Novel drug discovery opportunities for colorectal cancer

Bibliography

• Jemal A, Bray F, Center MM, et al. Global cancer statistics. CA Cancer J Clin 2011;61:69-90
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edwards BK, Ward E, Kohler BA, et al. Annual report to the nation on the status of cancer, 1975-2006, featuring colorectal cancer trends and impact of interventions (risk factors, screening, and treatment) to reduce future rates. Cancer 2010;116:544-73
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Center MM, Jemal A, Smith RA, Ward E. Worldwide variations in colorectal cancer. CA Cancer J Clin 2009;59:366-78
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Puppa G, Sonzogni A, Colombari R, Pelosi G. TNM staging system of colorectal carcinoma: a critical appraisal of challenging issues. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2010;134:837-52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Compton CC. Colorectal carcinoma: diagnostic, prognostic, and molecular features. Mod Pathol 2003;16:376-88
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jemal A, Siegel R, Ward E, et al. Cancer statistics, 2008. CA. Cancer J Clin 2008;58:71-96
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyerhardt JA, Mayer RJ. Systemic therapy for colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med 2005;352:476-87
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galon J, Costes A, Sanchez-Cabo F, et al. Type, density, and location of immune cells within human colorectal tumors predict clinical outcome. Science 2006;313:1960-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galon J, Pages F, Marincola FM, et al. Cancer classification using the Immunoscore: a worldwide task force. J Transl Med 2012;10:205
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heath JP. Epithelial cell migration in the intestine. Cell Biol Int 1996;20:139-46
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Radtke F, Clevers H. Self-renewal and cancer of the gut: two sides of a coin. Science 2005;307:1904-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Es JH, Clevers H. Notch and Wnt inhibitors as potential new drugs for intestinal neoplastic disease. Trends Mol Med 2005;11:496-502
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Potten C.S. Stem cells in gastrointestinal epithelium: numbers, characteristics and death. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 1998;353:821-30
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng H, Leblond CP. Origin, differentiation and renewal of the four main epithelial cell types in the mouse small intestine. V. Unitarian Theory of the origin of the four epithelial cell types. Am J Anat 1974;141:537-61
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Barker N, van Es JH, Kuipers J, et al. Identification of stem cells in small intestine and colon by marker gene Lgr5. Nature 2007;449:1003-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ayabe T, Satchell DP, Wilson CL, et al. Secretion of microbicidal alpha-defensins by intestinal paneth cells in response to bacteria. Nat Immunol 2000;1:113-18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Porter EM, Bevins CL, Ghosh D, Ganz T. The multifaceted paneth cell. Cell Mol Life Sci 2002;59:156-70
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Midgley RS, Yanagisawa Y, Kerr DJ. Evolution of nonsurgical therapy for colorectal cancer. Nat Clin Pract Gastroenterol Hepatol 2009;6:108-20
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Eng C. Toxic effects and their management: daily clinical challenges in the treatment of colorectal cancer. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2009;6:207-18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cersosimo RJ. Management of advanced colorectal cancer, part 1. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2013;70:395-406
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sargent DJ, Niedzwiecki D, O'Connell MJ, Schilsky RL. Recommendation for caution with irinotecan, fluorouracil, and leucovorin for colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med 2001;345:144-5. author reply 146
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mulder K, Scarfe A, Chua N, Spratlin J. The role of bevacizumab in colorectal cancer: understanding its benefits and limitations. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2011;11:405-13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shih T, Lindley C. Bevacizumab: an angiogenesis inhibitor for the treatment of solid malignancies. Clin Ther 2006;28:1779-802
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Broadbridge VT, Karapetis CS, Price TJ. Cetuximab in metastatic colorectal cancer. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2012;12:555-65
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li T, Perez-Soler R. Skin toxicities associated with epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors. Target Oncol 2009;4:107-19
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strumberg D, Schultheis B. Regorafenib for cancer. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2012;21:879-89
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stewart MW. Aflibercept (VEGF-TRAP): the next anti-VEGF drug. Inflamm Allergy Drug Targets 2011;10:497-508
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fearon ER, Vogelstein B. A genetic model for colorectal tumorigenesis. Cell 1990;61:759-67
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kinzler KW, Vogelstein B. Lessons from hereditary colorectal cancer. Cell 1996;87:159-70
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goss KH, Groden J. Biology of the adenomatous polyposis coli tumor suppressor. J Clin Oncol 2000;18:1967-79
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herrera L, Kakati S, Gibas L, et al. Gardner syndrome in a man with an interstitial deletion of 5q. Am J Med Genet 1986;25:473-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Groden J, Thliveris A, Samowitz W, et al. Identification and characterization of the familial adenomatous polyposis coli gene. Cell 1991;66:589-600
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fodde R, Smits R, Clevers H. APC, signal transduction and genetic instability in colorectal cancer. Nat Rev Cancer 2001;1:55-67
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giles RH, van Es JH, Clevers H. Caught up in a Wnt storm: Wnt signaling in cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta 2003;1653:1-24
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bos JL, Fearon ER, Hamilton SR, et al. Prevalence of ras gene mutations in human colorectal cancers. Nature 1987;327:293-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thiagalingam S, Lengauer C, Leach FS, et al. Evaluation of candidate tumour suppressor genes on chromosome 18 in colorectal cancers. Nat Genet 1996;13:343-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Markowitz SD, Bertagnolli MM. Molecular origins of cancer: molecular basis of colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med 2009;361:2449-60
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baker SJ, Fearon ER, Nigro JM, et al. Chromosome 17 deletions and p53 gene mutations in colorectal carcinomas. Science 1989;244:217-21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arends JW. Molecular interactions in the Vogelstein model of colorectal carcinoma. J Pathol 2000;190:412-16
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hewish M, Lord CJ, Martin SA, et al. Mismatch repair deficient colorectal cancer in the era of personalized treatment. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2010;7:197-208
   Google Scholar
• Lynch HT, Smyrk T, Lynch JF. Overview of natural history, pathology, molecular genetics and management of HNPCC (Lynch Syndrome). Int J Cancer 1996;69:38-43
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fishel R, Lescoe MK, Rao MR, et al. The human mutator gene homolog MSH2 and its association with hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer. Cell 1993;75:1027-38
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bronner CE, Baker SM, Morrison PT, et al. Mutation in the DNA mismatch repair gene homologue hMLH1 is associated with hereditary non-polyposis colon cancer. Nature 1994;368:258-61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lao VV, Grady WM. Epigenetics and colorectal cancer. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2011;8:686-700
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Issa JP. CpG island methylator phenotype in cancer. Nat Rev Cancer 2004;4:988-93
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Konishi K, Shen L, Jelinek J, et al. Concordant DNA methylation in synchronous colorectal carcinomas. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2009;2:814-22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hsu JY, Wakelee HA. Monoclonal antibodies targeting vascular endothelial growth factor: current status and future challenges in cancer therapy. BioDrugs 2009;23:289-304
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krupitskaya Y, Wakelee HA. Ramucirumab, a fully human mAb to the transmembrane signaling tyrosine kinase VEGFR-2 for the potential treatment of cancer. Curr Opin Investig Drugs 2009;10:597-605
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKian KP, Haluska P. Cixutumumab. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2009;18:1025-33
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prahallad A, Sun C, Huang S, et al. Unresponsiveness of colon cancer to BRAF(V600E) inhibition through feedback activation of EGFR. Nature 2012;483:100-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berge E, Thompson C, Messersmith W. Development of novel targeted agents in the treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer. Clin Colorectal Cancer 2011;10:266-78
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Desar IM, Gilles R, van Herpen CM, et al. (18)F-FLT-PET for Response Evaluation of MEK Inhibitor Selumetinib (AZD6244, ARRY-142886) in Patients with Solid Tumors. World J Nucl Med 2012;11:65-9
   Google Scholar
• Thompson C, Leong S, Messersmith W. Promising targets and drugs in development for colorectal cancer. Semin Oncol 2011;38:588-97
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hong DS, Bowles DW, Falchook GS, et al. A multicenter phase I trial of PX-866, an oral irreversible phosphatidylinositol 3-kinas inhibitor, in patients with advanced solid tumors. Clin Cancer Res 2012;18:4173-82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bendell JC, Rodon J, Burris HA, et al. Phase I, dose-escalation study of BKM120, an oral pan-Class I PI3K inhibitor, in patients with advanced solid tumors. J Clin Oncol 2012;30:282-90
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mueller A, Bachmann E, Linnig M, et al. Selective PI3K inhibition by BKM120 and BEZ235 alone or in combination with chemotherapy in wild-type and mutated human gastrointestinal cancer cell lines. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2012;69:1601-15
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bendell JC, Nemunaitis J, Vukelja SJ, et al. Randomized placebo-controlled phase II trial of perifosine plus capecitabine as second- or third-line therapy in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol 2011;29:4394-400
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yap TA, Yan L, Patnaik A, et al. First-in-man clinical trial of the oral pan-AKT inhibitor MK-2206 in patients with advanced solid tumors. J Clin Oncol 2011;29:4688-95
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Altomare I, Bendell JC, Bullock KE, et al. A phase II trial of bevacizumab plus everolimus for patients with refractory metastatic colorectal cancer. Oncologist 2011;16:1131-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mallon R, Feldberg LR, Lucas J, et al. Antitumor efficacy of PKI-587, a highly potent dual PI3K/mTOR kinase inhibitor. Clin Cancer Res 2011;17:3193-203
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weissman IL. Stem cells: units of development, units of regeneration, and units in evolution. Cell 2000;100:157-68
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Visvader JE, Lindeman GJ. Cancer stem cells in solid tumours: accumulating evidence and unresolved questions. Nat Rev Cancer 2008;8:755-68
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonnet D, Dick JE. Human acute myeloid leukemia is organized as a hierarchy that originates from a primitive hematopoietic cell. Nat Med 1997;3:730-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al-Hajj M, Wicha MS, Benito-Hernandez A, et al. Prospective identification of tumorigenic breast cancer cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003;100:3983-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ponti D, Costa A, Zaffaroni N, et al. Isolation and in vitro propagation of tumorigenic breast cancer cells with stem/progenitor cell properties. Cancer Res 2005;65:5506-11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Todaro M, Alea MP, Di Stefano AB, et al. Colon cancer stem cells dictate tumor growth and resist cell death by production of interleukin-4. Cell Stem Cell 2007;1:389-402
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Brien CA, Pollett A, Gallinger S, Dick JE. A human colon cancer cell capable of initiating tumour growth in immunodeficient mice. Nature 2007;445:106-10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ricci-Vitiani L, Lombardi DG, Pilozzi E, et al. Identification and expansion of human colon-cancer-initiating cells. Nature 2007;445:111-15
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fortini ME. Notch signaling: the core pathway and its posttranslational regulation. Dev Cell 2009;16:633-47
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brabletz S, Schmalhofer O, Brabletz T. Gastrointestinal stem cells in development and cancer. J Pathol 2009;217:307-17
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kopan R, Ilagan MX. The canonical Notch signaling pathway: unfolding the activation mechanism. Cell 2009;137:216-33
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koch U, Radtke F. Notch signaling in solid tumors. Curr Top Dev Biol 2010;92:411-55
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Veenendaal LM, Kranenburg O, Smakman N, et al. Differential Notch and TGFbeta signaling in primary colorectal tumors and their corresponding metastases. Cell Oncol 2008;30:1-11
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Reedijk M, Odorcic S, Zhang H, et al. Activation of Notch signaling in human colon adenocarcinoma. Int J Oncol 2008;33:1223-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meng RD, Shelton CC, Li YM, et al. gamma-Secretase inhibitors abrogate oxaliplatin-induced activation of the Notch-1 signaling pathway in colon cancer cells resulting in enhanced chemosensitivity. Cancer Res 2009;69:573-82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoey T, Yen WC, Axelrod F, et al. DLL4 blockade inhibits tumor growth and reduces tumor-initiating cell frequency. Cell Stem Cell 2009;5:168-77
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li K, Li Y, Wu W, et al. Modulation of Notch signaling by antibodies specific for the extracellular negative regulatory region of NOTCH3. J Biol Chem 2008;283:8046-54
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tolcher AW, Messersmith WA, Mikulski SM, et al. Phase I study of RO4929097, a gamma secretase inhibitor of Notch signaling, in patients with refractory metastatic or locally advanced solid tumors. J Clin Oncol 2012;30:2348-53
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strosberg JR, Yeatman T, Weber J, et al. A phase II study of RO4929097 in metastatic colorectal cancer. Eur J Cancer 2012;48:997-1003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cadigan KM, Nusse R. Wnt signaling: a common theme in animal development. Genes Dev 1997;11:3286-305
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clevers H. Wnt/beta-catenin signaling in development and disease. Cell 2006;127:469-80
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Willert K, Brown JD, Danenberg E, et al. Wnt proteins are lipid-modified and can act as stem cell growth factors. Nature 2003;423:448-52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van de Wetering M, Sancho E, Verweij C, et al. The beta-catenin/TCF-4 complex imposes a crypt progenitor phenotype on colorectal cancer cells. Cell 2002;111:241-50
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Veeman MT, Axelrod JD, Moon RT. A second canon. Functions and mechanisms of beta-catenin-independent Wnt signaling. Dev Cell 2003;5:367-77
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Polakis P. The many ways of Wnt in cancer. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2007;17:45-51
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reya T, Clevers H. Wnt signalling in stem cells and cancer. Nature 2005;434:843-50
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ten Berge D, Kurek D, Blauwkamp T, et al. Embryonic stem cells require Wnt proteins to prevent differentiation to epiblast stem cells. Nat Cell Biol 2011;13:1070-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Medema JP, Vermeulen L. Microenvironmental regulation of stem cells in intestinal homeostasis and cancer. Nature 2011;474:318-26
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barker N, Clevers H. Leucine-rich repeat-containing G-protein-coupled receptors as markers of adult stem cells. Gastroenterology 2010;138:1681-96
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vermeulen L, De Sousa EMF, van der Heijden M, et al. Wnt activity defines colon cancer stem cells and is regulated by the microenvironment. Nat Cell Biol 2010;12:468-76
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Curtin JC, Lorenzi MV. Drug discovery approaches to target Wnt signaling in cancer stem cells. Oncotarget 2010;1:563-77
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dallas NA, Xia L, Fan F, et al. Chemoresistant colorectal cancer cells, the cancer stem cell phenotype, and increased sensitivity to insulin-like growth factor-I receptor inhibition. Cancer Res 2009;69:1951-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeAlmeida VI, Miao L, Ernst JA, et al. The soluble wnt receptor Frizzled8CRD-hFc inhibits the growth of teratocarcinomas in vivo. Cancer Res 2007;67:5371-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gong Y, Bourhis E, Chiu C, et al. Wnt isoform-specific interactions with coreceptor specify inhibition or potentiation of signaling by LRP6 antibodies. PLoS ONE 2010;5:e12682
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ettenberg SA, Charlat O, Daley MP, et al. Inhibition of tumorigenesis driven by different Wnt proteins requires blockade of distinct ligand-binding regions by LRP6 antibodies. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2010;107:15473-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mikami I, You L, He B, et al. Efficacy of Wnt-1 monoclonal antibody in sarcoma cells. BMC Cancer 2005;5:53
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen B, Dodge ME, Tang W, et al. Small molecule-mediated disruption of Wnt-dependent signaling in tissue regeneration and cancer. Nat Chem Biol 2009;5:100-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grandy D, Shan J, Zhang X, et al. Discovery and characterization of a small molecule inhibitor of the PDZ domain of dishevelled. J Biol Chem 2009;284:16256-63
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hino S, Michiue T, Asashima M, Kikuchi A. Casein kinase I epsilon enhances the binding of Dvl-1 to Frat-1 and is essential for Wnt-3a-induced accumulation of beta-catenin. J Biol Chem 2003;278:14066-73
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang X, McGann JC, Liu BY, et al. Phosphorylation of Dishevelled by protein kinase RIPK4 regulates Wnt signaling. Science 2013;339:1441-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang SM, Mishina YM, Liu S, et al. Tankyrase inhibition stabilizes axin and antagonizes Wnt signalling. Nature 2009;461:614-20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mosimann C, Hausmann G, Basler K. Beta-catenin hits chromatin: regulation of Wnt target gene activation. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2009;10:276-86
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lepourcelet M, Chen YN, France DS, et al. Small-molecule antagonists of the oncogenic Tcf/beta-catenin protein complex. Cancer Cell 2004;5:91-102
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eguchi M, Nguyen C, Lee SC, Kahn M. ICG-001, a novel small molecule regulator of TCF/beta-catenin transcription. Med Chem 2005;1:467-72
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee YS, Choi I, Ning Y, et al. Interleukin-8 and its receptor CXCR2 in the tumour microenvironment promote colon cancer growth, progression and metastasis. Br J Cancer 2012;106:1833-41
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Popivanova BK, Kitamura K, Wu Y, et al. Blocking TNF-alpha in mice reduces colorectal carcinogenesis associated with chronic colitis. J Clin Invest 2008;118:560-70
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hsu CP, Chen YL, Huang CC, et al. Anti-interleukin-6 receptor antibody inhibits the progression in human colon carcinoma cells. Eur J Clin Invest 2011;41:277-84
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuhnert F, Davis CR, Wang HT, et al. Essential requirement for Wnt signaling in proliferation of adult small intestine and colon revealed by adenoviral expression of Dickkopf-1. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2004;101:266-71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar