Fluoroquinolone disposition: identification of the contribution of renal secretory and reabsorptive drug transporters

Bibliography

• Scholar E. Fluoroquinolones: past, present and future of a novel group of antibacterial agents. Am J Pharm Educ 2002;66(2):164-71
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ball P. Quinolone generations: natural history or natural selection? J Antimicrob Chemother 2000;46(Suppl 3):17-24
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lipsky BA, Baker CA. Fluoroquinolone toxicity profiles: a review focusing on newer agents. Clin Infect Dis 1999;28(2):352-64
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hooper DC. New uses for new and old quinolones and the challenge of resistance. Clin Infect Dis 2000;30(2):243-54
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oliphant CM, Green GM. Quinolones: a comprehensive review. Am Fam Physician 2002;65(3):455-65
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mandell L, Tillotson G. Safety of fluoroquinolones: an update. Can J Infect Dis 2002;13(1):54-61
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sprandel KA, Rodvold KA. Safety and tolerability of fluoroquinolones. Clin Cornerstone 2003;5(Suppl 3):S29-36
   Google Scholar
• Stahlmann R. Clinical toxicological aspects of fluoroquinolones. Toxicol Lett 2002;127(1-3):269-77
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stahlmann R, Lode H. Fluoroquinolones in the elderly: safety considerations. Drugs Aging 2003;20(4):289-302
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norrby SR, Lietman PS. Safety and tolerability of fluoroquinolones. Drugs 1993;45(Suppl 3):59-64
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ball P. Quinolone-induced QT interval prolongation: a not-so-unexpected class effect. J Antimicrob Chemother 2000;45(5):557-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khaliq Y, Zhanel GG. Fluoroquinolone-associated tendinopathy: a critical review of the literature. Clin Infect Dis 2003;36(11):1404-10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zlotos G, Buucker A, Kinzig Schippers M, Plasma protein binding of gyrase inhibitors. J Pharm Sci 1998;87(2):215-20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoffken G, Lode H, Prinzing C, Pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin after oral and parenteral administration. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1985;27(3):375-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stuck AE, Frey FJ, Heizmann P, Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of intravenous and oral fleroxacin in subjects with normal and impaired renal function and in patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1989;33(3):373-81
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siefert HM, Domdey-Bette A, Henninger K, Pharmacokinetics of the 8-methoxyquinolone, moxifloxacin: a comparison in humans and other mammalian species. J Antimicrob Chemother 1999;43(Suppl B):69-76
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dudley MN. Quinolone antimicrobial agents. In: David C, Hooper ER, editors. Pharmacokinetics of Fluoroquinolones. 3rd edition. American Society of Microbiology (ASM) Press, Washington, DC; 2003. p. 115-32
   Google Scholar
• Shimada J, Nogita T, Ishibashi Y. Clinical pharmacokinetics of sparfloxacin. Clin Pharmacokinet 1993;25(5):358-69
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stass H, Sachse R. Effect of probenecid on the kinetics of a single oral 400 mg dose of moxifloxacin in healthy male volunteers. Clin Pharmacokinet 2001;40(Suppl 1):71-6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fish D, Chow A. The clinical pharmacokinetics of levofloxacin. Clin Pharmacokinet 1997;32(2):101
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shiba K, Saito A, Shimada J, Renal handling of fleroxacin in rabbits, dogs, and humans. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1990;34(1):58
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stein GE. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of newer fluoroquinolones. Clin Infect Dis 1996;23(Suppl 1):S19-24
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bergogne-Berezin E. Clinical role of protein binding of quinolones. Clin Pharmacokinet 2002;41(10):741-50
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones RN. Microbiology of newer fluoroquinolones: focus on respiratory pathogens. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2002;44(3):213-20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hsieh WJ, Lin HC, Hwang SJ, The effect of ciprofloxacin in the prevention of bacterial infection in patients with cirrhosis after upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Am J Gastroenterol 1998;93(6):962-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sorgel F, Kinzig M. Pharmacokinetics of gyrase inhibitors, Part 1: basic chemistry and gastrointestinal disposition. Am J Med 1993;94(3A):44S-55S
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sorgel F, Jaehde U, Naber KG, Stephan U. Pharmacokinetic disposition of quinolones in human body fluids and tissues. Clin Pharmacokinet 1989;16(Suppl 1):5-24
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gasem MH, Keuter M, Dolmans WM, Persistence of Salmonellae in blood and bone marrow: randomized controlled trial comparing ciprofloxacin and chloramphenicol treatments against enteric fever. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2003;47(5):1727-31
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gogos CA, Maraziotis TG, Papadakis N, Penetration of ciprofloxacin into human cerebrospinal fluid in patients with inflamed and non-inflamed meninges. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1991;10(6):511-14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hooper DC. Mechanisms of action of antimicrobials: focus on fluoroquinolones. Clin Infect Dis 2001;32(Suppl 1):S9-S15
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neu HC. Quinolone antimicrobial agents. Annu Rev Med 1992;43:465-86
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alvarez AI, Perez M, Prieto JG, Fluoroquinolone efflux mediated by ABC transporters. J Pharm Sci 2008;97(9):3483-93
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sweet DH. Renal organic cation and anion transport: from physiology to genes. In: McQueen CA, editor. Comprehensive Toxicology. Volume 7 2nd edition. Elsevier Ltd, Oxford, UK; 2010; p. 23-53
   Google Scholar
• VanWert AL, Gionfriddo MR, Sweet DH. Organic anion transporters: discovery, pharmacology, regulation and roles in pathophysiology. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2010;31(1):1-71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hooper DC, Wolfson JS. Fluoroquinolone antimicrobial agents. N Engl J Med 1991;324(6):384-94
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Senggunprai L, Yoshinari K, Yamazoe Y. Selective role of sulfotransferase 2A1 (SULT2A1) in the N-sulfoconjugation of quinolone drugs in humans. Drug Metab Dispos 2009;37(8):1711-17
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sorgel F, Naber KG, Jaehde U, Gastrointestinal secretion of ciprofloxacin. Evaluation of the charcoal model for investigations in healthy volunteers. Am J Med 1989;87(5A):62S-5S
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sorgel F, Naber KG, Kinzig M, Comparative pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin and temafloxacin in humans: a review. Am J Med 1991;91(6):S51-66
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Griffiths NM, Hirst BH, Simmons NL. Active intestinal secretion of the fluoroquinolone antibacterials ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin and pefloxacin; a common secretory pathway? J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1994;269(2):496-502
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubinstein E, Dautrey S, Farinoti R, Intestinal elimination of sparfloxacin, fleroxacin, and ciprofloxacin in rats. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1995;39(1):99
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rabbaa L, Dautrey S, Colas-Linhart N, Intestinal elimination of ofloxacin enantiomers in the rat: evidence of a carrier-mediated process. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1996;40(9):2126-30
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamaguchi H, Yano I, Hashimoto Y, Inui KI. Secretory mechanisms of grepafloxacin and levofloxacin in the human intestinal cell line Caco-2. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2000;295(1):360-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cormet-Boyaka E, Huneau JF, Mordrelle A, Secretion of sparfloxacin from the human intestinal Caco-2 cell line is altered by P-glycoprotein inhibitors. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1998;42(10):2607-11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Masago M, Takaai M, Sakata J, Membrane transport mechanisms of quinidine and procainamide in renal LLC-PK1 and intestinal LS180 cells. Biol Pharm Bull 2010;33(8):1407-12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koepsell H, Lips K, Volk C. Polyspecific organic cation transporters: structure, function, physiological roles, and biopharmaceutical implications. Pharm Res 2007;24(7):1227-51
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hasannejad H, Takeda M, Narikawa S, Human organic cation transporter 3 mediates the transport of antiarrhythmic drugs. Eur J Pharmacol 2004;499(1-2):45-51
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanihara Y, Masuda S, Sato T, Substrate specificity of MATE1 and MATE2-K, human multidrug and toxin extrusions/H+-organic cation antiporters. Biochem Pharmacol 2007;74(2):359-71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sorgel F, Kinzig M. Pharmacokinetics of gyrase inhibitors, Part 2: renal and hepatic elimination pathways and drug interactions. Am J Med 1993;94(3A):56S-69S
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Misiak PM, Eldon MA, Toothaker RD, Sedman AJ. Effects of oral cimetidine or ranitidine on the pharmacokinetics of intravenous enoxacin. J Clin Pharmacol 1993;33(1):53-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allen A, Bird N, Dixon R, Effect of cimetidine on the pharmacokinetics of oral gemifloxacin in healthy volunteers. Clin Drug Invest 2001;21(7):519-26
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sorgel F, Granneman GR, Stephan U, Locke C. Effect of cimetidine on the pharmacokinetics of temafloxacin. Clin Pharmacokinet 1992;22(Suppl 1):75-82
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Martin DE, Shen J, Griener J, Effects of ofloxacin on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of procainamide. J Clin Pharmacol 1996;36(1):85-91
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bauer LA, Black DJ, Lill JS, Levofloxacin and ciprofloxacin decrease procainamide and N-acetylprocainamide renal clearances. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2005;49(4):1649-51
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakashima M, Uematsu T, Kosuge K, Single-and multiple-dose pharmacokinetics of AM-1155, a new 6-fluoro-8-methoxy quinolone, in humans. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1995;39(12):2635
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jaehde U, Sorgel F, Reiter A, Effect of probenecid on the distribution and elimination of ciprofloxacin in humans. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1995;58(5):532-41
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Landersdorfer CB, Kirkpatrick CMJ, Kinzig M, Competitive inhibition of renal tubular secretion of ciprofloxacin and metabolite by probenecid. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2010;69(2):167-78
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiles J, Bradbury B, Pucci M. New quinolone antibiotics: a survey of the literature from 2005 to 2010. Expert Opin Ther Patents 2010;20(10):1295-319
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shimada J, Yamaji T, Ueda Y, Mechanism of renal excretion of AM-715, a new quinolonecarboxylic acid derivative, in rabbits, dogs, and humans. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1983;23(1):1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaitonde M, Mendes P, House ESA, Lehr KH. The effects of cimetidine and probenecid on the pharmacokinetics of levofloxacin. Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy; San Francisco; 1995
   Google Scholar
• Wijnands W, Vree T, Baars A, Van Herwaarden C. Pharmacokinetics of enoxacin and its penetration into bronchial secretions and lung tissue. J Antimicrob Chemother 1988;21(Suppl B):67-77
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Foote EF, Halstenson CE. Effects of probenecid and cimetidine on renal disposition of ofloxacin in rats. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1998;42(2):456-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ohtomo T, Saito H, Inotsume N, Transport of levofloxacin in a kidney epithelial cell line, LLC-PK1: interaction with organic cation transporters in apical and basolateral membranes. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1996;276(3):1143-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matsuo Y, Yano I, Habu Y, Transport of levofloxacin in the OK kidney epithelial cell line: interaction with p-Aminohippurate transport. Pharm Res 2001;18(5):573-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vasiliou V, Vasiliou K, Nebert DW. Human ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter family. Hum Genomics 2009;3(3):281-90
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schinkel AH, Jonker JW. Mammalian drug efflux transporters of the ATP binding cassette (ABC) family: an overview. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2003;55(1):3-29
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evers R, Zaman GJ, van Deemter L, Basolateral localization and export activity of the human multidrug resistance-associated protein in polarized pig kidney cells. J Clin Invest 1996;97(5):1211-18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim W-J, Kakehi Y, Kinoshita H, Expression patterns of multidrug-resistance (MDR1), multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP), glutathione-S-transferase-pi (GST-pi) and DNA topoisomerase II (TOPO II) genes in renal cell carcinomas and normal kidney. J Urol 1996;156(2):506-11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Terashi K, Oka M, Soda H, Interactions of ofloxacin and erythromycin with the multidrug resistance protein (MRP) in MRP-overexpressing human leukemia cells. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2000;44(6):1697-700
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sasabe H, Kato Y, Suzuki T, Differential involvement of multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 and P-glycoprotein in tissue distribution and excretion of grepafloxacin in mice. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2004;310(2):648-55
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thiebaut F, Tsuruo T, Hamada H, Cellular localization of the multidrug-resistance gene product P-glycoprotein in normal human tissues. Proc Natl Acad Sci 1987;84(21):7735-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Lange ECM, Marchand S, van den Berg D-J, In vitro and in vivo investigations on fluoroquinolones; effects of the P-glycoprotein efflux transporter on brain distribution of sparfloxacin. Eur J Pharm Sci 2000;12(2):85-93
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ito T, Yano I, Tanaka K, Inui K. Transport of quinolone antibacterial drugs by human p-glycoprotein expressed in a kidney epithelial cell line, LLC-PK1. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1997;282(2):955-60
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naruhashi K, Tamai I, Inoue N, Active intestinal secretion of new quinolone antimicrobials and the partial contribution of P-glycoprotein. J Pharm Pharmacol 2001;53(5):699-709
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huls M, Brown C, Windass A, The breast cancer resistance protein transporter ABCG2 is expressed in the human kidney proximal tubule apical membrane. Kidney Int 2007;73(2):220-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ando T, Kusuhara H, Merino G, Involvement of breast cancer resistance protein (ABCG2) in the biliary excretion mechanism of fluoroquinolones. Drug Metab Dispos 2007;35(10):1873-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merino G, Alvarez AI, Pulido MM, Breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP/ABCG2) transports fluoroquinolone antibiotics and affects their oral availability, pharmacokinetics, and milk secretion. Drug Metab Dispos 2006;34(4):690-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schaub TP, Kartenbeck J, Konig J, Expression of the MRP2 gene-encoded conjugate export pump in human kidney proximal tubules and in renal cell carcinoma. J Am Soc Nephrol 1999;10(6):1159-69
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Aubel RAMH, Smeets PHE, Peters JGP, The MRP4/ABCC4 gene encodes a novel apical organic anion transporter in human kidney proximal tubules: putative efflux pump for urinary cAMP and cGMP. J Am Soc Nephrol 2002;13(3):595-603
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sasabe H, Tsuji A, Sugiyama Y. Carrier-mediated mechanism for the biliary excretion of the quinolone antibiotic grepafloxacin and its glucuronide in rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1998;284(3):1033-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• He L, Vasiliou K, Nebert DW. Analysis and update of the human solute carrier (SLC) gene superfamily. Hum Genomics 2009;3(2):195-206
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sweet DH. Organic anion transporter (Slc22a) family members as mediators of toxicity. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2005;204(3):198-215
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wright S, Dantzler W. Molecular and cellular physiology of renal organic cation and anion transport. Physiol Rev 2004;84(3):987-1049
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Terada T, Masuda S, Asaka J, Molecular cloning, functional characterization and tissue distribution of rat H+/organic cation antiporter MATE1. Pharm Res 2006;23(8):1696-701
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sweet DH, Pritchard JB. rOCT2 is a basolateral potential-driven carrier, not an organic cation/proton exchanger. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 1999;277(6):F890-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sweet DH, Miller DS, Pritchard JB. Basolateral localization of organic cation transporter 2 in intact renal proximal tubules. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2000;279(5):F826-34
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Motohashi H, Sakurai Y, Saito H, Gene expression levels and immunolocalization of organic ion transporters in the human kidney. J Am Soc Nephrol 2002;13(4):866-74
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okuda M, Kimura N, Inui K. Interactions of fluoroquinolone antibacterials, DX-619 and levofloxacin, with creatinine transport by renal organic cation transporter hOCT2. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2006;21(5):432-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Imamura Y, Murayama N, Okudaira N, Prediction of fluoroquinolone-induced elevation in serum creatinine levels: a case of drug–endogenous substance interaction involving the inhibition of renal secretion. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2010;89(1):81-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kekuda R, Prasad PD, Wu X, Cloning and functional characterization of a potential-sensitive, polyspecific organic cation transporter (OCT3) most abundantly expressed in placenta. J Biol Chem 1998;273(26):15971-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sweet DH, Chan LMS, Walden R, Organic anion transporter 3 (Slc22a8) is a dicarboxylate exchanger indirectly coupled to the Na+ gradient. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2003;284(4):F763-F9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sweet DH, Miller DS, Pritchard JB, Impaired organic anion transport in kidney and choroid plexus of organic anion transporter 3 (Oat3 (Slc22a8)) knockout mice. J Biol Chem 2002;277(30):26934-43
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sweet DH, Wolff NA, Pritchard JB. Expression cloning and characterization of ROAT1. J Biol Chem 1997;272(48):30088-95
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cihlar T, Lin DC, Pritchard JB, The antiviral nucleotide analogs cidofovir and adefovir are novel substrates for human and rat renal organic anion transporter 1. Mol Pharm 1999;56(3):570-80
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sweet DH, Pritchard J. The molecular biology of renal organic anion and organic cation transporters. Cell Biochem Biophys 1999;31(1):89-118
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VanWert AL, Srimaroeng C, Sweet DH. Organic anion transporter 3 (Oat3/Slc22a8) interacts with carboxyfluoroquinolones, and deletion increases systemic exposure to ciprofloxacin. Mol Pharm 2008;74(1):122-32
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maeda T, Takahashi K, Ohtsu N, Identification of influx transporter for the quinolone antibacterial agent levofloxacin. Mol Pharm 2006;4(1):85-94
   Google Scholar
• Yabuuchi H, Tamai I, Nezu J, Novel membrane transporter OCTN1 mediates multispecific, bidirectional, and pH-dependent transport of organic cations. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1999;289(2):768-73
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tamai I, Nakanishi T, Kobayashi D, Involvement of OCTN1 (SLC22A4) in pH-dependent transport of organic cations. Mol Pharm 2003;1(1):57-66
   Google Scholar
• Wu X, Huang W, Prasad PD, Functional characteristics and tissue distribution pattern of organic cation transporter 2 (OCTN2), an organic cation/carnitine transporter. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1999;290(3):1482-92
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirano T, Yasuda S, Osaka Y, Mechanism of the inhibitory effect of zwitterionic drugs (levofloxacin and grepafloxacin) on carnitine transporter (OCTN2) in Caco-2 cells. Biochim Biophys Acta 2006;1758(11):1743-50
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ekaratanawong S, Anzai N, Jutabha P, Human organic anion transporter 4 is a renal apical organic anion/dicarboxylate exchanger in the proximal tubules. J Pharmacol Sci 2004;94(3):297-304
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cha SH, Sekine T, Kusuhara H, Molecular cloning and characterization of multispecific organic anion transporter 4 expressed in the placenta. J Biol Chem 2000;275(6):4507-12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hagos Y, Stein D, Ugele B, Human renal organic anion transporter 4 operates as an asymmetric urate transporter. J Am Soc Nephrol 2007;18(2):430-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Enomoto A, Kimura H, Chairoungdua A, Molecular identification of a renal urate-anion exchanger that regulates blood urate levels. Nature 2002;417(6887):447-52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown MH, Paulsen IT, Skurray RA. The multidrug efflux protein NorM is a prototype of a new family of transporters. Mol Microbiol 1999;31(1):394-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Otsuka M, Matsumoto T, Morimoto R, A human transporter protein that mediates the final excretion step for toxic organic cations. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2005;102(50):17923-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ohta K, Imamura Y, Okudaira N, Functional characterization of multidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1 as a facilitative transporter for fluoroquinolones. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2009;328(2):628-34
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Masuda S, Terada T, Yonezawa A, Identification and functional characterization of a new human kidney-specific H+/organic cation antiporter, kidney-specific multidrug and toxin extrusion-2. J Am Soc Nephrol 2006;17(8):2127-35
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lettieri JT, Rogge MC, Kaiser L, Pharmacokinetic profiles of ciprofloxacin after single intravenous and oral doses. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1992;36(5):993-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis RL, Koup JR, Williams-Warren J, Pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin in cystic fibrosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1987;31(6):915-19
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gasser TC, Ebert SC, Graversen PH, Madsen PO. Ciprofloxacin pharmacokinetics in patients with normal and impaired renal function. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1987;31(5):709-12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okazaki O, Kojima C, Hakusui H, Nakashima M. Enantioselective disposition of ofloxacin in humans. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1991;35(10):2106-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lode H, Hoffken G, Olschewski P, Pharmacokinetics of ofloxacin after parenteral and oral administration. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1987;31(9):1338-42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gajjar D, LaCreta F, Uderman H, A dose-escalation study of the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of intravenous gatifloxacin in healthy adult men. Pharmacother 2000;20(6 Part 2):49S-58S
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stass H, Kubitza D. Pharmacokinetics and elimination of moxifloxacin after oral and intravenous administration in man. J Antimicrob Chemother 1999;43(Suppl B):83-90
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stass H, Kubitza D, Moller J, Delesen H. Influence of activated charcoal on the pharmacokinetics of moxifloxacin following intravenous and oral administration of a 400 mg single dose to healthy males. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2005;59(5):536-41
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stone JW, Andrews JM, Ashby JP, Pharmacokinetics and tissue penetration of orally administered lomefloxacin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1988;32(10):1508-10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gros I, Carbon C. Pharmacokinetics of lomefloxacin in healthy volunteers: comparison of 400 milligrams once daily and 200 milligrams twice daily given orally for 5 days. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1990;34(1):150-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wise R, Andrews JM, Ashby JP, Matthews RS. In vitro activity of lomefloxacin, a new quinolone antimicrobial agent, in comparison with those of other agents. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1988;32(5):617-22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chien SC, Rogge MC, Gisclon LG, Pharmacokinetic profile of levofloxacin following once-daily 500- milligram oral or intravenous doses. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1997;41(10):2256-60
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chow AT, Fowler C, Williams RR, Safety and pharmacokinetics of multiple 750-milligram doses of Intravenous levofloxacin in healthy volunteers. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2001;45(7):2122-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weidekamm E, Portmann R, Suter K, Single-and multiple-dose pharmacokinetics of fleroxacin, a trifluorinated quinolone, in humans. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1987;31(12):1909-14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vincent J, Venitz J, Teng R, Pharmacokinetics and safety of trovafloxacin in healthy male volunteers following administration of single intravenous doses of the prodrug, alatrofloxacin. J Antimicrob Chemother 1997;39(Suppl B):75-80
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Teng R, Liston T, Harris S. Multiple-dose pharmacokinetics and safety of trovafloxacin in healthy volunteers. J Antimicrob Chemother 1996;37(5):955-63
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allen A, Bygate E, Oliver S, Pharmacokinetics and tolerability of gemifloxacin (SB-265805) after administration of single oral doses to healthy volunteers. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2000;44(6):1604-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cook JA, Silverman MH, Schelling DJ, Multiple-dose pharmacokinetics and safety of oral amifloxacin in healthy volunteers. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1990;34(6):974-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Granneman G, Carpentier P, Morrison P, Pernet A. Pharmacokinetics of temafloxacin in humans after multiple oral doses. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1992;36(2):378-86
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Granneman GR, Braeckman R, Kraut J, Temafloxacin pharmacokinetics in subjects with normal and impaired renal function. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1991;35(11):2345-51
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Efthymiopoulos C, Bramer SL, Maroli A. Pharmacokinetics of grepafloxacin after oral administration of single and repeat doses in healthy young males. Clin Pharmacokinet 1997;33(Suppl 1):1-8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kisicki J, Griess R, Ott C, Multiple-dose pharmacokinetics and safety of rufloxacin in normal volunteers. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1992;36(6):1296-301
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montay G. Pharmacokinetics of sparfloxacin in healthy volunteers and patients: a review. J Antimicrob Chemother 1996;37(Suppl A):27-39
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zix J, Geerdes-Fenge H, Rau M, Pharmacokinetics of sparfloxacin and interaction with cisapride and sucralfate. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1997;41(8):1668-78
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar