Bibliography
- Shapiro DJ, Hicks LA, Pavia AT, Hersh AL. Antibiotic prescribing for adults in ambulatory care in the USA, 2007-09. J Antimicrob Chemother 2014;69:234-40
- Liu HH. Safety profile of the fluoroquinolones: focus on levofloxacin. Drug Saf 2010;33:353-69
- Norrby SR, Lietman PS. Safety and tolerability of fluoroquinolones. Drugs 1993;45(Suppl 3):59-64
- Van BF, Tulkens PM. Safety profile of the respiratory fluoroquinolone moxifloxacin: comparison with other fluoroquinolones and other antibacterial classes. Drug Saf 2009;32:359-78
- Stahlmann R, Lode HM. Risks associated with the therapeutic use of fluoroquinolones. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2013;12:497-505
- Handsfield HH, Judson FN, Holmes KK. Treatment of uncomplicated gonorrhea with rosoxacin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1981;20:625-9
- Levofloxacin Sanofi - Summary of product characteristics. 2012. Available from: http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/Referrals_document/Tavanic/WC500127799 pdf [Last accessed 14 July 2014]
- Moxifloxacin Bayer - Summary of product characteristics. 2013. Available from: http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/Referrals_document/Avalox_29/WC500090584 pdf [Last accessed 14 July 2014]
- Ciprofloxacin Bayer - Summary of product characteristics. 2013. Available from: http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/Referrals_document/Ciprofloxacin_Bayer_30/WC500008075 pdf [Last accessed 14 July 2014]
- FDA Drug Safety Communication: FDA requires label changes to warn of risk for possibly permanent nerve damage from antibacterial fluoroquinolone drugs taken by mouth or by injection. 2013. Available from: http://www.fda.gov/downloads/Drugs/DrugSafety/UCM365078.pdf [Last accessed 22 June 2014]
- Spillane JD. Iatrogenic neurological diseases. Drug-induced neurological disorders. Proc R Soc Med 1964;57:135-40
- Therapy of acute and chronic gram-negative osteomyelitis with ciprofloxacin. Report from a Swedish Study Group. J Antimicrob Chemother 1988;22:221-8
- Aoun M, Jacquy C, Debusscher L, et al. Peripheral neuropathy associated with fluoroquinolones. Lancet 1992;340:127
- Cohen JS. Peripheral neuropathy associated with fluoroquinolones. Ann Pharmacother 2001;35:1540-7
- Hedenmalm K, Spigset O. Peripheral sensory disturbances related to treatment with fluoroquinolones. J Antimicrob Chemother 1996;37:831-7
- Jumma OK, Dick J, Marshall A, Mellor K. Ciprofloxacin induced acute small fibre neuropathy. Case report. Can J Neurol Sci 2013;40:127-8
- Ali AK. Peripheral neuropathy and Guillain-Barre syndrome risks associated with exposure to systemic fluoroquinolones: a pharmacovigilance analysis. Ann Epidemiol 2014;24:279-85
- Diezi M, Buclin T, Kuntzer T. Toxic and drug-induced peripheral neuropathies: updates on causes, mechanisms and management. Curr Opin Neurol 2013;26:481-8
- Vilholm OJ, Christensen AA, Zedan AH, Itani M. Drug-induced peripheral neuropathy. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2014;115(2):185-92
- Tome AM, Filipe A. Quinolones: review of psychiatric and neurological adverse reactions. Drug Saf 2011;34:465-88
- Grill MF, Maganti RK. Neurotoxic effects associated with antibiotic use: management considerations. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2011;72:381-93
- Abdel-Zaher AO, Afify AH, Kamel SM, et al. Involvement of glutamate, oxidative stress and inducible nitric oxide synthase in the convulsant activity of ciprofloxacin in mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2012;685:30-7
- Grimm O, Alm B, Fur SZ. A case of ciprofloxacin-induced acute polymorphic psychosis with a distinct deficit in executive functions. Psychosomatics 2007;48:269
- Lee CH, Cheung RT, Chan TM. Ciprofloxacin-induced oral facial dyskinesia in a patient with normal liver and renal function. Hosp Med 2000;61:142-3
- Etminan M, Forooghian F, Brophy JM, et al. Oral fluoroquinolones and the risk of retinal detachment. JAMA 2012;307:1414-19
- Pasternak B, Svanstrom H, Melbye M, Hviid A. Association between oral fluoroquinolone use and retinal detachment. JAMA 2013;310:2184-90
- Chui CS, Man KK, Cheng CL, et al. An investigation of the potential association between retinal detachment and oral fluoroquinolones: a self-controlled case series study. J Antimicrob Chemother 2014;69(9):2563-7
- Eftekhari K, Ghodasra DH, Haynes K, et al. Risk of retinal tear or detachment with oral fluoroquinolone use: a cohort study. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2014;23(7):745-52
- Fife D, Zhu V, Voss E, et al. Exposure to oral fluoroquinolones and the risk of retinal detachment: retrospective analyses of two large healthcare databases. Drug Saf 2014;37:171-82
- Kapoor KG, Hodge DO, St Sauver JL, Barkmeier AJ. Oral fluoroquinolones and the incidence of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment and symptomatic retinal breaks: a population-based study. Ophthalmology 2014;121:1269-73
- Kuo SC, Chen YT, Lee YT, et al. Association between recent use of fluoroquinolones and rhegmatogenous retinal detachment: a population-based cohort study. Clin Infect Dis 2014;58:197-203
- Hallas J, Pottegard A. Use of self-controlled designs in pharmacoepidemiology. J Intern Med 2014;275:581-9
- Lorente M, Ballano A, Juanes A, et al. Blue-gray pigmentation in trunk and extremities in a 71-year-old man. JAMA Dermatol 2013;149:1111-12
- Rubegni P, Feci L, Pellegrino M, Fimiani M. Photolocalized purpura during levofloxacin therapy. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed 2012;28:105-7
- de Guidi G, Bracchitta G, Catalfo A. Photosensitization reactions of fluoroquinolones and their biological consequences. Photochem Photobiol 2011;87:1214-29
- Stahlmann R, Lode H. Safety considerations of fluoroquinolones in the elderly: an update. Drugs Aging 2010;27:193-209
- Ferguson J. Phototoxicity due to fluoroquinolones. In: Hooper DC, Rubinstein E, editors. Quinolone antimicrobial agents. 3rd edition. ASM press (American Society for Microbiology); Washington, DC: 2003. p. 451-60
- Siiskonen SJ, Koomen ER, Visser LE, et al. Exposure to phototoxic NSAIDs and quinolones is associated with an increased risk of melanoma. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2013;69:1437-44
- Paterson JM, Mamdani MM, Manno M, Juurlink DN. Fluoroquinolone therapy and idiosyncratic acute liver injury: a population-based study. CMAJ 2012;184:1565-70
- Alshammari TM, Larrat EP, Morrill HJ, et al. Risk of hepatotoxicity associated with fluoroquinolones: a national case-control safety study. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2014;71:37-43
- Haverkamp W, Kruesmann F, Fritsch A, et al. Update on the cardiac safety of moxifloxacin. Curr Drug Saf 2012;7:149-63
- Pharmacovigilance Working Party of the European Medicines Agency. Fluoroquinolones - risk of QT interval prolongation. 2011. Available from: http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/Report/2011/01/WC500100459 pdf [Last accessed 23 June 2014]
- Abo-Salem E, Fowler JC, Attari M, et al. Antibiotic-induced cardiac arrhythmias. Cardiovasc Ther 2014;32:19-25
- Fusco S, Reitano F, Gambadoro N, et al. Severe hypoglycemia associated with levofloxacin in a healthy older woman. J Am Geriatr Soc 2013;61:1637-8
- Schelleman H, Bilker WB, Brensinger CM, et al. Anti-infectives and the risk of severe hypoglycemia in users of glipizide or glyburide. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2010;88:214-22
- Singh N, Jacob JJ. Levofloxacin and hypoglycemia. Clin Infect Dis 2008;46:1127
- Zunkler BJ, Claassen S, Wos-Maganga M, et al. Effects of fluoroquinolones on HERG channels and on pancreatic beta-cell ATP-sensitive K+ channels. Toxicology 2006;228:239-48
- Ishiwata Y, Sanada Y, Yasuhara M. Effects of gatifloxacin on serum glucose concentration in normal and diabetic rats. Biol Pharm Bull 2006;29:527-31
- Yip C, Lee AJ. Gatifloxacin-induced hyperglycemia: a case report and summary of the current literature. Clin Ther 2006;28:1857-66
- Chou HW, Wang JL, Chang CH, et al. Risk of severe dysglycemia among diabetic patients receiving levofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, or moxifloxacin in Taiwan. Clin Infect Dis 2013;57:971-80
- Sendzik J, Lode H, Stahlmann R. Quinolone-induced arthropathy: an update focusing on new mechanistic and clinical data. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2009;33:194-200
- Bradley JS, Kauffman RE, Balis DA, et al. Assessment of musculoskeletal toxicity 5 years after therapy with levofloxacin. Pediatrics 2014;134:e146-53
- Sendzik J, Shakibaei M, Schafer-Korting M, Stahlmann R. Fluoroquinolones cause changes in extracellular matrix, signalling proteins, metalloproteinases and caspase-3 in cultured human tendon cells. Toxicology 2005;212:24-36
- Shakibaei M, Pfister K, Schwabe R, et al. Ultrastructure of Achilles tendons of rats treated with ofloxacin and fed a normal or magnesium-deficient diet. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2000;44:261-6
- van der Linden PD, van Puijenbroek EP, Feenstra J, et al. Tendon disorders attributed to fluoroquinolones: a study on 42 spontaneous reports in the period 1988 to 1998. Arthritis Rheum 2001;45:235-9
- Gottschalk AW, Bachman JW. Death following bilateral complete Achilles tendon rupture in a patient on fluoroquinolone therapy: a case report. J Med Case Rep 2009;3:1
- van der Linden PD, van de Lei J, Nab HW, et al. Achilles tendinitis associated with fluoroquinolones. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1999;48:433-7
- Depestel DD, Aronoff DM. Epidemiology of Clostridium difficile infection. J Pharm Pract 2013;26:464-75
- Khanna S, Pardi DS, Aronson SL, et al. The epidemiology of community-acquired Clostridium difficile infection: a population-based study. Am J Gastroenterol 2012;107:89-95
- Slimings C, Riley TV. Antibiotics and hospital-acquired Clostridium difficile infection: update of systematic review and meta-analysis. J Antimicrob Chemother 2014;69:881-91
- Shakeri-Nejad K, Stahlmann R. Drug interactions during therapy with three major groups of antimicrobial agents. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2006;7:639-51
- Hoffken G, Borner K, Glatzel PD, et al. Reduced enteral absorption of ciprofloxacin in the presence of antacids. Eur J Clin Microbiol 1985;4:345
- Cohen KA, Lautenbach E, Weiner MG, et al. Coadministration of oral levofloxacin with agents that impair absorption: impact on antibiotic resistance. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2008;29:975-7
- Aldred KJ, Schwanz HA, Li G, et al. Overcoming target-mediated quinolone resistance in topoisomerase IV by introducing metal-ion-independent drug-enzyme interactions. ACS Chem Biol 2013;8:2660-8
- Aldred KJ, McPherson SA, Turnbough CLJr, et al. Topoisomerase IV-quinolone interactions are mediated through a water-metal ion bridge: mechanistic basis of quinolone resistance. Nucleic Acids Res 2013;41:4628-39
- Aldred KJ, Breland EJ, Vlckova V, et al. Role of the water-metal ion bridge in mediating interactions between quinolones and escherichia coli topoisomerase IV. Biochemistry 2014;53:5558-67
- Flockhart DA. Drug interactions: cytochrome P450 drug interaction table. Indiana University School of Medicine. 2007. Available from: http://medicine.iupui.edu/clinpharm/ddis/clinical-table/ [Last accessed 22 June 2014]
- Antoniou T, Gomes T, Mamdani MM, Juurlink DN. Ciprofloxacin-induced theophylline toxicity: a population-based study. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2011;67:521-6
- Kennedy WK, Jann MW, Kutscher EC. Clinically significant drug interactions with atypical antipsychotics. CNS Drugs 2013;27:1021-48
- Raaska K, Neuvonen PJ. Ciprofloxacin increases serum clozapine and N-desmethylclozapine: a study in patients with schizophrenia. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2000;56:585-9
- Brouwers EE, Sohne M, Kuipers S, et al. Ciprofloxacin strongly inhibits clozapine metabolism: two case reports. Clin Drug Investig 2009;29:59-63
- Henney HRIII, Runyan JD. A clinically relevant review of tizanidine hydrochloride dose relationships to pharmacokinetics, drug safety and effectiveness in healthy subjects and patients. Int J Clin Pract 2008;62:314-24
- Granfors MT, Backman JT, Neuvonen M, Neuvonen PJ. Ciprofloxacin greatly increases concentrations and hypotensive effect of tizanidine by inhibiting its cytochrome P450 1A2-mediated presystemic metabolism. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2004;76:598-606
- Lee J, Franz L, Goforth HW. Serotonin syndrome in a chronic-pain patient receiving concurrent methadone, ciprofloxacin, and venlafaxine. Psychosomatics 2009;50:638-9
- Montane E, Barriocanal A, Isern I, et al. Multiple drug interactions - induced serotonin syndrome: a case report. J Clin Pharm Ther 2009;34:485-7
- Zhang L, Wei MJ, Zhao CY, Qi HM. Determination of the inhibitory potential of 6 fluoroquinolones on CYP1A2 and CYP2C9 in human liver microsomes. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2008;29:1507-14
- Carroll DN, Carroll DG. Interactions between warfarin and three commonly prescribed fluoroquinolones. Ann Pharmacother 2008;42:680-5
- Baillargeon J, Holmes HM, Lin YL, et al. Concurrent use of warfarin and antibiotics and the risk of bleeding in older adults. Am J Med 2012;125:183-9
- Hori S, Kizu J, Kawamura M. Effects of anti-inflammatory drugs on convulsant activity of quinolones: a comparative study of drug interaction between quinolones and anti-inflammatory drugs. J Infect Chemother 2003;9:314-20
- Iqbal Z, Khan A, Naz A, et al. Pharmacokinetic interaction of ciprofloxacin with diclofenac: a single-dose, two-period crossover study in healthy adult volunteers. Clin Drug Investig 2009;29:275-81
- Mulgaonkar A, Venitz J, Sweet DH. Fluoroquinolone disposition: identification of the contribution of renal secretory and reabsorptive drug transporters. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2012;8:553-69
- Gervasoni C, Cattaneo D, Falvella FS, et al. Levofloxacin-induced seizures in a patient without predisposing risk factors: the impact of pharmacogenetics. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2013;69:1611-13
- Vossen MG, Thalhammer F. Effects of renal replacement therapy on antimicrobial therapy. Curr Clin Pharmacol 2013;8:39-45
- Tayab ZR, Hochhaus G, Kaufmann S, et al. Do intensive care patients need an individualized dosing regimen for levofloxacin? Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther 2006;44:262-9
- Roberts JA, Abdul-Aziz MH, Lipman J, et al. Individualised antibiotic dosing for patients who are critically ill: challenges and potential solutions. Lancet Infect Dis 2014;14:498-509
- Vergis EN, Akbas E, Yu VL. Legionella as a cause of severe pneumonia. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2000;21:295-304
- Pea F, Di QE, Cusenza A, et al. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of intravenous levofloxacin in patients with early-onset ventilator-associated pneumonia. Clin Pharmacokinet 2003;42:589-98
- Pletz MW, Bloos F, Burkhardt O, et al. Pharmacokinetics of moxifloxacin in patients with severe sepsis or septic shock. Intensive Care Med 2010;36:979-83
- Szalek E, Tomczak H, Kaminska A, et al. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of ciprofloxacin in critically ill patients after the first intravenous administration of 400 mg. Adv Med Sci 2012;57:217-23
- Bassetti M, Merelli M, Temperoni C, Astilean A. New antibiotics for bad bugs: where are we? Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 2013;12:22
- Bird ST, Etminan M, Brophy JM, et al. Risk of acute kidney injury associated with the use of fluoroquinolones. CMAJ 2013;185:E475-82
- Redgrave LS, Sutton SB, Webber MA, Piddock LJ. Fluoroquinolone resistance: mechanisms, impact on bacteria, and role in evolutionary success. Trends Microbiol 2014;22(8):438-45
- Hughes D, Andersson DI. Selection of resistance at lethal and non-lethal antibiotic concentrations. Curr Opin Microbiol 2012;15:555-60
- Lodrup A, Reimer C, Bytzer P. Use of antacids, alginates and proton pump inhibitors: a survey of the general Danish population using an internet panel. Scand J Gastroenterol 2014;49(9):1044-50
- Birtwhistle RV. Antacid use in a family-practice population. Can Fam Physician 1988;34:1681-3
- Rollof J, Vinge E. Neurologic adverse effects during concomitant treatment with ciprofloxacin, NSAIDS, and chloroquine: possible drug interaction. Ann Pharmacother 1993;27:1058-9
- Singh J. Ciprofloxacin-related acute peripheral neuropathy in a patient with lupus nephritis. J Clin Rheumatol 2002;8:143-6
- Panas M, Karadima G, Kalfakis N, Vassilopoulos D. Hereditary neuropathy unmasked by levofloxacin. Ann Pharmacother 2011;45:1312-13
- Schmidt S, Cordt-Schlegel A, Heitmann R. Guillain-Barre syndrome during treatment with ofloxacin. J Neurol 1993;240:506-7
- Chan PC, Cheng IK, Chan MK, Wong WT. Clinical experience with pefloxacin in patients with urinary tract infections. Br J Clin Pract 1990;44:564-7
- Murray CK, Wortmann GW. Trovafloxacin-induced weakness due to a demyelinating polyneuropathy. South Med J 2000;93:514-15
- Ciprofloxacin Bayer - Full prescribing information. 2013. Available from: http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2013/019537s082,020780s040lbl pdf [Last accessed 15 July 2014]
- Pichichero ME, Arguedas A, Dagan R, et al. Safety and efficacy of gatifloxacin therapy for children with recurrent acute otitis media (AOM) and/or AOM treatment failure. Clin Infect Dis 2005;41:470-8
- Noel GJ, Bradley JS, Kauffman RE, et al. Comparative safety profile of levofloxacin in 2523 children with a focus on four specific musculoskeletal disorders. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2007;26:879-91