Pharmacogenetics of the lipodystrophy syndrome associated with HIV infection and combination antiretroviral therapy

Bibliography

• Gazzard B. Antiretroviral therapy for HIV: medical miracles do happen. Lancet 2005;366:346-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lejeune M, Miro JM, De Lazzari E, Restoration of T cell responses to toxoplasma gondii after successful combined antiretroviral therapy in patients with AIDS with previous toxoplasmic encephalitis. Clin Infect Dis 2011;52:662-70
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Furrer H, Opravil M, Bernasconi E, Stopping primary prophylaxis in HIV-1-infected patients at high risk of. Toxoplasma encephalitis. Swiss HIV Cohort Study. Lancet 2000;355:2217-28
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernaldo L, de Quiros JC, Miro JM, A randomized trial of the discontinuation of primary and secondary prophylaxis against Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia after highly active antiretroviral therapy in patients with HIV infection. Grupo de Estudio del SIDA 04/98. N Engl J Med 2001;344:159-67
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garg A, Agarwal AK. Lipodystrophies: disorders of adipose tissue biology. Biochim Biophys Acta 2009;1791:507-13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carr A, Samaras K, Burton S, A syndrome of peripheral lipodystrophy, hyperlipidaemia and insulin resistance in patients receiving HIV protease inhibitors. AIDS 1998;12:F51-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caron M, Boccara F, Lagathu C, Adipose tissue as a target of HIV-1 antiretroviral drugs. Potential consequences on metabolic regulations. Curr Pharm Des 2010;16:3352-60
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Villarroya F, Domingo P, Giralt M. Lipodystrophy associated with highly active anti-retroviral therapy for HIV infection: the adipocyte as a target of anti-retroviral-induced mitochondrial toxicity. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2005;26:88-93
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moyle G, Moutschen M, Martinez E, Epidemiology, assessment, and management of excess abdominal fat in persons with HIV infection. AIDS Rev 2010;12:3-14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Villarroya F, Domingo P, Giralt M. Drug-induced lipotoxicity: lipodystrophy associated with HIV infection and antiretroviral treatment. Biochim Biophys Acta 2010;1801:392-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carr A, Emery S, Law M, An objective case definition of lipodystrophy in HIV-infected adults: a case-control study. Lancet 2003;361:726-35
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lo JC, Mulligan K, Tai VW, “Buffalo hump” in men with HIV-1 infection. Lancet 1998;351:867-70
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller KD, Jones E, Yanovski JA, Visceral abdominal-fat accumulation associated with the use of indinavir. Lancet 1998;351:71-5
   Google Scholar
• Martinez E, Mocroft A, Garcia-Viejo MA, Risk of lipodystrophy in HIV-1 infected patients treated with protease inhibitors: a prospective cohort study. Lancet 2001;357:592-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saint-Marc T, Partisani M, Poizot-Martin I, A syndrome of peripheral fat wasting (lipodystrophy) in patients receiving long-term nucleoside analogue therapy. AIDS 1999;13:1657-67
   Google Scholar
• Mallal SA, John M, Moore CB, Contribution of nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitors to subcutaneous fat wasting in patients with HIV infection. AIDS 2000;14:1309-16
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joly V, Flandre P, Meiffredy V, Increased risk of lipoatrophy under stavudine in HIV-1-infected patients: results of a substudy from a comparative trial. AIDS 2002;16:2447-54
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mallon PW, Miller J, Cooper DA, Carr A. Prospective evaluation on the effects of antiretroviral therapy on body composition in HIV-1 infected men starting therapy. AIDS 2003;17:971-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giralt M, Domingo P, Guallar JP, HIV-1 infection alters gene expression in adipose tissue, which contributes to HIV-1/HAART-associated lipodystrophy. Antivir Ther 2006;11:729-40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caron-Debarle M, Lagathu C, Boccara F, HIV-associated lipodystrophy: from fat injury to premature aging. Trends Mol Med 2010;16:218-29
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cressey TR, Lallemant M. Pharmacogenetics of antiretroviral drugs for the treatment of HIV-infected patients: An update. Infect Genet Evol 2007;7:333-42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tarr PE, Telenti A. Toxicogenetics of antiretroviral therapy: genetic factors that contribute to metabolic complications. Antivir Ther 2007;12:999-1013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The International HapMap Consortium. A haplotype map of the human genome. Nature 2005;437:1299-320
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hattersley AT, McCarthy MI. What makes a good genetic association study? Lancet 2005;366:1315-23
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arnedo M, Taffe P, Sahli R, Contribution of 20 single nucleotide polymorphisms of 13 genes to dyslipidemia associated with antiretroviral therapy. Pharmacogenet Genomics 2007;17:755-64
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colhoun HM, McKeigue PM, Davey SG. Problems of reporting genetic associations with complex outcomes. Lancet 2003;361:865-72
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freimer NB, Sabatti C. Guidelines for association studies in Human Molecular Genetics. Hum Mol Genet 2005;14:2481-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cote H, Brumme ZL, Craib KJ, Changes in mitochondrial DNA as a marker of nucleoside toxicity in HIV-infected patients. N Engl J Med 2002;346:811-20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shikuma CM, Hu N, Milne C, Mitochondrial DNA decrease in subcutaneous adipose tissue of HIV-infected individuals with peripheral lipoatrophy. AIDS 2001;15:1801-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nolan D, Hammond E, Martin A, Mitochondrial DNA depletion and morphologic changes in adipocytes associated with nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor therapy. AIDS 2003;17:1329-38
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McComsey GA, Libutti DE, O'Riordan M, Mitochondrial RNA and DNA alterations in HIV lipoatrophy are linked to antiretroviral therapy and not to HIV infection. Antivir Ther 2008;13:715-22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker UA, Bickel M, Lutke-Volksbeck SI, Evidence of nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitor-associated genetic and structural defects of mitochondria in adipose tissue of HIV-infected patients. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2002;29:117-21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Mendoza C, Sanchez-Conde M, Ribera E, Could be mitochondrial DNA quantitation a surrogate marker for drug mitochondrial toxicity. AIDS Rev 2004;6:169-80
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim MJ, Jardel C, Barthelemy C, Mitochondrial DNA content, an inaccurate biomarker of mitochondrial alteration in human immunodeficiency virus related lipodystrophy. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2008;52:1670-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McComsey G, Tan DJ, Lederman M, Analysis of mitochondrial DNA genome in the peripheral blood leukocytes of HIV-infected patients with or without lipoatrophy. AIDS 2002;16:513-18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin AM, Hammond E, Nolan D, Accumulation of mitochondrial mutations in human immunodeficientcy virus-infected patients treated with nucleoside-analogue reverse-transcriptase inhibitors. Am J Hum Genet 2003;72:549-60
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ortiz M, Poloni ES, Furrer H, No longitudinal mitochondrial DNA sequence changes in HIV-infected individuals with and without lipoatrophy. J Infect Dis 2011;201:620-4
   Google Scholar
• Nasi M, Guaraldi G, Orlando G, Mitochondrial DNA haplogroups and highly active antiretroviral therapy-related lipodystrophy. Clin Infect Dis 2008;47:962-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hulgan T, Tebas P, Canter JA, Hemochromatosis gene polymorphisms, mitochondrial haplogroups, and peripheral lipoatrophy during antiretroviral therapy. J Infect Dis 2008;197:858-66
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hendrikson SL, Kingsley LA, Ruiz-Pesini E, Mitochondrial DNA haplogroups influence lipoatrophy after highly active antiretroviral therapy. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2009;51:111-16
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hulgan T, Haubrich R, Riddler S, European mitochondrial DNA haplogroups and metabolic changes dring antiretroviral therapy in AIDS Clinical Trials Group Study A5142. AIDS 2011;25:37-47
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiappini F, Teicher E, Saffroy R, Relationship between polymerase gamma (POLG) polymorphisms and antiretroviral therapy-induced lipodystrophy in HIV-1 infected patients: a case-control study. Curr HIV Res 2009;7:244-53
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cawthorn WP, Sethi JK. TNF-alpha and adipocyte biology. FEBS Lett 2008;582:117-31
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Domingo P, Vidal F, Domingo JC, Tumor necrosis factor alpha in fat redistribution syndromes associated with combination antiretroviral therapy in HIV-1-infected patients: potential role in subcutaneous adipocyte apoptosis. Eur J Clin Invest 2005;35:771-80
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ledru E, Christeff N, Patey O, Alteration of tumor necrosis factor-alpha T-cell homeostasis following potent antiretroviral therapy: contribution to the development of human immunodeficiency virus-associated lipodystrophy syndrome. Blood 2000;95:3191-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson JA, Albu JB, Engelson ES, Increased systemic and adipose tissue cytokines in patients with HIV-associated lipodystrophy. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2004;286:E261-71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindegaard B, Eg Hansen AB, Gerstoft J, Pedersen BK. High plasma level of interleukin-18 in HIV-infected subjects with lipodystrophy. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2004;36:588-93
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kishimoto T. Interleukin-6: discovery of a pleiotropic cytokine. Arthritis Res Ther 2006;8(Suppl 2):S2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• He G, Andersen O, Haugaard SB, Plasminogen activator inhibitor type I (PAI-I) in plasma and adipose tissue in HIV-associated lipodystrophy syndrome. Implications of adipokines. Eur J Clin Invest 2005;35:583-90
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones SP, Qazi N, Morelese J, Assessment of adipokine expression and mitochondrial toxicity in HIV patients with lipoatrophy on stavudine- and zidovudine-containing regimens. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2005;40:565-72
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vigouroux C, Maachi C, Nguyen TH, Serum adipocytokines are related to lipodystrophy and metabolic disorders in HIV-infected men under antiretroviral therapy. AIDS 2003;17:1503-11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kannisto K, Sutinen J, Korsheninnikova E, Expression of adipogenic transcription factors, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma co-activator 1, IL-6 and CD45 in subcutaneous adipose tissue in lipodystrophy associated with highly active antiretroviral therapy. AIDS 2003;17:1753-62
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huising MO, Stet RJM, Savelkoul HFJ, Verburg-van Kemenade BML. The molecular evolution of the interleukin-1 family of cytokines; IL-18 in telest fish. Dev Comp Immunol 2004;28:395-413
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindegaard B, Eg Hansen AB, Pilegaard H, Adipose tissue expression of IL-18 and HIV-associated lipodystrophy. AIDS 2004;18:1956-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iannello A, Samarani S, Debbeche O, Potential role of IL-18 in the immunopathogenesis of AIDS, HIV-associated lipodystrophy and related clinical conditions. Curr HIV Res 2010;8:147-64
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maher B, Alfirevic A, Vilar FJ, TNF-alpha promoter region gene polymorphisms in HIV-positive patients with lipodystrophy. AIDS 2002;16:2013-18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tarr PE, Taffe P, Bleiber G, Modeling the influence of APOC3, APOE and TNF polymorphisms on the risk of antiretroviral therapy-associated lipid disorders. J Infect Dis 2005;191:1419-26
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asensi V, Rego C, Montes AH, IL-1beta (+3954C/T) polymorphism could protect HIV-infected patients on HAART against the lipodystrophic syndrome. Genet Med 2008;10:215-23
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nolan D, Moore C, Castley A, Tumour necrosis factor-alpha gene -238G/A promoter polymorphism associated with a more rapid onset of lipodystrophy. AIDS 2003;17:121-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Veloso S, Olona M, Peraire J, No relationship between TNF-alpha genetic variants and combination antiretroviral therapy-related lipodystrophy syndrome in HIV type 1-infected patients: a case-control study and a meta-analysis. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2011;27:143-52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saumoy M, Lopez-Dupla M, Veloso S, A study of the IL-6 system in HIV-1-infected patients with combination antiretroviral therapy-related fat redistribution syndromes. AIDS 2008;22:893-6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Castelar L, Silva MM, Castell EC, Interleukin-18 and interferon-gamma polymorphisms in Brazilian human immunodeficiency virus-1-infected patients presenting with lipodystrophy syndrome. Tissue Antigens 2010;76:126-30
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lago F, Gomez R, Gomez-Reino JJ, Adipokines as novel modulators of lipid metabolism. Trends Biochem Sci 2009;34:500-11
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kelesidis T, Kelesidis I, Chou S, Mantzoros CS. Narrative review: the role of leptin in human physiology: clinical applications. Ann Intern Med 2010;152:93-100
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nishida M, Funahashi T, Shimomura I. Pathophysiological significance of adiponectin. Med Mol Morphol 2007;40:55-67
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steppan CM, Lazar MA. The current biology of resistin. J Intern Med 2005;255:439-47
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sweeney LL, Brennan AM, Mantzoros CS. The role of adipokines in relation to HIV lipodystrophy. AIDS 2007;21:895-904
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steppan CM, Bailey ST, Bhat S, The hormone resistin links obesity to diabetes. Nature 2001;409:307-12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ranade K, Geese WJ, Noor M, Genetic analysis implicates resistin in HIV lipodystrophy. AIDS 2008;22:1561-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Escote X, Miranda M, Veloso S, Lypodystrophy and insulin resistance in HIV-1-infected patients treated with antiretroviral drugs: implication of resistin. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2011;57:16-23
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trinca JR, Sprinz E, Lazzaretti RK, SNPs in the APM1 gene promoter are associated with adiponectin levels in HIV-infected individuals receiving HAART. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2010;55:299-305
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garg A. Acquired and inherited lipodystrophies. N Engl J Med 2004;350:1220-34
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunnigan MG, Cochrane MA, Kelly A, Scott JW. Familial lipoatrophic diabetes with dominant transmission: a new syndrome. Q J Med 1974;43:33-48
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Garg A, Peshock RM, Fleckenstein JL. Adipose tissue distribution pattern in patients with familial partial lipodystrophy (Dunnigan variety). J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999;84:170-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chawla A, Schwarz EJ, Dimaculangan DD, Lazar MA. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) gamma: adipose-predominant expression and induction early in adipocyte differentiation. Endocrinology 1994;135:798-800
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chavey C, Mari B, Monthouel MN, Matrix metalloproteinases are differentially expressed in adipose tissue during obesity and modulate adipocyte differentiation. J Biol Chem 2003;278:11888-96
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Araujo-Vilar D, Lattanzi G, Gonzalez-Mendez B, Site-dependent differences in both prelamin A and adipogenic genes in subcutaneous adipose tissue of patients with type 2 familial partial lipodystrophy. J Med Genet 2009;46:40-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonnet E, Bernard J, Fauvel J, Association of APOC3 polymorphisms with both dyslipemia and lipoatrophy in HAART-receiving patients. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2008;24:169-71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vonkelman HE, Napel CHH, Oeveren-Dybicz AM, Vermes I. Beta3-adrenergic receptor polymorphism and the antiretroviral therapy-related lipodystrophy. AIDS 2000;14:1463-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shackleton S, Lloyd DJ, Jackson SN, LMNA, encoding lamin A/C, is mutated in partial lipodystrophy. Nat Genet 2000;24:153-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lloyd DJ, Trembath RC, Shackleton S. A novel interaction between lamin A and SREBP1: implications for partial lipodystrophy and other laminopathies. Hum Mol Genet 2002;11:769-77
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miranda M, Chacon MR, Vidal F, LMNA messenger RNA expression in highly active antiretroviral therapy-treated HIV-positive patients. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2007;46:384-9
   Google Scholar
• Caron M, Auclair M, Sterlingot H, Some HIV protease inhibitors alter lamin A/C maduration and stability, SREBP-1 nuclear localization and adipocyte differentiation. AIDS 2003;17:2437-44
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Behrens GM, Lloyd D, Schmidt HH, Lessons from lipdystrophy: LMNA, encoding lamin A/C in HIV therapy-associated lipodystrophy. AIDS 2000;14:1854-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Domingo P, Baiget M, Arroyo JA, Absence of mutations in exon 8 of the LMNA gene in combination antiretroviral therapy-associated partial lipodystrophy. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2002;30:457-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Behrens GM, Genschel J, Schmidt RE, Schmidt HH. Lack of mutations in LMNA, its promoter region, and in the cellular retinoic acid binding protein II (CRABP II) in HIV associated lipodystrophy. Eur J Med Res 2003;30:221-5
   Google Scholar
• Ahmed W, Ziouzenkova O, Brown J, PPARs and their metabolic modulation: new mechanisms for transcriptional regulation? J Intern Med 2007;262:184-98
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agostini M, Schoenmakers E, Mitchell C, Non-DNA binding, dominant-negative, human PPARgamma mutations cause lipodystrophic insulin resistance. Cell Metab 2006;4:303-11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saumoy M, Veloso S, Alonso-Villaverde C, PPARgamma Pro12Ala polymorphism in HIV-1-infected patients with HAART-related lipodystrophy. Curr HIV Res 2009;7:533-40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zanone Poma B, Riva A, Nasi M, Genetic polymorphisms differently influencing the emergence of atrophy and fat accumulation in HIV-related lipodystrophy. AIDS 2008;22:1769-78
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montes AH, Valle-Garay E, Suarez-Zarracina T, The MMP1 (-16071G/2G) single nucleotide polymorphism associates with the HAART-related lipodystrophic syndrome. AIDS 2010;24:2499-506
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pushpakom SP, Owen A, Vilar FJ, Adipogenic gene variants in patients with HIV-associated lipodystrophy. Pharmacogenet Genomics 2011;21:76-83
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saves M, Raffi F, Capeau J, Factors related to lipodystrophy and metabolic alterations in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy. Clin Infect Dis 2002;34:1396-405
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nolan D, Hammond E, James I, Contribution of nucleoside-analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitor therapy to lipoatrophy from the population to the cellular level. Antivir Ther 2003;8:617-26
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Domingo P, Cabeza MC, Pruvost A, Association of thymidylate synthase gene polymorphisms with Stavudine triphosphate intracellular levels and lipodystrophy. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2011;55:1428-35
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wangsomboonsiri W, Mahasirimongkol S, Chantarangsu S, Association between HLA-B*4001 and lipodystrophy among HIV-infected patients from Thailand who received a stavudine-containing antiretroviral regimen. Clin Infect Dis 2010;50:597-604
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parra S, Marsillach J, Aragones G, Association of Paraoxonase-1 gene haplotypes with the immunologic outcome and the metabolic disturbances and atherosclerosis in HIV-infected patients. J Infect Dis 2010;201:627-34
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kallianpur AR, Hulgan T, Canter JA, Hemochromatosis (HFE) gene mutations and peripheral neuropathy during antiretroviral therapy. AIDS 2006;20:1503-13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Torre D, Pugliese A, Speranza F. Role of nitric oxide in HIV-1 infection: friend or foe? Lancet Infect Dis 2002;2:273-80
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacMicking JD, North RJ, la Course R, Identification of nitric oxide synthase as a protective locus against tuberculosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1997;94:5243-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asensi V, Montes AH, Valle E, The NOS3 (27bp repeat, intron 4) polymorphism is associated with susceptibility to osteomyelitis. Nitric Oxide 2007;16:44-53
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carty M, Bowie AG. Recent insights into the role of Toll-like receptors in viral infection. Clin Exp Immunol 2010;161:397-406
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bafica A, Scanga CA, Schito M, Influence of coinfecting pathogens on HIV expression: evidence for a role of Toll-like receptors. J Immunol 2004;172:7229-34
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bochud PY, Hersberger M, Taffe P, Polymorphism in Toll-like receptor 9 influences the clinical course of HIV.1 infection. AIDS 2007;10:441-6
   Google Scholar
• Lorenz F, Mira JP, Kornish KL, A novel polymorphism in the Toll-like receptor 2 gene and its potential association with staphylococcal infection. Infect Immun 2002;68:6398-401
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lorenz F, Mira JP, Frees KL, Schwartz DA. Relevance of mutations in the TLR receptor in patients with Gram-negative septic shock. Arch Intern Med 2002;162:1028-32
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montes AH, Asensi V, Alvarez V, The Toll-like receptor 4 (Asp299Gly) polymorphism is a risk factor for Gram-negative and hematogenous osteomyelitis. Clin Exp Immunol 2006;143:404-13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Konner AC, Bruning JC. Toll-like receptors: linking inflammation to metabolism. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2011;22:16-23
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar