561
Views
13
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Drug Evaluation

Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of sodium zirconium cyclosilicate [ZS-9] in the treatment of hyperkalemia

&
Pages 567-573 | Received 01 Nov 2015, Accepted 07 Mar 2016, Published online: 05 Apr 2016

References

  • Gumz ML, Rabinowitz L, Wingo CS. An integrated view of potassium homeostasis. N Engl J Med. 2015;373:60–72.
  • Pani A, Floris M, Rosner MH, Ronco C. Hyperkalemia in hemodialysis patients. Semin Dial. 2014;27:571–576.
  • Khanagavi J, Gupta T, Aronow WS, et al. Hyperkalemia among hospitalized patients and association between duration of hyperkalemia and outcomes. Ams. 2014;10:251–257.
  • An JN, Lee JP, Jeon HJ, et al. Severe hyperkalemia requiring hospitalization: predictors of mortality. Crit Care. 2012;16:R225.
  • Ahn SY, Ryu J, Baek SH, et al. Incident chronic kidney disease and newly developed complications related to renal dysfunction in an elderly population during 5 years: a community-based elderly population cohort study. PLoS One. 2013;8:e84467.
  • Ahee P, Crowe AV. The management of hyperkalaemia in the emergency department. J Accid Emerg Med. 2000;17:188–191.
  • Lehnhardt A, Kemper MJ. Pathogenesis, diagnosis and management of hyperkalemia. Pediatr Nephrol. 2011;26:377–384.
  • Fry A, Farrington K. Management of acute renal failure. Postgr Med J. 2006;82:106–116.
  • Blumberg A, Weidman P, Shaw S, et al. Effect of various therapeutic approaches on plasma potassium and major regulating factors in terminal renal failure. Am J Med. 1988;85:507–512.
  • Weisberg L. Management of severe hyperkalemia. Crit Care Med. 2008;36:3246–3251.
  • Allon M. Treatment and prevention of hyperkalemia in end-stage renal disease. Kidney Int. 1993;43:1197–1209.
  • Harel Z, Harel S, Shah PS, et al. Gastrointestinal adverse events with sodium polystyrene sulfonate (Kayexalate) use: a systematic review. Am J Med. 2013;126:264.e9–24.
  • Batterink J, Lin J, Au-Yeung S, et al. Effectiveness of sodium polystyrene sulfonate for short-term treatment of hyperkalemia. Can J Hosp Pharm. 2015;68:296–303.
  • Sterns RH, Rojas M, Bernstein P, et al. Ion-exchange resins for the treatment of hyperkalemia: are they safe and effective? J Am Soc Nephrol. 2010;21:733–735.
  • Abramowitz M, Melamed M, Bauer C, et al. Effects of oral sodium bicarbonate in patients with CKD. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2013;8:714–720.
  • Łoniewski I, Wesson DE. Bicarbonate therapy for prevention of chronic kidney disease progression. Kidney Int. 2014;85:529–535.
  • Fordjour KN, Walton T, Doran JJ. Management of hyperkalemia in hospitalized patients. Am J Med Sci. 2014;347:93–100.
  • Perazella MA, Mahnensmith RL. Hyperkalemia in the elderly drugs exacerbate impaired potassium homeostasis. J Gen Intern Med. 1997;12:646–656.
  • VeltassaTM [package insert]. Redwood City, CA: Relypsa, Inc.; 2015.
  • Aaron KJ, Sanders PW. Role of dietary salt and potassium intake in cardiovascular health and disease: a review of the evidence. Mayo Clin Proc. 2013;88:987–995.
  • Navaneethan SD, Nigwekar SU, Sehgal AR, et al. Aldosterone antagonists for preventing the progression of chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2009;4:542–551.
  • Fonarow GC, Yancy CW, Hernandez AF, et al. Potential impact of optimal implementation of evidence-based heart failure therapies on mortality. Am Hear J. 2011;161:1024–30.e3.
  • Komajda M, Follath F, Swedberg K, et al. The EuroHeart Failure Survey programme – a survey on the quality of care among patients with heart failure in Europe. Part 2: treatment. Eur Hear J. 2003;24:464–474.
  • Cleland JGF, Swedberg K, Follath F, et al. The EuroHeart Failure Survey programme – a survey on the quality of care among patients with heart failure in Europe. Part 1: patient characteristics and diagnosis. Eur Hear J. 2003;24:442–463.
  • Albert NM, Yancy CW, Liang L, et al. Use of aldosterone antagonists in heart failure. Jama. 2009;302:1658–1665.
  • Vardeny O, Claggett B, Anand I, et al. Incidence, predictors, and outcomes related to hypo- and hyperkalemia in patients with severe heart failure treated with a mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist. Circulation. 2014;7:573–579.
  • Palmer BF. A physiologic-based approach to the evaluation of a patient with hyperkalemia. Am J Kidney Dis. 2010;56:387–393.
  • St Peter WL, Odum LE, Whaley-Connell AT. To RAS or not to RAS? The evidence for and cautions with renin-angiotensin system inhibition in patients with diabetic kidney disease. Pharmacotherapy. 2013;33:496–514.
  • Juurlink DN, Mamdani MM, Lee DS, et al. Rates of hyperkalemia after publication of the randomized aldactone evaluation study. New Engl J Med. 2004;351:543–551.
  • Sarafidis PA, Blacklock R, Wood E, et al. Prevalence and factors associated with hyperkalemia in predialysis patients followed in a low-clearance clinic. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2012;7:1234–1241.
  • Rossignol P, Dobre D, Jj V M, et al. Incidence, determinants, and prognostic significance of hyperkalemia and worsening renal function in patients with heart failure receiving the mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist eplerenone or placebo in addition to optimal medical therapy: results from. Circulation. 2014;7:51–58.
  • Putcha N, Allon M. Management of hyperkalemia in dialysis patients. Semin Dial. 2007;20:431–439.
  • Pfortmüller CA, Leichtle AB, Fiedler GM, et al. Hyperkalemia in the emergency department: etiology, symptoms and outcome of a life threatening electrolyte disorder. Eur J Int Med. 2013;24:e59–60.
  • Packham DK, Rasmussen HS, Lavin PT, et al. Sodium zirconium cyclosilicate in hyperkalemia. New Engl J Med. 2014;372:222–231.
  • Kosiborod M, Rasmussen HS, Lavin P, et al. Effect of sodium zirconium cyclosilicate on potassium lowering for 28 days among outpatients with hyperkalemia. Jama. 2014;312:2223–2233.
  • Stavros F, Yang A, Leon A, et al. Characterization of structure and function of ZS-9, a K+ selective ion trap. PLoS One. 2014;9:e114686.
  • ZS Pharma. Data on file.
  • Fordtran J, Locklear T. Ionic constituents and osmolality of gastric and small-intestinal fluids after eating. Am J Dig Dis. 1966;11:503–521.
  • Ash SR, Singh B, Lavin PT, et al. A phase 2 study on the treatment of hyperkalemia in patients with chronic kidney disease suggest that the selective potassium trap, ZS-9, is safe and efficient. Kidney Int. 2015;88:404–11.
  • Roger SD, Rasmussen HS, Lavin PT, et al. Effect of ZS-9 on serum bicarbonate and BUN in a phase 3 randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Am Soc Nephrol. Kidney Week. 2014 Nov 11–16, Philadelphia, Abstract 2743.
  • Singh B, Ash SR, Lavin PT, et al. Acid-base balance in a phase 2 trial of ZS-9 for hyperkalaemia in patients with chronic kidney disease. 51st Eur Ren Assoc Eur Dial Transpl Assoc Congr. 2014 May 31–Jun 3, Amsterdam, Abstract SP251.
  • Stavros F, Singh B, Menoyo J, et al. Assessment of systemic absorption of sodium zirconium cyclosilicate (ZS-9): blood and urine Zr concentration in dogs during a 9-month oral toxicity study. Am Soc Nephrol. Kidney Week. 2015 Nov 3–8, San Diego, Abstract #1586.
  • Kosiborod M, Peacock WF, Packham DK. Sodium zirconium cyclosilicate for urgent therapy of severe hyperkalemia. New Engl J Med. 2015;372:1577–1578.
  • US National Institutes of Health. ClinicalTrials.gov. [cited 2015 November 4]. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02163499
  • Winkelmayer WC. Treatment of hyperkalemia from ‘Hyper K+ ’ Strikeout to Home Run? Jama. 2015;314:129–130.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.