Pharmacokinetic considerations for antithrombotic therapies in stroke

Bibliography

• Lopez AD, Mathers CD, Ezzati M, et al. Global and regional burden of disease and risk factors, 2001: systematic analysis of population health data. Lancet 2006;367:1747-57
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feigin VL, Lawes CM, Bennet DA, Anderson CS. Stroke epidemiology: a review of population- based studies of incidence, prevalence, and case- fatality in the late 20th century. Lancet Neurol 2003;2:43-53
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siddique A, Butt M, Shantsila E, Lip GY. New antiplatelet drugs: beyond aspirin and clopidogrel. Int J Clin Pract 2009;63:776-89
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Brien JR. Effects of salicylates on human platelets. Lancet 1968;1:779-83
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Korte W, Cattaneo M, Chassot PG, et al. Peri-operative management of antiplatelet therapy in patients with coronary artery disease: joint position paper by members of the working group on Perioperative Haemostasis of the Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis Research (GTH), the working group on Perioperative Coagulation of the Austrian Society for Anesthesiology, Resuscitation and Intensive Care (ÖGARI) and the Working Group Thrombosis of the European Society for Cardiology (ESC). Thromb Haemost 2011;105:743-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith WL, Garavito RM, DeWitt DL. Prostaglandin endoperoxide H synthases (cyclooxygenases)-1 and -2. J Biol Chem 1996;271:33157-60
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McAdam BF, Catella-Lawson F, Mardini IA, et al. Systemic biosynthesis of prostacyclin by cyclooxygenase (COX)-2: the human pharmacology of a selective inhibitor of COX-2. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1999;96:272-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Catella-Lawson F, Reilly MP, Kapoor SC, et al. Cyclooxygenase inhibitors and the antiplatelet effects of aspirin. N Engl J Med 2001;345:1809-17
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pedersen AK, FitzGerald GA. Dose-related kinetics of aspirin. Presystemic acetylation of platelet cyclooxygenase. N Engl J Med 1984;311:1206-11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hankey GJ, Eikelboom JW. Aspirin resistance. Lancet 2006;367:606-17
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patrono C, Ciabattoni G, Patrignani P, et al. Clinical pharmacology of platelet cyclooxygenase inhibition. Circulation 1985;72:1177-84
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Demers LM, Budin RE, Shaikh BS. The effects of aspirin on megakaryocyte prostaglandin production. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1980;163:24-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cox D, Maree AO, Dooley M, et al. Effect of enteric coating on antiplatelet activity of low-dose aspirin in healthy volunteers. Stroke 2006;37:2153-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peace A, McCall M, Tedesco T, et al. The role of weight and enteric coating on aspirin response in cardiovascular patients. J Thromb Haemost 2010;8:2323-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grosser T, Fries S, Lawson JA, et al. Drug resistance and pseudoresistance: an unintended consequence of enteric coating aspirin. Circulation 2013;127:377-85
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly JP, Kaufman DW, Jurgelon JM, et al. Risk of aspirin-associated major upper-gastrointestinal bleeding with enteric-coated or buffered product. Lancet 1996;348:1413-16
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farrell B, Godwin J, Richards S, Warlow C. The United Kingdom transient ischaemic attack (UK-TIA) aspirin trial: final results. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1991;54:1044-54
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The SALT Collaborative Group. Swedish Aspirin Low-Dose Trial (SALT) of 75 mg aspirin as secondary prophylaxis after cerebrovascular ischaemic events. Lancet 1991;338:1345-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The Dutch TIA Trial Study Group. A comparison of two doses of aspirin (30 mg vs. 283 mg a day) in patients after a transient ischemic attack or minor ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med 1991;325:1261-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• International Stroke Trial Collaborative Group. The International Stroke Trial (IST): a randomised trial of aspirin, subcutaneous heparin, both, or neither among 19435 patients with acute ischaemic stroke. Lancet 1997;349:1569-81
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CAST (Chinese Acute Stroke Trial) Collaborative Group. CAST: randomised placebo-controlled trial of early aspirin use in 20,000 patients with acute ischaemic stroke. Lancet 1997;349:1641-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baigent C, Blackwell L, Collins R, et al. Aspirin in the primary and secondary prevention of vascular disease: collaborative meta-analysis of individual participant data from randomised trials. Lancet 2009;373:1849-60
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hart RG, Benavente O, McBride R, Pearce LA. Antithrombotic therapy to prevent stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation: a meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med 1999;131:492-501
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hart RG, Pearce LA, Aguilar MI. Meta-analysis: antithrombotic therapy to prevent stroke in patients who have nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. Ann Intern Med 2007;146:857-67
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Connolly S, Pogue J, Hart R, et al. Clopidogrel plus aspirin versus oral anticoagulation for atrial fibrillation in the Atrial fibrillation Clopidogrel Trial with Irbesartan for prevention of Vascular Events (ACTIVE W): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2006;367:1903-12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Connolly SJ, Pogue J, Hart RG, et al. Effect of clopidogrel added to aspirin in patients with atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med 2009;360:2066-78
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuzniatsova N, Shantsila E, Blann A, Lip GY. A contemporary viewpoint on ‘aspirin resistance'. Ann Med 2012;44:773-83
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shantsila E, Lip GY. ‘Aspirin resistance' or treatment non-compliance: which is to blame for cardiovascular complications? J Transl Med 2008;6:47
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peace A, McCall M, Tedesco T, et al. The role of weight and enteric coating on aspirin response in cardiovascular patients. J Thromb Haemost 2010;8:2323-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weber AA, Przytulski B, Schanz A, et al. Towards a definition of aspirin resistance: a typological approach. Platelets 2002;13:37-40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pulcinelli FM, Riondino S. More on aspirin resistance: position paper of the Working Group on Aspirin Resistance. Proposal for a Laboratory Test Guiding Algorithm. J Thromb Haemost 2006;4:485-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuliczkowski W, Witkowski A, Polonski L, et al. Interindividual variability in the response to oral antiplatelet drugs: a position paper of the Working Group on antiplatelet drugs resistance appointed by the Section of Cardiovascular Interventions of the Polish Cardiac Society, endorsed by the Working Group on Thrombosis of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur Heart J 2009;30:426-35
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Schryver EL, Algra A, van Gijn J. Dipyridamole for preventing stroke and other vascular events in patients with vascular disease. An Update. Stroke 2008; Epub ahead of print
   Google Scholar
• Russell TL, Berardi RR, Barnett JL, et al. pH-related changes in the absorption of dipyridamole in the elderly. Pharm Res 1994;11:136-43
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halkes PH, van Gijn J, Kappelle LJ, et al. Aspirin plus dipyridamole versus aspirin alone after cerebral ischaemia of arterial origin (ESPRIT): randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2006;367:1665-73
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diener HC, Cunha L, Forbes C, et al. European Stroke Prevention Study. 2. Dipyridamole and acetylsalicylic acid in the secondary prevention of stroke. J Neurol Sci 1996;143:1-13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sacco RL, Diener HC, Yusuf S, et al. Aspirin and extended-release dipyridamole versus clopidogrel for recurrent stroke. N Engl J Med 2008;359:1238-51
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonello-Palot N, Armero S, Paganelli F, et al. Relation of body mass index to high on-treatment platelet reactivity and of failed clopidogrel dose adjustment according to platelet reactivity monitoring in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. Am J Cardiol 2009;104:1511-15
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lins R, Broekhuysen J, Necciari J, Deroubaix X. Pharmacokinetic profile of 14C-labeled clopidogrel. Semin Thromb Hemost 1999;25:29-33
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Floyd CN, Passacquale G, Ferro A. Comparative pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of platelet adenosine diphosphate receptor antagonists and their clinical implications. Clin Pharmacokinet 2012;51:429-42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hochholzer W, Trenk D, Frundi D, et al. Time dependence of platelet inhibition after a 600-mg loading dose of clopidogrel in a large, unselected cohort of candidates for percutaneous coronary intervention. Circulation 2005;111:2560-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A randomised, blinded, trial of clopidogrel versus aspirin in patients at risk of ischaemic events (CAPRIE). CAPRIE Steering Committee. Lancet 1996;348:1329-39
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ait-Mokhtar O, Bonello L, Benamara S, Paganelli F. High on treatment platelet reactivity. Heart Lung Circ 2012;21:12-21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uchiyama S. Clopidogrel resistance: identifying and overcoming a barrier to effective antiplatelet treatment. Cardiovasc Ther 2011;29:e100-11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Price MJ, Murray SS, Angiolillo DJ, GIFT Investigators. Influence of genetic polymorphisms on the effect of high- and standard-dose clopidogrel after percutaneous coronary intervention: the GIFT (Genotype Information and Functional Testing) study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2012;59:1928-37
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gurbel PA, Tantry US. Clopidogrel response variability and the advent of personalised antiplatelet therapy. A bench to bedside journey. Thromb Haemost 2011;106:265-71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Price MJ, Berger PB, Teirstein PS, GRAVITAS Investigators. Standard- vs high-dose clopidogrel based on platelet function testing after percutaneous coronary intervention: the GRAVITAS randomized trial. JAMA 2011;305:1097-105
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tello-Montoliu A, Tomasello SD, Angiolillo DJ. Prasugrel. Adv Cardiol 2012;47:39-63
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farid NA, Payne CD, Ernest CS II, et al. Prasugrel, a new thienopyridine antiplatelet drug, weakly inhibits cytochrome P450 2B6 in humans. J Clin Pharmacol 2008;48:53-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farid NA, Smith RL, Gillespie TA, et al. The disposition of prasugrel, a novel thienopyridine, in humans. Drug Metab Dispos 2007;35:1096-104
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farid NA, Small DS, Payne CD, et al. Effect of atorvastatin on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of prasugrel and clopidogrel in healthy subjects. Pharmacotherapy 2008;28:1483-94
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiviott SD, Braunwald E, McCabe CH, et al. Prasugrel versus clopidogrel in patients with acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med 2007;357:2001-15
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chin CT, Roe MT, Fox KA, et al. Study design and rationale of a comparison of prasugrel and clopidogrel in medically managed patients with unstable angina/non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: the TaRgeted platelet Inhibition to cLarify the Optimal strateGy to medicallY manage Acute Coronary Syndromes (TRILOGY ACS) trial. Am Heart J 2010;160:16-22; e1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meadows TA, Bhatt DL. Clinical aspects of platelet inhibitors and thrombus formation. Circ Res 2007;100:1261-75
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cannon CP, Husted S, Harrington RA, et al. Safety, tolerability, and initial efficacy of AZD6140, the first reversible oral adenosine diphosphate receptor antagonist, compared with clopidogrel, in patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome: primary results of the DISPERSE-2 trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007;50:1844-51
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wallentin L, Becker RC, Budaj A, et al. Ticagrelor versus clopidogrel in patients with acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med 2009;361:1045-57
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suri A, Forbes WP, Bramer SL. Pharmacokinetics of multiple-dose oral cilostazol in middle-age and elderly men and women. J Clin Pharmacol 1998;38:144-50
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schror K. The pharmacology of cilostazol. Diabetes Obes Metab 2002;4:S14-19
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shinohara Y, Katayama Y, Uchiyama S, et al. Cilostazol for prevention of secondary stroke (CSPS 2): an aspirin-controlled, double-blind, randomised non-inferiority trial. Lancet Neurol 2010;9:959-68
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanaka KA, Key NS, Levy JH. Blood coagulation: hemostasis and thrombin regulation. Anesth Analg 2009;108:1433-62
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jauch EC, Saver JL, Adams HP Jr, et al. on behalf of the American Heart Association Stroke Council, Council on Cardiovascular Nursing, Council on Peripheral Vascular Disease, and Council on Clinical Cardiology. Guidelines for the early management of patients with acute ischemic stroke: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the american heart Association/American stroke association. Stroke 2013; Epub ahead of print
   Google Scholar
• The Publications Committee for the Trial of ORG 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment (TOAST) Investigators. Low molecular weight heparinoid, ORG 10172 (danaparoid), and outcome after acute ischemic stroke: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 1998;279:1265-72
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berge E, Abdelnoor M, Nakstad PH, Sandset PM. Low molecular-weight heparin versus aspirin in patients with acute ischaemic stroke and atrial fibrillation: a double-blind randomised study. HAEST Study Group. Heparin in Acute Embolic Stroke Trial. Lancet 2000;355:1205-10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Camm AJ, Lip GY, De Caterina R, et al. ESC Committee for Practice Guidelines-CPG; Document Reviewers. 2012 focused update of the ESC Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation: an update of the 2010 ESC Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation–developed with the special contribution of the European Heart Rhythm Association. Europace 2012;14:1385-413
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adams RJ, Albers G, Alberts MJ, American Heart Association; American Stroke Association. Update to the AHA/ASA recommendations for the prevention of stroke in patients with stroke and transient ischemic attack. Stroke 2008;39:1647-52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Apostolakis S, Lip GY, Lane DA, Shantsila E. The quest for new anticoagulants: from clinical development to clinical practice. Cardiovasc Ther 2011;29:e12-22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ansell J, Hirsh J, Hylek E, American College of Chest Physicians. Pharmacology and management of the vitamin K antagonists: american College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines (8th Edition). Chest 2008;133:160S-98S
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirsh J, Fuster V, Ansell J, Halperin JL. American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology Foundation guide to warfarin therapy. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003;41:1633-52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jansing RL, Chao ES, Kaminsky LS. Phase II metabolism of warfarin in primary culture of adult rat hepatocytes. Mol Pharmacol 1992;41:209-15
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ngui JS, Chen Q, Shou M, et al. In vitro stimulation of warfarin metabolism by quinidine: increases in the formation of 4'- and 10-hydroxywarfarin. Drug Metab Dispos 2001;29:877-86
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu AH, Wang P, Smith A, et al. Dosing algorithm for warfarin using CYP2C9 and VKORC1 genotyping from a multi-ethnic population: comparison with other equations. Pharmacogenomics 2008;9:169-78
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Potpara TS, Lip GY, Apostolakis S. New anticoagulant treatments to protect against stroke in atrial fibrillation. Heart 2012;98:1341-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stangier J, Eriksson BI, Dahl OE, et al. Pharmacokinetic profile of the oral direct thrombin inhibitor dabigatran etexilate in healthy volunteers and patients undergoing total hip replacement. J Clin Pharmacol 2005;45:555-63
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hankey GJ, Eikelboom JW. Dabigatran etexilate: a new oral thrombin inhibitor. Circulation 2011;123:1436-50
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boerhinger-Ingelheim. NICE Guidelines: CG68: diagnosis and initial management of acute stroke and transient ischaemic attack (TIA). July 2008, updated January 2011. Available from: http://www.nice.org.uk/nicemedia/live/12018/41363/41363.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Connolly SJ, Ezekowitz MD, Yusuf S, et al. RE-LY Steering Committee and Investigators. Dabigatran versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med 2009;361:1139-51
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mueck W, Eriksson BI, Bauer KA, Population pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of rivaroxaban–an oral, direct factor Xa inhibitor–in patients undergoing major orthopaedic surgery. Clin Pharmacokinet 2008;47:203-16
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laux V, Perzborn E, Kubitza D, Misselwitz F. Preclinical and clinical characteristics of rivaroxaban: a novel, oral, direct factor Xa inhibitor. Semin Thromb Hemost 2007;33:515-23
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stampfuss J, Kubitza D, Becka M, Mueck W. The effect of food on the absorption and pharmacokinetics of rivaroxaban. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther 2013; Epub ahead of print
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kubitza D, Haas S. Novel factor Xa inhibitors for prevention and treatment of thromboembolic diseases. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2006;15:843-55
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perzborn E, Roehrig S, Straub A, Rivaroxaban: a new oral factor Xa inhibitor. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2010;30:376-81
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patel MR, Mahaffey KW, Garg J, ROCKET AF Investigators. Rivaroxaban versus warfarin in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med 2011;365:883-91
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raghavan N, Frost CE, Yu Z, Apixaban metabolism and pharmacokinetics after oral administration to humans. Drug Metab Dispos 2009;37:74-81
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shantsila E, Lip GY. Recent advances in management of atrial fibrillation in patients with heart failure. Curr Opin Cardiol 2013;28:197-208
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong PC, Crain EJ, Xin B, Apixaban, an oral, direct and highly selective factor Xa inhibitor: in vitro, antithrombotic and antihemostatic studies. J Thromb Haemost 2008;6:820-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong PC, Pinto DJ, Zhang D. Preclinical discovery of apixaban, a direct and orally bioavailable factor Xa inhibitor. J Thromb Thrombolysis 2011;3:478-92
   Google Scholar
• Granger CB, Alexander JH, McMurray JJ, ARISTOTLE Committees and Investigators. Apixaban versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med 2011;365:981-92
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Connolly SJ, Eikelboom J, Joyner C, AVERROES Steering Committee and Investigators. Apixaban in patients with atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med 2011;364:806-17
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NICE Guidelines: CG68: diagnosis and initial management of acute stroke and transient ischaemic attack (TIA). July 2008, updated January 2011. Available from: http://www.nice.org.uk/nicemedia/live/12018/41363/41363.pdf
   Google Scholar