922
Views
48
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Drug monitoring and individual dose optimization of antimicrobial drugs: oxazolidinones

, &
Pages 533-544 | Received 15 Dec 2015, Accepted 11 Mar 2016, Published online: 28 Mar 2016

References

  • Shaw KJ, Barbachyn MR. The oxazolidinones: past, present, and future. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2011;1241:48–70.
  • Spangler SK, Jacobs MR, Appelbaum PC. Activities of RPR 106972 (a new oral streptogramin), cefditoren (a new oral cephalosporin), two new oxazolidinones (U-100592 and U-100766), and other oral and parenteral agents against 203 penicillin-susceptible and -resistant pneumococci. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1996;40:481–484.
  • Gordeev MF, Yuan ZY. New potent antibacterial oxazolidinone (MRX-I) with an improved class safety profile. J Med Chem. 2014;57:4487–4497.
  • Diekema DJ, Jones RN. Oxazolidinone antibiotics. Lancet. 2001;358:1975–1982.
  • Vardakas KZ, Ntziora F, Falagas ME. Linezolid: effectiveness and safety for approved and off-label indications. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2007;8:2381–2400.
  • O’Riordan W, Green S, Mehra P, et al. Tedizolid phosphate for the management of acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections: efficacy summary. Clin Infect Dis. 2014;58(Suppl 1):S43–S50.
  • Metaxas EI, Falagas ME. Update on the safety of linezolid. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2009;8:485–491.
  • Mendes RE, Deshpande LM, Jones RN. Linezolid update: stable in vitro activity following more than a decade of clinical use and summary of associated resistance mechanisms. Drug Resist Updat. 2014;17:1–12.
  • Villar M, Sotgiu G, D’Ambrosio L, et al. Linezolid safety, tolerability and efficacy to treat multidrug- and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis. Eur Respir J. 2011;38:730–733.
  • Lee M, Lee J, Carroll MW, et al. Linezolid for treatment of chronic extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis. N Engl J Med. 2012;367:1508–1518.
  • Zhang X, Falagas ME, Vardakas KZ, et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of the efficacy and safety of therapy with linezolid containing regimens in the treatment of multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis. J Thorac Dis. 2015;7:603–615.
  • Douros A, Grabowski K, Stahlmann R. Drug-drug interactions and safety of linezolid, tedizolid, and other oxazolidinones. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol. 2015;11:1849–1859.
  • Di Paolo A, Malacarne P, Guidotti E, et al. Pharmacological issues of linezolid: an updated critical review. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2010;49:439–447.
  • Dryden MS. Linezolid pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in clinical treatment. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2011;66(Suppl 4):iv7–iv15.
  • Cattaneo D, Orlando G, Cozzi V, et al. Linezolid plasma concentrations and occurrence of drug-related haematological toxicity in patients with gram-positive infections. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2013;41:586–589.
  • Gervasoni C, Cozzi V, Charbe N, et al. Risk factors for linezolid- associated thrombocytopenia in adult patients. XIV National SIMIT Congress; 2015 November 9–11;Catania. Abstract n.155.
  • Cossu AP, Musu M, Mura P, et al. Linezolid-induced thrombocytopenia in impaired renal function: is it time for a dose adjustment? A case report and review of literature. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2014;70:23–28.
  • Brier ME, Stalker DJ, Aronoff GR, et al. Pharmacokinetics of linezolid in subjects with renal dysfunction. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2003;47:2775–2780.
  • Matsumoto K, Takeshita A, Ikawa K, et al. Higher linezolid exposure and higher frequency of thrombocytopenia in patients with renal dysfunction. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2010;36:179–181.
  • Tsuji Y, Hiraki Y, Matsumoto K, et al. Thrombocytopenia and anemia caused by a persistent high linezolid concentration in patients with renal dysfunction. J Infect Chemother. 2011;17:70–75.
  • Tsuji Y, Yukawa E, Hiraki Y, et al. Population pharmacokinetic analysis of linezolid in low body weight patients with renal dysfunction. J Clin Pharmacol. 2013;53:967–973.
  • Nukui Y, Hatakeyama S, Okamoto K, et al. High plasma linezolid concentration and impaired renal function affect development of linezolid-induced thrombocytopenia. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2013;68:2128–2133.
  • Matsumoto K, Shigemi A, Takeshita A, et al. Analysis of thrombocytopenic effects and population pharmacokinetics of linezolid: a dosage strategy according to the trough concentration target and renal function in adult patients. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2014;44:242–247.
  • Fiaccadori E, Maggiore U, Rotelli C, et al. Does haemodialysis significantly affect serum linezolid concentrations in critically ill patients with renal failure? A pilot investigation. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2006;21:1402–1406.
  • El-Assal MI, Helmy SA. Single-dose linezolid pharmacokinetics in critically ill patients with impaired renal function especially chronic hemodialysis patients. Biopharm Drug Dispos. 2014;35:405–416.
  • Villa G, Cassetta MI, Tofani L, et al. Linezolid extracorporeal removal during haemodialysis with high cut-off membrane in critically ill patients. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2015;46:465–468.
  • Roger C, Muller L, Wallis SC, et al. Population pharmacokinetics of linezolid in critically ill patients on renal replacement therapy: comparison of equal doses in continuous venovenous haemofiltration and continuous venovenous haemodiafiltration. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2016;71:464–470.
  • Carcelero E, Soy D, Guerrero L, et al. Linezolid pharmacokinetics in patients with acute renal failure undergoing continuous venovenous hemodiafiltration. J Clin Pharmacol. 2012;52:1430–1435.
  • Hiraki Y, Tsuji Y, Misumi N, et al. Pharmacokinetics and elimination efficiency of linezolid during dialysis. Ren Fail. 2013;35:418–420.
  • Gervasoni C, Bergia R, Cozzi V, et al. Is it time to revise linezolid doses in peritoneal dialysis patients? A case series. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2015;70:2918–2920.
  • Abe S, Chiba K, Cirincione B, et al. Population pharmacokinetic analysis of linezolid in patients with infectious disease: application to lower body weight and elderly patients. J Clin Pharmacol. 2009;49:1071–1078.
  • Stein GE, Schooley SL, Peloquin CA, et al. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of linezolid in obese patients with cellulitis. Ann Pharmacother. 2005;39:427–432.
  • Tsuji Y, Hiraki Y, Matsumoto K, et al. Evaluation of the pharmacokinetics of linezolid in an obese Japanese patient. Scand J Infect Dis. 2012;44:626–629.
  • Hamilton R, Thai XC, Ameri D, et al. Oral bioavailability of linezolid before and after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery: is dose modification necessary in obese subjects? J Antimicrob Chemother. 2013;68:666–673.
  • Bhalodi AA, Papasavas PK, Tishler DS, et al. Pharmacokinetics of intravenous linezolid in moderately to morbidly obese adults. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2013;57:1144–1149.
  • Corcione S, Pagani N, Baietto L, et al. Pharmacokinetics of high dosage of linezolid in two morbidly obese patients. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2015;70:2417–2418.
  • Lovering AM, Zhang J, Bannister GC, et al. Penetration of linezolid into bone, fat, muscle and haematoma of patients undergoing routine hip replacement. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2002;50:73–77.
  • Sisson TL, Jungbluth GL, Hopkins NK. Age and sex effects on the pharmacokinetics of linezolid. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2002;57:793–797.
  • Wynalda MA, Hauer MJ, Wienkers LC. Oxidation of the novel oxazolidinone antibiotic linezolid in human liver microsomes. Drug Metab Dispos. 2000;28:1014–1017.
  • Gervasoni C, Simonetti FR, Resnati C, et al. Prolonged inductive effect of rifampicin on linezolid exposure. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2015;71:643–644.
  • Pea F, Viale P, Cojutti P, et al. Therapeutic drug monitoring may improve safety outcomes of long-term treatment with linezolid in adult patients. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2012;67:2034–2042.
  • Bolhuis MS, Van Altena R, Van Soolingen D, et al. Clarithromycin increases linezolid exposure in multidrug-resistant tuberculosis patients. Eur Respir J. 2013;42:1614–1621.
  • Sakai Y, Naito T, Arima C, et al. Potential drug interaction between warfarin and linezolid. Intern Med. 2015;54:459–464.
  • Wu VC, Wang YT, Wang CY, et al. High frequency of linezolid-associated thrombocytopenia and anemia among patients with end-stage renal disease. Clin Infect Dis. 2006;42:66–72.
  • Tsuji Y, Hiraki Y, Mizoguchi A, et al. Pharmacokinetics of repeated dosing of linezolid in a hemodialysis patient with chronic renal failure. J Infect Chemother. 2008;14:156–160.
  • Niwa T, Watanabe T, Suzuki A, et al. Reduction of linezolid-associated thrombocytopenia by the dose adjustment based on the risk factors such as basal platelet count and body weight. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2014;79:93–97.
  • Ichie T, Suzuki D, Yasui K, et al. The association between risk factors and time of onset for thrombocytopenia in Japanese patients receiving linezolid therapy: a retrospective analysis. J Clin Pharm Ther. 2015;40:279–284.
  • Hiraki Y, Tsuji Y, Hiraike M, et al. Correlation between serum linezolid concentration and the development of thrombocytopenia. Scand J Infect Dis. 2012;44:60–64.
  • Boak LM, Rayner CR, Grayson ML, et al. Clinical population pharmacokinetics and toxicodynamics of linezolid. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2014;58:2334–2343.
  • Alffenaar JW, Kosterink JG, Van Altena R, et al. Limited sampling strategies for therapeutic drug monitoring of linezolid in patients with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Ther Drug Monit. 2010;32:97–101.
  • Alffenaar JW, Van Altena R, Harmelink IM, et al. Comparison of the pharmacokinetics of two dosage regimens of linezolid in multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis patients. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2010;49:559–565.
  • Dong H, Xie J, Chen L, et al. Developments in the pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic index of linezolid: a step toward dose optimization using Monte Carlo simulation in critically ill patients. Int J Infect Dis. 2014;22:35–40.
  • Jacqueline C, Batard E, Perez L, et al. In vivo efficacy of continuous infusion versus intermittent dosing of linezolid compared to vancomycin in a methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus rabbit endocarditis model. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2002;46:3706–3711.
  • Linezolid – EUCAST Rationale document [ cited 2015 Feb 1] Available from: www.eucast.org/fileadmin/src/media/PDFs/EUCAST_files/Rationale_documents/Linezolidrationale1.0.pdf.
  • Ashizawa N, Tsuji Y, Kawago K, et al. Successful treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus osteomyelitis with combination therapy using linezolid and rifampicin under therapeutic drug monitoring. J Infect Chemother. 2015; pii: S1341-321X(15)00284-6. doi:10.1016/j.jiac.2015.11.012. Epub ahead of print
  • Roberts JA, Abdul-Aziz MH, Lipman J, et al. Individualised antibiotic dosing for patients who are critically ill: challenges and potential solutions. Lancet Infect Dis. 2014;14:498–509.
  • Lopez-Garcia B, Luque S, Roberts JA, et al. Pharmacokinetics and preliminary safety of high dose linezolid for the treatment of Gram-positive bacterial infections. J Infect. 2015;71:604–607.
  • Weiss T, Schönfeld N, Otto-Knapp R, et al. Low minimal inhibitory concentrations of linezolid against multidrug-resistant tuberculosis strains. Eur Respir J. 2015;45:285–287.
  • Migliori GB, Eker B, Richardson MD, et al. A retrospective TBNET assessment of linezolid safety, tolerability and efficacy in multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Eur Respir J. 2009;34:387–393.
  • Yew WW, Chang KC, Chau CH. What is the optimal dosage of linezolid in treatment of complicated multidrug-resistant tuberculosis? Eur Respir J. 2009;34:1492–1494.
  • Koh WJ, Kang YR, Jeon K, et al. Daily 300 mg dose of linezolid for multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis: updated analysis of 51 patients. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2012;67:1503–1507.
  • De Lorenzo S, Alffenaar JW, Sotgiu G, et al. Efficacy and safety of meropenem-clavulanate added to linezolid-containing regimens in the treatment of MDR-/XDR-TB. Eur Respir J. 2013;41:1386–1392.
  • Yew WW, Chang KC, Chau CH. Comment on: Daily 300 mg dose of linezolid for the treatment of intractable multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2009;64:1119.
  • Bolhuis MS, Van Altena R, Van Hateren K, et al. Clinical validation of the analysis of linezolid and clarithromycin in oral fluid of patients with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2013;57:3676–3680.
  • Heysell SK, Moore JL, Peloquin CA, et al. Outcomes and use of therapeutic drug monitoring in multidrug-resistant tuberculosis patients treated in virginia, 2009–2014. Tuberc Respir Dis (Seoul). 2015;78:78–84.
  • Bolhuis MS, Tiberi S, Sotgiu G, et al. Linezolid tolerability in multidrug-resistant tuberculosis: a retrospective study. Eur Respir J. 2015;46:1205–1207.
  • Chiappini E, Conti C, Galli L, et al. Clinical efficacy and tolerability of linezolid in pediatric patients: a systematic review. Clin Ther. 2010;32:66–88.
  • Kocher S, Müller W, Resch B. Linezolid treatment of nosocomial bacterial infection with multiresistant gram-positive pathogens in preterm infants: a systematic review. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2010;36:106–110.
  • Cojutti P, Maximova N, Crichiutti G, et al. Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic evaluation of linezolid in hospitalized paediatric patients: a step toward dose optimization by means of therapeutic drug monitoring and Monte Carlo simulation. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2015;70:198–206.
  • Kosaka T, Kokufu T, Shime N, et al. Pharmacokinetics and tolerance of linezolid for meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus mediastinitis in paediatric patients. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2009;33:368–370.
  • Matsumoto K, Shigemi A, Takeshita A, et al. Linezolid dosage in pediatric patients based on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. J Infect Chemother. 2015;21:70–73.
  • Simon A, Müllenborn E, Prelog M, et al. Use of linezolid in neonatal and pediatric inpatient facilities-results of a retrospective multicenter survey. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2012;31:1435–1442.
  • Sicard M, Launay E, Caillon J, et al. Pharmacokinetics of linezolid treatment using intravenous and oral administrations in extremely premature infants. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2015;71:611–615.
  • Garcia-Prats AJ, Rose PC, Hesseling AC, et al. Linezolid for the treatment of drug-resistant tuberculosis in children: a review and recommendations. Tuberculosis (Edinb). 2014;94:93–104.
  • Zhanel GG, Love R, Adam H, et al. Tedizolid: a novel oxazolidinone with potent activity against multidrug-resistant gram-positive pathogens. Drugs. 2015;75:253–270.
  • Hall RG 2nd, Michaels HN. Profile of tedizolid phosphate and its potential in the treatment of acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections. Infect Drug Resist. 2015;8:75–82.
  • Lodise TP, Drusano GL. Use of pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic systems analyses to inform dose selection of tedizolid phosphate. Clin Infect Dis. 2014;58(Suppl 1):S28–34.
  • Ong V, Flanagan S, Fang E, et al. Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of the novel antibacterial prodrug tedizolid phosphate. Drug Metab Dispos. 2014;42:1275–1284.
  • Flanagan S, Passarell J, Lu Q, et al. Tedizolid population pharmacokinetics, exposure response, and target attainment. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2014;58:6462–6470.
  • Flanagan S, Fang E, Muñoz KA, et al. Single- and multiple-dose pharmacokinetics and absolute bioavailability of tedizolid. Pharmacotherapy. 2014;34:891–900.
  • Flanagan S, Minassian SL, Morris D, et al. Pharmacokinetics of tedizolid in subjects with renal or hepatic impairment. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2014;58:6471–6476.
  • Sahre M, Sabarinath S, Grant M, et al. Skin and soft tissue concentrations of tedizolid (formerly torezolid), a novel oxazolidinone, following a single oral dose in healthy volunteers. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2012;40:51–54.
  • Roberts JA, Pea F, Lipman J. The clinical relevance of plasma protein binding changes. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2013;52:1–8.
  • Molina-Torres CA, Barba-Marines A, Valles-Guerra O, et al. Intracellular activity of tedizolid phosphate and ACH-702 versus Mycobacterium tuberculosis infected macrophages. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob. 2014;13:13.
  • Drusano GL, Liu W, Kulawy R, et al. Impact of granulocytes on the antimicrobial effect of tedizolid in a mouse thigh infection model. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2011;55:5300–5305.
  • Shorr AF, Lodise TP, Corey GR, et al. Analysis of the phase 3 ESTABLISH trials of tedizolid versus linezolid in acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2015;59:864–871.
  • Neely M, Jelliffe R. Practical therapeutic drug management in HIV-infected patients: use of population pharmacokinetic models supplemented by individualized Bayesian dose optimization. J Clin Pharmacol. 2008;48:1081–1091.
  • Tørset E, Åsberg A, Skauby M, et al. Improved tacrolimus target concentration achievement using computerized dosing in renal transplant recipients-a prospective, randomized study. Transplantation. 2015;99:2158–2166.
  • Neely M, Margol A, Fu X, et al. Achieving target voriconazole concentrations more accurately in children and adolescents. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2015;59:3090–3097.
  • Hofman S, Bolhuis MS, Koster RA, et al. Role of therapeutic drug monitoring in pulmonary infections: use and potential for expanded use of dried blood spot samples. Bioanalysis. 2015;7:481–495.
  • Housman ST, Pope JS, Russomanno J, et al. Pulmonary disposition of tedizolid following administration of once-daily oral 200-milligram tedizolid phosphate in healthy adult volunteers. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2012;56:2627–2634.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.