662
Views
71
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Assessing drug-drug interactions through therapeutic drug monitoring when administering oral second-generation antipsychotics

, &
Pages 407-422 | Received 19 Nov 2015, Accepted 10 Feb 2016, Published online: 29 Feb 2016

References

  • Cozza KL, Armstrong SC, Oesterheld JR. Concise guide to drug interaction principles for medical practice: cytochrome P450s, UGTs, P-glycoproteins. 2nd ed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 2003.
  • Johannessen Landmark C, Patsalos PN. Methodologies used to identify and characterise interactions among antiepileptic drugs. Exp Rev Clin Pharmacol. 2012;5:281–292.
  • FDA Guidance for Industry Drug Interaction Studies Study Design, Data Analysis, Implications for Dosing, and Labeling Recommendations. 2012. [cited 2015 Nov 10]. http://www.fda.gov/drugs/developmentapprovalprocess/developmentresources/druginteractionslabeling/ucm093664.htm#classInhibit
  • Gex-Fabry M, Balant-Gorgia AE, Balant LP. Therapeutic drug monitoring databases for postmarketing surveillance of drug-drug interactions. Drug Saf. 2001;24:947–959.
  • Stahl SM. Antipsychotic agents. In: Stahl SM, editor. Stahl’s essential psychopharmacology. 4th ed. New York: Cambridge University Press; 2013. p. 129–236.
  • Prior TI, Baker GB. Interactions between the cytochrome P450 system and the second-generation antipsychotics. J Psychiatry Neurosci. 2003;28:99–111.
  • Raggi MA, Mandrioli R, Sabbioni C, et al. Atypical antipsychotics: pharmacokinetics, therapeutic drug monitoring and pharmacological interactions. Curr Med Chem. 2004;11:279–296.
  • Spina E, de Leon J. Metabolic drug interactions with newer antipsychotics: a comparative review. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 2007;100:4–22.
  • Conley RR, Kelly DL. Drug-drug interactions associated with second-generation antipsychotics: considerations for clinicians and patients. Psychopharmacol Bull. 2007;40:77–97.
  • Urichuk L, Prior TI, Dursun S, et al. Metabolism of atypical antipsychotics: involvement of cytochrome P450 enzymes and relevance for drug-drug interactions. Curr Drug Metab. 2008;9:410–418.
  • Sheehan JJ, Sliwa JK, Amatniek JC, et al. Atypical antipsychotic metabolism and excretion. Curr Drug Metab. 2010;11:516–525.
  • de Leon J, Santoro V, D’Arrigo C, et al. Interactions between antiepileptics and second-generation antipsychotics. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol. 2012;8:2–24.
  • Kennedy WK, Jann MW, Kutscher EC. Clinically significant drug interactions with atypical antipsychotics. CNS Drugs. 2013;12:1021–1048.
  • Spina E, de Leon J. Clinically relevant interactions between newer antidepressants and second-generation antipsychotics. Exp Opin Drug Metab Toxicol. 2014;10:721–746.
  • Hiemke C, Baumann P, Bergemann N, et al. AGNP consensus guidelines for therapeutic drug monitoring in psychiatry: update 2011. Pharmacopsychiatry. 2011;44:195–235.
  • de Leon J, Armstrong SC, Cozza KL. The dosing of atypical antipsychotics. Psychosomatics. 2005;46:262–273.
  • Smith T, Riskin J. Effect of clozapine on plasma nortriptyline concentration. Pharmacopsychiatry. 1994;27:41–42.
  • Rogers T, de Leon J, Atcher D. Possible interaction between warfarin and quetiapine. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1999;19:382–383.
  • Yang FW, Liang CS. Multiple intracerebral hemorrhages in an elderly patient after adding quetiapine to a stable warfarin regimen. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2011;33:302.e1e 2.
  • Chen TY, Lin CE, Chen LF, et al. Enhanced bleeding risk in an elderly dementia patient treated with warfarin and quetiapine. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2013;25:E25.
  • Galetin A, Gertz M, Houston JB. Contribution of intestinal cytochrome p450-mediated metabolism to drug-drug inhibition and induction interactions. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet. 2010;25:28–47.
  • Moons T, De Roo M, Clees S, et al. Relationship between P-glycoprotein and second generation antipsychotics. Pharmacogenomics. 2011;12:1193–1211.
  • de Leon J. The effects of antiepileptic inducers in neuropsychopharmacology, a neglected issue. Part II: pharmacological issues and further understanding. Rev Psiquiatr Salud Ment. 2015;8:167–188.
  • Hefner G, Laib AK, Sigurdsson H, et al. The value of drug and metabolite concentration in blood as a biomarker of psychopharmacological therapy. Int Rev Psychiatry. 2013;25:494–508.
  • Baumann P, Hiemke C, Ulrich S, et al. The AGNP-TDM expert group consensus guidelines: therapeutic drug monitoring in psychiatry. Pharmacopsychiatry. 2004;37:243–265.
  • Mandrioli R, Protti M, Mercolini R. Novel atypical antipsychotics: metabolism and therapeutic drug monitoring. Curr Drug Metab. 2015;16:141–151.
  • Mauri MC, Volonteri LS, Colasanti A, et al. Clinical pharmacokinetics of atypical antipsychotics. A critical review of the relationship between plasma concentrations and clinical response. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2007;46:359–388.
  • Patteet L, Morrens M, Maudens KE, et al. Therapeutic drug monitoring of common antipsychotics. Ther Drug Monit. 2012;34:629–651.
  • Lopez LV, Kane JM. Plasma levels of second-generation antipsychotics and clinical response in acute psychosis: a review of the literature. Schizophrenia Res. 2013;147:368–374.
  • Grundmann M, Kacirova I, Urinovska R. Therapeutic drug monitoring of atypical antipsychotic drugs. Acta Pharm. 2014;64:387–401.
  • de Leon J. Phenoconversion and therapeutic drug monitoring. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2015;80:777–778.
  • Warner A. Setting standards of practice in therapeutic drug monitoring and clinical toxicology: a North American view. Ther Drug Monit. 2000;22:93–97.
  • Dahl ML, Sjöqvist F. Pharmacogenetic methods as a complement to therapeutic monitoring of antidepressants and neuroleptics. Ther Drug Monit. 2000;22:114–117.
  • Crettol S, de Leon J, Hiemke C, et al. Pharmacogenomics in psychiatry: from therapeutic drug monitoring to genomic medicine. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2014;95:254–257.
  • Spina E, de Leon J. Clinical applications of CYP genotyping in psychiatry. J Neural Transm. 2015;122:5–28.
  • Shah RR, Smith RL. Addressing phenoconversion: the Achilles’ heel of personalized medicine. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2015;79:222–240.
  • de Leon J. The crucial role of the therapeutic window in understanding the clinical relevance of the poor versus the ultrarapid metabolizer phenotypes in subjects taking drugs metabolized by CYP2D6 or CYP2C19. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2007;27:241–245.
  • Castberg I, Spigset O. Serum concentrations of risperidone and 9-hydroxyrisperidone after administration of the long-acting injectable form of risperidone: evidence from a routine therapeutic drug monitoring service. Ther Drug Monit. 2005;27:103–106.
  • Arvanitis LA, Miller BG. Multiple fixed doses of “Seroquel” (quetiapine) in patients with acute exacerbation of schizophrenia: a comparison with haloperidol and placebo. The Seroquel Trial 13 Study Group. Biol Psychiatry. 1997;42:233–246.
  • Urinovska R, Brozmanova H, Sistik P, et al. Liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method for determination of five antidepressants and four atypical antipsychotics and their main metabolites in human serum. J Chromatogr B. 2012;907:101–107.
  • Odom-White A, de Leon J. Clozapine levels and caffeine. J Clin Psychiatry. 1996;57:175–176.
  • Lane HY, Su KP, Chang WH, et al. Elevated plasma clozapine concentrations after phenobarbital discontinuation. J Clin Psychiatry. 1998;59:131–133.
  • Hiemke C, Weigmann H, Härtter S, et al. Elevated levels of clozapine in serum after addition of fluvoxamine. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1994;14:279–281.
  • Szegedi A, Wiesner J, Hiemke C. Improved efficacy and fewer side effects under clozapine treatment after addition of fluvoxamine. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1995;15:141–143.
  • Markowitz JS, Gill HS, DeVane CL, et al. Fluoroquinolone inhibition of clozapine metabolism. Am J Psychiatry. 1997;153:881.
  • Sanbhi R, Purl R, Jones G. Interaction of clozapine and ciprofloxacin: a case report. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2007;63:895–896.
  • Brouwers EEM, Sohne M, Kuipers S, et al. Ciprofloxacin strongly inhibits clozapine metabolism. Clin Drug Invest. 2009;29:59–63.
  • Funderberg LG, Vertrees JE, True JE, et al. Seizure following addition of erythromycin to clozapine treatment. Am J Psychiatry. 1994;151:1840–1841.
  • Joos AAB, Frank UG, Kaschka WP. Pharmacokinetic interaction of clozapine and rifampicin in a forensic patient with an atypical mycobacterial infection. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1998;18:83–85.
  • Frick A, Kopitz J, Bergemann N. Omeprazole reduces clozapine plasma concentrations. Pharmacopsychiatry. 2008;36:121–123.
  • Bork JA, Rogers T, Wedlund PJ, et al. A pilot study on risperidone metabolism: the role of cytochromes P450 2D6 and 3A. J Clin Psychiatry. 1999;60:469–476.
  • de Leon J, Bork J. Risperidone and cytochrome P4503A. J Clin Psychiatry. 1997;58:450.
  • Spina E, Scordo MG, Avenoso A, et al. Adverse drug interaction between risperidone and carbamazepine in a patient with chronic schizophrenia and deficient CYP2D6 activity. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2001;21:108–109.
  • Markowitz JS, Devane CL. Suspected ciprofloxacin inhibition of olanzapine resulting in increased plasma concentrations. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1999;19:289–291.
  • Licht RW, Olesen OV, Friis P, et al. Olanzapine serum concentrations lowered by concomitant treatment with carbamazepine. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2000;20:110–112.
  • Pollack TM, McCoy C, Stead W. Clinically significant adverse events from a drug interaction between quetiapine and atazanavir–ritonavir in two patients. Pharmacotherapy. 2009;29:1386–1391.
  • McGrane IR, Loveland JG, Zaluski HJ, et al. Serum quetiapine concentration changes with concomitant oxcarbazepine therapy in a boy with autism spectrum disorder. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2015;25:729–730.
  • Aung GL, O’Brien JG, Tien PG, et al. Increased aripiprazole concentrations in an HIV-positive male concurrently taking duloxetine, darunavir, and ritonavir. Ann Pharmacother. 2010;44:1850–1854.
  • Wetzel H, Anghelescu I, Szegedi A, et al. Pharmacokinetic interactions of clozapine with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors: differential effects of fluvoxamine and paroxetine in a prospective study. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1998;18:2–9.
  • Spina E, Avenoso A, Facciolà G, et al. Effect of fluoxetine on the plasma concentrations of clozapine and its major metabolites in patients with schizophrenia. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 1998;13:141–145.
  • Spina E, Avenoso A, Facciolà G, et al. Plasma concentrations of risperidone and 9-hydroxyrisperidone: effect of comedication with carbamazepine or valproate. Ther Drug Monit. 2000;22:481–485.
  • Spina E, Avenoso A, Facciolà G, et al. Plasma concentrations of risperidone and 9-hydroxyrisperidone during combined treatment with paroxetine. Ther Drug Monit. 2001;23:223–227.
  • Saito M, Yasui-Furukori N, Nakagami T, et al. Dose-dependent interaction of paroxetine with risperidone in schizophrenic patients. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2005;25:527–532.
  • Nakamura A, Mihara K, Nagai G, et al. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions between carbamazepine and aripiprazole in patients with schizophrenia. Ther Drug Monit. 2009;31:575–578.
  • Nemoto K, Mihara K, Nakamura A, et al. Effects of paroxetine on plasma concentrations of aripiprazole and its active metabolite, dehydroaripiprazole, in Japanese patients with schizophrenia. Ther Drug Monit. 2012;34:188–192.
  • Yasui-Furukori N, Kubo K, Ishioka M, et al. Interaction between paliperidone and carbamazepine. Ther Drug Monit. 2013;35:649–652.
  • de Leon J, Wynn G, Sandson NB. The pharmacokinetics of paliperidone versus risperidone. Psychosomatics. 2010;51:80–88.
  • Kerbusch-Herben V, Cleton A, Berwaets J, et al. Effect of carbamazepine on the pharmacokinetics of paliperidone extended-release tablets at steady state. Clin Pharmacol Drug Develop. 2014;20:1–7.
  • de Leon J. The effects of antiepileptic inducers in neuropsychopharmacology, a neglected issue. Part I: a summary of the current state for clinicians. Rev Psiquiatr Salud Ment. 2015;8:97–115.
  • Jaquenoud Sirot E, Knezevic B, Morena GP, et al. ABCB1 and cytochrome P450 polymorphisms: clinical pharmacogenetics of clozapine. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2009;29:319–326.
  • Greenwood-Smith C, Lubman DI, Castle DJ. Serum clozapine levels: a review of their clinical utility. J Psychopharmacol. 2003;17:234–238.
  • Jerling M, Lindstrom L, Bondesson U, et al. Fluvoxamine inhibition and carbamazepine induction of the metabolism of clozapine: evidence from a therapeutic drug monitoring service. Ther Drug Monit. 1994;16:368–374.
  • Szegedi A, Anghelescu I, Wiesner J, et al. Addition of low-dose of fluvoxamine to low-dose clozapine monotherapy in schizophrenia: drug monitoring and tolerability data from a prospective clinical trial. Pharmacopsychiatry. 1999;32:148–153.
  • Diaz FJ, Santoro V, Spina E, et al. Estimating the size of the effects of co-medications on plasma clozapine concentrations using a model that controls for clozapine doses and confounding variables. Pharmacopsychiatry. 2008;41:81–91.
  • Diaz FJ, Rivera T, Josiassen R, et al. Individualizing drug dosage by using a random intercept linear model. Stat Med. 2007;26:2052–2073.
  • Facciolà G, Avenoso A, Spina E, et al. Inducing effect of phenobarbital on clozapine metabolism in patients with chronic schizophrenia. Ther Drug Monit. 1998;20:628–630.
  • Facciolà G, Avenoso A, Scordo MG, et al. Small effects of valproic acid on the plasma concentrations of clozapine and its major metabolites in patients with schizophrenic or affective disorders. Ther Drug Monit. 1999;21:341–345.
  • Spina E, Avenoso A, Salemi M, et al. Plasma concentrations of clozapine and its major metabolites during combined treatment with paroxetine or sertraline. Pharmacopsychiatry. 2000;33:213–217.
  • Avenoso A, Facciolà G, Scordo MG, et al. No effect of citalopram on plasma concentrations of clozapine, risperidone and their active metabolites in patients with chronic schizophrenia. Clin Drug Invest. 1998;16:393–398.
  • Spina E, Avenoso A, Scordo MG, et al. No effect of reboxetine on plasma concentrations of clozapine, risperidone and their active metabolites. Ther Drug Monit. 2001;23:675–678.
  • Seto K, Dumontet J, Ensom MHH. Risperidone in schizophrenia: is there a role for therapeutic drug monitoring? Ther Drug Monit. 2011;33:275–283.
  • Mannheimer B, von Bahr C, Pettersson H, et al. Impact of multiple inhibitors or substrates of cytochrome P450 2D6 on plasma risperidone levels in patients on polypharmacy. Ther Drug Monit. 2008;30:565–569.
  • de Leon J, Susce MT, Pan RM, et al. A study of genetic (CYP2D6 and ABCB1) and environmental (drug inhibitors and inducers) variables that may influence plasma risperidone levels. Pharmacopsychiatry. 2007;40:93–102.
  • Schwenger E, Dumontet J, Ensom MHH. Does olanzapine warrant clinical pharmacokinetic monitoring in schizophrenia? Clin Pharmacokinet. 2011;50:415–428.
  • Olesen OV, Linnet K. Olanzapine serum concentrations in psychiatric patients given standard doses: the influence of comedication. Ther Drug Monit. 1999;21:87–90.
  • Linnet K, Olesen OV. Free and glucuronidated olanzapine serum concentrations in psychiatric patients: influence of carbamazepine comedication. Ther Drug Monit. 2002;24:512–517.
  • Weigmann H, Gerek S, Zeisig A, et al. Fluvoxamine but not sertraline inhibits the metabolism of olanzapine: evidence from a therapeutic drug monitoring service. Ther Drug Monit. 2001;23:410–413.
  • Skogh E, Reis M, Dahl M, et al. Therapeutic drug monitoring data on olanzapine and its N-demethyl metabolite in the naturalistic clinical setting. Ther Drug Monit. 2002;24:518–526.
  • Gex-Fabry M, Balant-Gorgia AE, Balant LP. Therapeutic drug monitoring of olanzapine: the combined effect of age, gender, smoking, and comedication. Ther Drug Monit. 2003;25:46–53.
  • Botts S, Diaz FJ, Santoro V, et al. Estimating the effects of co-medications on plasma olanzapine concentrations by using a mixed model. Progr Neuro-Psychopharmacol Biol Psychiat. 2008;32:1453–1458.
  • Spina E, D’Arrigo C, Migliardi G, et al. Effect of adjunctive lamotrigine treatment on the plasma concentrations of clozapine, risperidone and olanzapine in patients with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder. Ther Drug Monit. 2006;28:599–602.
  • Muscatello RM, Pacetti M, Cacciola M, et al. Plasma concentrations of risperidone and olanzapine during coadministration with oxcarbazepine. Epilepsia. 2005;46:771–774.
  • Migliardi G, D’Arrigo C, Santoro V, et al. Effect of topiramate on plasma concentrations of clozapine, olanzapine, risperidone, and quetiapine in patients with psychotic disorders. Clin Neuropharmacol. 2007;30:107–113.
  • Zoccali R, Muscatello MR, La Torre D, et al. Lack of a pharmacokinetic interaction between mirtazapine and the newer antipsychotics clozapine, risperidone and olanzapine in patients with chronic schizophrenia. Pharmacol Res. 2003;48:411–414.
  • Haslemo T, Refsum H, Molden E. The effect of ethinylestradiol-containing contraceptives on the serum concentration of olanzapine and N-desmethyl olanzapine. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2011;71:611–615.
  • Haslemo T, Olsen K, Lunde H, et al. Valproic acid significantly lowers serum concentrations of olanzapine. An interaction effect comparable with smoking. Ther Drug Monit. 2012;34:512–517.
  • Hasselstrøm J, Linnet K. Quetiapine serum concentrations in psychiatric patients: the influence of comedication. Ther Drug Monit. 2004;26:486–491.
  • Aichhorn W, Marksteiner J, Walch T, et al. Influence of age, gender, body weight and valproate comedication on quetiapine plasma concentrations. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2006;21:81–85.
  • Castberg I, Skogvoll E, Spigset O. Quetiapine and drug interactions: evidence from a routine therapeutic drug monitoring service. J Clin Psychiatry. 2007;68:1540–1545.
  • Santoro V, D’Arrigo C, Migliardi G, et al. Therapeutic drug monitoring of quetiapine: effect of coadministration with antiepileptic drugs in patients with psychiatric disorders. Open Clin Chem J. 2008;1:17–21.
  • Andersson ML, Björkhem-Bergman L, Lindh JD. Possible drug–drug interaction between quetiapine and lamotrigine – evidence from a Swedish TDM database. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2011;72:153–156.
  • Bakken GV, Rudberg I, Molden E, et al. Pharmacokinetic variability of quetiapine and the active metabolite N-desalkylquetiapine in psychiatric patients. Ther Drug Monit. 2011;33:222–226.
  • Molden E, Lunde H, Lunder N, et al. Pharmacokinetic variability of aripiprazole and the active metabolite dehydroaripiprazole in psychiatric patients. Ther Drug Monit. 2006;28:744–749.
  • Castberg I, Spigset O. Effects of comedication on the serum levels of aripiprazole: evidence from a routine therapeutic drug monitoring service. Pharmacopsychiatry. 2007;40:107–110.
  • Waade RB, Christensen H, Rudberg I, et al. Influence of comedication on serum concentrations of aripiprazole and dehydroaripiprazole. Ther Drug Monit. 2009;31:233–238.
  • Cherma MD, Reis M, Hagg S, et al. Therapeutic drug monitoring of ziprasidone in a clinical setting. Ther Drug Monitor. 2008;30:682–688.
  • Vogel F, Gansmüller R, Leiblein T, et al. The use of ziprasidone in clinical practice: analysis of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic aspects from data of a drug monitoring survey. Eur Psychiatry. 2009;24:143–148.
  • Miceli JJ, Anziano RJ, Robarge L, et al. The effect of carbamazepine on the steady-state pharmacokinetics of ziprasidone in healthy volunteers. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2000;49(Suppl 1):65S–70S.
  • Bowskill SVJ, Patel MX, Handley SA, et al. Plasma amisulpride in relation to prescribed dose, clozapine augmentation, and other factors: data from a therapeutic drug monitoring service, 2002–2010. Hum Psychopharmacol Clin Exp. 2012;27:507–513.
  • de Leon J. Highlights of drug package inserts and the website DailyMed: the need for further improvement in package inserts to help busy prescribers. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2011;31:263–265.
  • de Leon J, Spina E, Diaz FJ. Pharmacokinetic drug interaction studies must consider pharmacological heterogeneity, use of repeated dosing, and translation into a message understandable to practicing clinicians. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2009;29:201–205.
  • Riesselman A, Strobl B, Cooley AT, et al. A case report that suggested that aspirin’s effects on valproic acid metabolism may contribute to valproic acid’s inducer effects on clozapine metabolism. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2013;33:812–814.
  • de Leon J, Sandson NB, Cozza KL. A preliminary attempt to personalize risperidone dosing using drug-drug interactions and genetics: part II. Psychosomatics. 2008;49:347–361.
  • de Leon J. Atypical antipsychotic dosing: the effect of smoking and caffeine. Psychiatr Serv. 2004;55:491–493.
  • de Leon J, Diaz FJ. Serious respiratory infections can increase clozapine levels and contribute to side effects: a case report. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2003;27:1059–1063.
  • Shah RR, Smith RL. Inflammation-induced phenoconversion of polymorphic drug metabolizing enzymes: hypothesis with implications for personalized medicine. Drug Metab Dispos. 2015;43:400–410.
  • Hefner G, Falter T, Bruns K, et al. Elevated risperidone serum concentrations during acute inflammation, two cases. Int J Psychiatry Med. 2015;50:335–344.
  • Hefner G, Shams ME, Unterecker S, et al. Inflammation and psychotropic drugs: the relationship between C-reactive protein and antipsychotic drug levels. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2015 Jun 3. [Epub ahead of print].
  • Pfuhlmann B, Hiemke C, Unterecker S, et al. Toxic clozapine serum levels during inflammatory reactions. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2009;29:392–394.
  • Citrome L, Josiassen R, Bark N, et al. Pharmacokinetics of aripiprazole and concomitant lithium and valproate. J Clin Pharmacol. 2005;45:89–93.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.