechanism of chloroquine resistance in plasmodium falciparum. PLoS ONE 2010;5(11):e14064
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Martin RE, Kirk K. The malaria parasite's chloroquine resistance transporter is a member of the drug/metabolite transporter superfamily. Mol Biol Evol 2004;21(10):1938-49
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooper RA, Lane KD, Deng B, Mutations in transmembrane domains 1, 4 and 9 of the Plasmodium falciparum chloroquine resistance transporter alter susceptibility to chloroquine, quinine and quinidine. Mol Microbiol 2007;63(1):270-82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fidock DA, Nomura T, Talley AK, Mutations in the P. falciparum digestive vacuole transmembrane protein PfCRT and evidence for their role in chloroquine resistance. Mol Cell 2000;6(4):861-71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• White NJ. Clinical pharmacokinetics of antimalarial drugs. Clin Pharmacokinet 1985;10(3):187-215
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gustafsson LL, Walker O, Alvan G, Disposition of chloroquine in man after single intravenous and oral doses. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1983;15(4):471-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanofi-Synthelabo, Inc. Aralen® chloroquine phosphate package insert. Available from: http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2003/06002slr039_aralen_lbl.pdf. [22 February 2001]
   Google Scholar
• Cantrell F. Chloroquine. In: Wexler P, editor, Elsevier Academic Press, Oxford; 2005
   Google Scholar
• Krishna S, White NJ. Pharmacokinetics of quinine, chloroquine and amodiaquine. Clinical implications. Clin Pharmacokinet 1996;30(4):263-99
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dollery D, editor. Therapeutic drugs. Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh, UK; 1999
   Google Scholar
• Masimirembwa CM, Naik YS, Hasler JA. The effect of chloroquine on the pharmacokinetics and metabolism of praziquantel in rats and in humans. Biopharm Drug Dispos 1994;15(1):33-43
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allen HE, Crompton DW, de Silva N, New policies for using anthelmintics in high risk groups. Trends Parasitol 2002;18(9):381-2
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lee SJ, McGready R, Fernandez C, Chloroquine pharmacokinetics in pregnant and nonpregnant women with vivax malaria. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2008;64(10):987-92
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karunajeewa HA, Salman S, Mueller I, Pharmacokinetics of chloroquine and monodesethylchloroquine in pregnancy. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2010;54(3):1186-92
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ClinicalTrials.gov Website. Phase III: evaluate azithromycin plus chloroquine and sulfadoxine plus pyrimethamine combinations for intermittent preventive treatment of falciparum malaria infection in pregnant women in Africa. Available from: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. (NCT01103063) [Access 6 December 2010]
   Google Scholar
• ClinicalTrials.gov Website. Phase III: evaluate parasitological clearance rates and pharmacokinetics of the combination of azithromycin and chloroquine In asymptomatic pregnant women with falciparum parasitemia in Africa. Available from: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. (NCT01103713) [Access 17 November 2010]
   Google Scholar
• Cook JA, Randinitis EJ, Bramson CR, Lack of a pharmacokinetic interaction between azithromycin and chloroquine. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2006;74(3):407-12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomsen MB, Beekman JD, Attevelt NJ, No proarrhythmic properties of the antibiotics moxifloxacin or azithromycin in anaesthetized dogs with chronic-AV block. Br J Pharmacol 2006;149(8):1039-48
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Traebert M, Dumotier B, Meister L, Inhibition of hERG K+ currents by antimalarial drugs in stably transfected HEK293 cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2004;484(1):41-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fossa AA, Wisialowski T, Duncan JN, Azithromycin/chloroquine combination does not increase cardiac instability despite an increase in monophasic action potential duration in the anesthetized guinea pig. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2007;77(5):929-38
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mwai L, Ochong E, Abdirahman A, Chloroquine resistance before and after its withdrawal in Kenya. Malar J 2009;8:106
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaynor BD, Holbrook KA, Whitcher JP, Community treatment with azithromycin for trachoma is not associated with antibiotic resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae at 1 year. Br J Ophthalmol 2003;87(2):147-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skalet AH, Cevallos V, Ayele B, Antibiotic selection pressure and macrolide resistance in nasopharyngeal Streptococcus pneumoniae: a cluster-randomized clinical trial. PLoS Med 2010;7(12):e1000377
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Leach AJ, Shelby-James TM, Mayo M, A prospective study of the impact of community-based azithromycin treatment of trachoma on carriage and resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Clin Infect Dis 1997;24(3):356-62
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Felmingham D, White AR, Jacobs MR, The alexander project: the benefits from a decade of surveillance. J Antimicrob Chemother 2005;56(Suppl 2):, ii3-ii21
   Google Scholar
• Mabey D. Azithromycin resistance in Treponema pallidum. Sex Transm Dis 2009;36(12):777-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brabin B. The risks and severity of malaria in pregnant women. Applied field research in malaria reports. Special programme for research and training in tropical diseases. World Health Organization, Geneva; 1991
   Google Scholar
• McGregor JA, French JI, Lawellin D, Bacterial protease-induced reduction of chorioamniotic membrane strength and elasticity. Obstet Gynecol 1987;69(2):167-74
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Draper D, Jones W, Heine RP, Trichomonas vaginalis weakens human amniochorion in an in vitro model of premature membrane rupture. Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol 1995;2(6):267-74
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Helitzer-Allen DL, Macheso A, Wirima J, Testing strategies to increase use of chloroquine chemoprophylaxis during pregnancy in Malawi. Acta Trop 1994;58(3-4):255-66
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis D, Kshirsagar NA, Bhattacharyya P, Abstracts of the 5th European Congress on Tropical Medicine and International Health, 24 – 28 May 2007, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; O26-45: A phase 2/3, randomized, comparative trial of azithromycin plus chloroquine vs. sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine plus chloroquine for the treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in India. Trop Med Int Health 2007;12(Suppl 1):83, Available from: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-3156.2007.01866.x/pdf
   Google Scholar
• Lewis D, Carrasquilla G, Vreden S, Abstracts of the 5th European Congress on Tropical Medicine and International Health, 24 – 28 May 2007, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; O26-46: A phase 2/3, randomized, double-blind, comparative trial of azithromycin plus chloroquine vs. atovaquone-proguanil for the treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in South America. Trop Med Int Health 2007;12(Suppl 1):83-4, Available from: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-3156.2007.01866.x/pdf
   Google Scholar
• Makanjuola RO, Dixon PA, Oforah E. Effects of antimalarial agents on plasma levels of chlorpromazine and its metabolites in schizophrenic patients. Trop Geogr Med 1988;40(1):31-3
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ette EI, Brown-Awala EA, Essien EE. Chloroquine elimination in humans: effect of low-dose cimetidine. J Clin Pharmacol 1987;27(10):813-16
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sindrup SH, Arendt-Nielsen L, Brosen K, The effect of quinidine on the analgesic effect of codeine. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1992;42(6):587-91
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finielz P, Gendoo Z, Chuet C, Interaction between cyclosporine and chloroquine. Nephron 1993;65:333
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McElnay JC, Mukhtar HA, D'Arcy PF, In vitro experiments on chloroquine and pyrimethamine absorption in the presence of antacid constituents or kaolin. J Trop Med Hyg 1982;85(4):153-8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Seideman P, Albertioni F, Beck O, Chloroquine reduces the bioavailability of methotrexate in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. A possible mechanism of reduced hepatotoxicity. Arthritis Rheum 1994;37(6):830-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar