134
Views
7
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Reviews

Efficacy of methods used for the diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis

, PhD (Med) MSc (Dent) Dipl (Clin Path) Specialist Dipl (Med Micro)
Pages 189-200 | Published online: 03 Jan 2013

Bibliography

  • Madhivanan P, Krupp K, Chandrasekaran V, Prevalence and correlates of bacterial vaginosis among young women of reproductive age in Mysore, India. Indian J Med Microbiol 2008;26(2):132-7
  • Livengood CH III, Ferris DG, Wiesenfeld HC, Effectiveness of two tinidazole regimens in treatment of bacterial vaginosis: A randomized controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol 2007;110(2 Pt 1):302-9
  • Donders G. Diagnosis and management of bacterial vaginosis and other types of abnormal vaginal bacterial flora: a review. Obstet Gynecol Surv 2010;65(7):462-73
  • Schwebke JR. Bacterial vaginosis. Curr Infect Dis Rep 2000;2(1):14-17
  • Schwebke JR. Role of vaginal flora as a barrier to HIV acquisition. Curr Infect Dis Rep 2001;3(2):152-5
  • Cohen CR, Lingappa JR, Baeten JM, Bacterial vaginosis associated with increased risk of female-to-male HIV-1 transmission: A prospective cohort analysis among African couples. Plos Medicine 2012;9(6):e1001251
  • Donders GG. Definition and classification of abnormal vaginal flora. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2007;21(3):355-73
  • Curran D. Bacterial vaginosis workup. Medscape Ref 2012, Doi: emedicine.medscape.com/article/254342 - overview 2012
  • Administration FaD. Recommendations for the diagnosis and treatment of bacterial vaginosis. In: Draft Guidance on Clindamycin Phosphate. 2012. Available from: http://www.fda.gov/downloads/Drugs/Guidance
  • Hay P, Tummon A, Ogunfile M, Evaluation of a novel diagnostic test for bacterial vaginosis: 'The electronic nose'. Int J Std Aids 2003;14(2):114-18
  • Pepin J, Deslandes S, Giroux G, The complex vaginal flora of West African women with bacterial vaginosis. PLoS One 2011;6(9):e25082
  • Schwiertz A, Taras D, Rusch K, Rusch V. Throwing the dice for the diagnosis of vaginal complaints? Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 2006;5:4
  • Melba J, Vasquez T. Award for distinguished senior career contributions to the public interest. Am Psychol 2002;57(11):878-80
  • Guise JM, Mahon SM, Aickin M, Screening for bacterial vaginosis in pregnancy. Am J Prev Med 2001;20(3):62-72
  • Nygren P, Fu R, Freeman M, Evidence on the benefits and harms of screening and treating pregnant women who are asymptomatic for bacterial vaginosis: an update review for the U.S. Preventive services task force. Ann Intern Med 2008;148(3):220-33
  • Manns-James L. Bacterial vaginosis and preterm birth. J Midwifery Womens Health 2011;56(6):575-83
  • Gondo F, da Silva MG, Polettini J, Vaginal flora alterations and clinical symptoms in low-risk pregnant women. Gynecol Obstet Invest 2011;71(3):158-62
  • Lamont RF, Sobel JD, Akins RA, The vaginal microbiome: new information about genital tract flora using molecular based techniques. BJOG 2011;118(5):533-49
  • Hay PE. Bacterial vaginosis and miscarriage. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2004;17(1):41-4
  • Culhane JF, Desanto D, Goldenberg RL, Variation in Nugent score and leukocyte count in fluid collected from different vaginal sites. Obstet Gynecol 2005;105(1):120-3
  • Reukov V, Vertegel A, Burtovyy O, Fabrication of nanocoated fibers for self-diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis. Mater Sci Eng C-Biomimetic Supramolecular Sys 2009;29(3):669-73
  • Menon R, Dunlop AL, Kramer MR, An overview of racial disparities in preterm birth rates: caused by infection or inflammatory response? Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2011;90(12):1325-31
  • Koumans EH, Lane SD, Aubry R, Evaluation of syracuse healthy start's program for abnormal flora management to reduce preterm birth among pregnant women. Matern Child Health J 2011;15(7):1020-8
  • Klebanoff MA, Guise JM, Carey JC. Treatment recommendations for bacterial vaginosis in pregnant women. Clin Infect Dis 2003;36(12):1630-1; author reply 1631-1632
  • Nygren P, Fu R, Freeman M, Evidence on the benefits and harms of screening and treating pregnant women who are asymptomatic for bacterial vaginosis: an update review for the us preventive services task force. Ann Intern Med 2008;148(3):220-33
  • Libman MD, Kramer M, Platt R. Comparison of Gram and Kopeloff stains in the diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis in pregnancy. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2006;54(3):197-201
  • Lim KH, Brooks H, McDougal R, Is there a correlation between bacterial vaginosis and preterm labour in women in the Otago region of New Zealand? Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 2010;50(3):226-9
  • Amsel R, Totten PA, Spiegel CA, Nonspecific vaginitis. Diagnostic criteria and microbial and epidemiologic associations. Am J Med 1983;74(1):14-22
  • Spiegel CA, Amsel R, Holmes KK. Diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis by direct gram stain of vaginal fluid. J Clin Microbiol 1983;18(1):170-7
  • Nugent RP, Krohn MA, Hillier SL. Reliability of diagnosing bacterial vaginosis is improved by a standardized method of gram stain interpretation. J Clin Microbiol 1991;29(2):297-301
  • Schmidt H, Hansen JG. Diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis by wet mount identification of bacterial morphotypes in vaginal fluid. Int J Std Aids 2000;11(3):150-5
  • Honest H, Bachmann LM, Knox EM, The accuracy of various tests for bacterial vaginosis in predicting preterm birth: a systematic review. BJOG 2004;111(5):409-22
  • Menard JP, Mazouni C, Fenollar F, Diagnostic accuracy of quantitative real-time PCR assay versus clinical and Gram stain identification of bacterial vaginosis. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2010;29(12):1547-52
  • Lascar RM, Devakumar H, Jungmann E, Is vaginal microscopy an essential tool for the management of women presenting with vaginal discharge? Int J STD AIDS 2008;19(12):859-60
  • Thulkar J, Kriplani A, Agarwal N. Utility of ph test & whiff test in syndromic approach of abnormal vaginal discharge. Indian J Med Res 2010;131:445-8
  • Verstraelen H, Verhelst R. Bacterial vaginosis: an update on diagnosis and treatment. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2009;7(9):1109-24
  • Kalra A, Palcu CT, Sobel JD, Akins RA. Bacterial vaginosis: culture- and PCR-based characterizations of a complex polymicrobial disease's pathobiology. Curr Infect Dis Rep 2007;9(6):485-500
  • Piot P, Van Dyck E, Totten PA, Holmes KK. Identification of Gardnerella (haemophilus) vaginalis. J Clin Microbiol 1982;15(1):19-24
  • Zarakolu P, Sahin Hodoglugil NN, Aydin F, Reliability of interpretation of Gram-stained vaginal smears by Nugent's scoring system for diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2004;48(2):77-80
  • Simoes JA, Discacciati MG, Brolazo EM, Clinical diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2006;94(1):28-32
  • Kisa S, Taskin L. Validity of the symptomatic approach used by nurses in diagnosing vaginal infections. J Clin Nurs 2009;18(7):1059-68
  • Cherpes TL, Hillier SL, Meyn LA, A delicate balance: risk factors for acquisition of bacterial vaginosis include sexual activity, absence of hydrogen peroxide-producing lactobacilli, black race, and positive herpes simplex virus type 2 serology. Sex Transm Dis 2008;35(1):78-83
  • Geva A, Bornstein J, Dan M, The vi-sense-vaginal discharge self-test to facilitate management of vaginal symptoms. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2006;195(5):1351-6
  • Sobel JD, Nyirjesy P, Kessary H, Ferris DG. Use of the vs-sense swab in diagnosing vulvovaginitis. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2009;18(9):1467-70
  • Donders GG, Marconi C, Bellen G. Easiness of use and validity testing of vs-sense device for detection of abnormal vaginal flora and bacterial vaginosis. Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol 2010;2010:504972
  • Khandalavala J, Van Geem TA. Evaluating vaginal ph. Accuracy of two commercial ph papers in comparison to a hand-held digital ph meter. J Reprod Med 1999;44(2):76-80
  • Donders GG, Caeyers T, Tydhof P, Comparison of two types of dipsticks to measure vaginal ph in clinical practice. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2007;134(2):220-4
  • Srinivasan S, Fredricks DN. The human vaginal bacterial biota and bacterial vaginosis. Interdiscip Perspect Infect Dis 2008;2008:750479
  • Thinkhamrop J, Lumbiganon P, Thongkrajai P, Vaginal fluid ph as a screening test for vaginitis. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 1999;66(2):143-8
  • Ugwumadu AH. Bacterial vaginosis in pregnancy. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 2002;14(2):115-18
  • Charonis G, Larsson PG. Use of ph/whiff test or quickvue advanced ph and amines test for the diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis and prevention of postabortion pelvic inflammatory disease. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2006;85(7):837-43
  • West B, Morison L, Schim van der Loeff M, Evaluation of a new rapid diagnostic kit (FemExam) for bacterial vaginosis in patients with vaginal discharge syndrome in the Gambia. Sex Transm Dis 2003;30(6):483-9
  • Gutman RE, Peipert JF, Weitzen S, Blume J. Evaluation of clinical methods for diagnosing bacterial vaginosis. Obstet Gynecol 2005;105(3):551-6
  • Joesoef M, Schmid G. Bacterial vaginosis. Clin Evid 2002;8:1592-600
  • Gjerdingen D, Fontaine P, Bixby M, The impact of regular vaginal ph screening on the diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis in pregnancy. J Fam Pract 2000;49(1):39-43
  • Simhan HN, Caritis SN, Krohn MA, Hillier SL. Elevated vaginal ph and neutrophils are associated strongly with early spontaneous preterm birth. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2003;189(4):1150-4
  • Hauth JC, Macpherson C, Carey JC, Early pregnancy threshold vaginal ph and Gram stain scores predictive of subsequent preterm birth in asymptomatic women. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2003;188(3):831-5
  • Sumeksri P, Koprasert C, Panichkul S. Bvblue test for diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis in pregnant women attending antenatal care at phramongkutklao hospital. J Med Assoc Thai 2005;88(Suppl 3):S7-13
  • Thanavuth A, Chalermchockcharoenkit A, Boriboonhirunsarn D, Prevalence of bacterial vaginosis in Thai pregnant women with preterm labor in Siriraj Hospital. J Med Assoc Thai 2007;90(3):437-41
  • Rouse AG, Gil KM, Davis K. Diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis in the pregnant patient in an acute care setting. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2009;279(4):545-9
  • Hay P, Tummon A, Ogunfile M, Evaluation of a novel diagnostic test for bacterial vaginosis: 'The electronic nose'. Int J Std Aids 2003;14(2):114-18
  • Ryan-Wenger NA, Neal JL, Jones AS, Lowe NK. Accuracy of vaginal symptom self-diagnosis algorithms for deployed military women. Nurs Res 2010;59(1):2-10
  • Thoma ME, Gray RH, Kiwanuka N, Longitudinal changes in vaginal microbiota composition assessed by gram stain among never sexually active pre- and postmenarcheal adolescents in Rakai. Uganda. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol 2011;24(1):42-7
  • Donders GG, Vereecken A, Bosmans E, Definition of a type of abnormal vaginal flora that is distinct from bacterial vaginosis: aerobic vaginitis. BJOG 2002;109(1):34-43
  • Zodzika J, Rezeberga D, Jermakova I, Factors related to elevated vaginal ph in the first trimester of pregnancy. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2011;90(1):41-6
  • Sendag F, Kazandi M, Akercan F, Vaginal fluid ph, cervicovaginitis and cervical length in pregnancy. Clin Exp Obstet Gynecol 2010;37(2):127-30
  • Mirmonsef P, Krass L, Landay A, Spear GT. The role of bacterial vaginosis and trichomonas in HIV transmission across the female genital tract. Curr HIV Res 2012;10(3):202-10
  • Mitchell C, Moreira C, Fredricks D, Detection of fastidious vaginal bacteria in women with HIV infection and bacterial vaginosis. Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol 2009;2009:236919
  • Donders GG, Van Bulck B, Caudron J, Relationship of bacterial vaginosis and mycoplasmas to the risk of spontaneous abortion. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2000;183(2):431-7
  • Ishaque S, Yakoob MY, Imdad A, Effectiveness of interventions to screen and manage infections during pregnancy on reducing stillbirths: A review. BMC Public Health 2011;11(Suppl 3):S3
  • Larsson PG, Platz-Christensen JJ, Dalaker K, Treatment with 2% clindamycin vaginal cream prior to first trimester surgical abortion to reduce signs of postoperative infection: a prospective, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, multicenter study. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2000;79(5):390-6
  • Flores-Paz R, Rivera-Sanchez R, Ruix-Perez NJ. Arriaga-Alba M. [benefits of affirm VPIII and l-pap in the diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis]. Enferm Infect Microbiol Clin 2008;26(6):338-42
  • Ison CA, Hay PE. Validation of a simplified grading of gram stained vaginal smears for use in genitourinary medicine clinics. Sex Transm Infect 2002;78(6):413-15
  • Verhelst R, Verstraelen H, Claeys G, Comparison between gram stain and culture for the characterization of vaginal microflora: definition of a distinct grade that resembles grade I microflora and revised categorization of grade I microflora. BMC Microbiol 2005;5:61
  • Verstraelen H, Verhelst R, Claeys G, Longitudinal analysis of the vaginal microflora in pregnancy suggests that L. crispatus promotes the stability of the normal vaginal microflora and that L. gasseri and/or L. iners are more conducive to the occurrence of abnormal vaginal microflora. BMC Microbiol 2009;9:116
  • Rosenstein IJ, Morgan DJ, Lamont RF, Effect of intravaginal clindamycin cream on pregnancy outcome and on abnormal vaginal microbial flora of pregnant women. Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol 2000;8(3-4):158-65
  • Larsson PG, Carlsson B, Fahraeus L, Diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis: need for validation of microscopic image area used for scoring bacterial morphotypes. Sex Transm Infect 2004;80(1):63-7
  • Guise JM, Mahon SM, Aickin M, Screening for bacterial vaginosis in pregnancy. Am J Prev Med 2001;20(3 Suppl):62-72
  • Huang M, Wang JH. Gram stain as a relapse predictor of bacterial vaginosis after metronidazole treatment. J Microbiol Immunol Infect 2005;38(2):137-40
  • Donders GG, Larsson PG, Platz-Christensen JJ, Variability in diagnosis of clue cells, lactobacillary grading and white blood cells in vaginal wet smears with conventional bright light and phase contrast microscopy. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2009;145(1):109-12
  • Donders GG, Vereecken A, Dekeersmaecker A, Wet mount microscopy reflects functional vaginal lactobacillary flora better than gram stain. J Clin Pathol 2000;53(4):308-13
  • Nunns D, Mandal D, Farrand RJ, A comparison of acridine orange, wet microscopy and gram staining in the diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis. J Infect 1997;34(3):211-13
  • Spiegel CA. Bacterial vaginosis. Clin Microbiol Rev 1991;4(4):485-502
  • Eriksson K, Adolfsson A, Forsum U, Larsson PG. The prevalence of BV in the population on the aland islands during a 15-year period. APMIS 2010;118(11):903-8
  • Bukhari MH, Majeed M, Qamar S, Clinicopathological study of Papanicolaou (pap) smears for diagnosing of cervical infections. Diagn Cytopathol 2012;40(1):35-41
  • Donders GG, Berger J, Heuninckx H, Vaginal flora changes on pap smears after insertion of levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine device. Contraception 2011;83(4):352-6
  • Marrazzo JM, Martin DH, Watts DH, Bacterial vaginosis: identifying research gaps proceedings of a workshop sponsored by dhhs/nih/niaid. Sex Transm Dis 2010;37(12):732-44
  • Karani A, De Vuyst H, Luchters S, The Pap smear for detection of bacterial vaginosis. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2007;98(1):20-3
  • Tokyol C, Aktepe OC, Cevrioglu AS, Bacterial vaginosis: comparison of Pap smear and microbiological test results. Mod Pathol 2004;17(7):857-60
  • Donachie SP, Foster JS, Brown MV. Culture clash: challenging the dogma of microbial diversity. ISME J 2007;1(2):97-9
  • Verhelst R, Verstraelen H, Claeys G, Cloning of 16s rrna genes amplified from normal and disturbed vaginal microflora suggests a strong association between Atopobium vaginae, Gardnerella vaginalis and bacterial vaginosis. BMC Microbiol 2004;4:16
  • Mikamo H, Sato Y, Hayasaki Y, Vaginal microflora in healthy women with Gardnerella vaginalis. J Infect Chemother 2000;6(3):173-7
  • Strus M, Malinowska M, Heczko PB. In vitro antagonistic effect of lactobacillus on organisms associated with bacterial vaginosis. J Reprod Med 2002;47(1):41-6
  • Wolrath H, Forsum U, Larsson PG, Boren H. Analysis of bacterial vaginosis-related amines in vaginal fluid by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. J Clin Microbiol 2001;39(11):4026-31
  • Karpas Z, Chaim W, Gdalevsky R, Novel application for ion mobility spectrometry: diagnosing vaginal infections through measurement of biogenic amines. Anal Chim Acta 2002;474(1-2):115-23
  • Chaim W, Karpas Z, Lorber A. New technology for diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2003;111(1):83-7
  • Sobel JD, Karpas Z, Lorber A. Diagnosing vaginal infections through measurement of biogenic amines by ion mobility spectrometry. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2012;163(1):81-4
  • Wolrath H, Boren H, Hallen A, Forsum U. Trimethylamine content in vaginal secretion and its relation to bacterial vaginosis. APMIS 2002;110(11):819-24
  • Al-Mushrif S, Eley A, Jones BM. Inhibition of chemotaxis by organic acids from anaerobes may prevent a purulent response in bacterial vaginosis. J Med Microbiol 2000;49(11):1023-30
  • Cauci S, Culhane JF, Di Santolo M, McCollum K. Among pregnant women with bacterial vaginosis, the hydrolytic enzymes sialidase and prolidase are positively associated with interleukin-1beta. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2008;198(1):132; e131-137
  • Myziuk L, Romanowski B, Johnson SC. Bvblue test for diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis. J Clin Microbiol 2003;41(5):1925-8
  • Kampan NC, Suffian SS, Ithnin NS, Evaluation of BV((r)) blue test kit for the diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis. Sex Reprod Healthc 2011;2(1):1-5
  • Bradshaw CS, Morton AN, Garland SM, Evaluation of a point-of-care test, BVblue, and clinical and laboratory criteria for diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis. J Clin Microbiol 2005;43(3):1304-8
  • Forney LJ, Zhou X, Brown CJ. Molecular microbial ecology: land of the one-eyed king. Curr Opin Microbiol 2004;7(3):210-20
  • Vitali B, Pugliese C, Biagi E, Dynamics of vaginal bacterial communities in women developing bacterial vaginosis, candidiasis, or no infection, analyzed by PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and real-time pcr. Appl Environ Microbiol 2007;73(18):5731-41
  • Schwebke JR, Lawing LF. Prevalence of mobiluncus spp among women with and without bacterial vaginosis as detected by polymerase chain reaction. Sex Transm Dis 2001;28(4):195-9
  • Tamrakar R, Yamada T, Furuta I, Association between lactobacillus species and bacterial vaginosis-related bacteria, and bacterial vaginosis scores in pregnant Japanese women. BMC Infect Dis 2007;7:128
  • Chan RC, Mercer J. First Australian description of eggerthella lenta bacteraemia identified by 16s rrna gene sequencing. Pathology 2008;40(4):409-10
  • Fredricks DN, Fiedler TL, Thomas KK, Changes in vaginal bacterial concentrations with intravaginal metronidazole therapy for bacterial vaginosis as assessed by quantitative pcr. J Clin Microbiol 2009;47(3):721-6
  • Burton JP, Chilcott CN, Al-Qumber M, A preliminary survey of atopobium vaginae in women attending the dunedin gynaecology out-patients clinic: is the contribution of the hard-to-culture microbiota overlooked in gynaecological disorders? Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 2005;45(5):450-2
  • Bradshaw CS, Tabrizi SN, Fairley CK, The association of atopobium vaginae and gardnerella vaginalis with bacterial vaginosis and recurrence after oral metronidazole therapy. J Infect Dis 2006;194(6):828-36
  • De Backer E, Verhelst R, Verstraelen H, Quantitative determination by real-time pcr of four vaginal lactobacillus species, gardnerella vaginalis and atopobium vaginae indicates an inverse relationship between L. gasseri and L. iners. BMC Microbiol 2007;7:115
  • Menard JP, Fenollar F, Henry M, Molecular quantification of gardnerella vaginalis and atopobium vaginae loads to predict bacterial vaginosis. Clin Infect Dis 2008;47(1):33-43
  • Biagi E, Vitali B, Pugliese C, Quantitative variations in the vaginal bacterial population associated with asymptomatic infections: a real-time polymerase chain reaction study. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2009;28(3):281-5
  • Obata-Yasuoka M, Ba-Thein W, Hamada H, Hayashi H. A multiplex polymerase chain reaction-based diagnostic method for bacterial vaginosis. Obstet Gynecol 2002;100(4):759-64
  • Dumonceaux TJ, Schellenberg J, Goleski V, Multiplex detection of bacteria associated with normal microbiota and with bacterial vaginosis in vaginal swabs by use of oligonucleotide-coupled fluorescent microspheres. J Clin Microbiol 2009;47(12):4067-77
  • Dumonceaux TJ, Town JR, Hill JE, Multiplex detection of bacteria in complex clinical and environmental samples using oligonucleotide-coupled fluorescent microspheres. J Vis Exp 2011;56:3344
  • Devillard E, Burton JP, Reid G. Complexity of vaginal microflora as analyzed by pcr denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis in a patient with recurrent bacterial vaginosis. Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol 2005;13(1):25-31
  • Vasquez A, Jakobsson T, Ahrne S, Vaginal lactobacillus flora of healthy Swedish women. J Clin Microbiol 2002;40(8):2746-9
  • Ferris MJ, Masztal A, Martin DH. Use of species-directed 16s rrna gene pcr primers for detection of Atopobium vaginae in patients with bacterial vaginosis. J Clin Microbiol 2004;42(12):5892-4
  • Marzorati M, Wittebolle L, Boon N, How to get more out of molecular fingerprints: practical tools for microbial ecology. Environ Microbiol 2008;10(6):1571-81
  • Cruciani F, Brigidi P, Calanni F, Efficacy of rifaximin vaginal tablets in treatment of bacterial vaginosis: a molecular characterization of the vaginal microbiota. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2012;56(8):4062-70
  • Anukam KC, Reid G. Organisms associated with bacterial vaginosis in Nigerian women as determined by PCR-DGGE and 16s RNA gene sequence. Afr Health Sci 2007;7(2):68-72
  • Diao Y, Fang X, Xia Q, Organism diversity between women with and without bacterial vaginosis as determined by polymerase chain reaction denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and 16s rrna gene sequence. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2011;37(10):1438-46
  • Nikolaitchouk N, Andersch B, Falsen E, The lower genital tract microbiota in relation to cytokine-, slpi- and endotoxin levels: application of checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization (cdh). APMIS 2008;116(4):263-77
  • Zhou J, Thompson DK. Challenges in applying microarrays to environmental studies. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2002;13(3):204-7
  • Dols JA, Smit PW, Kort R, Microarray-based identification of clinically relevant vaginal bacteria in relation to bacterial vaginosis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2011;204(4):305; e301-307
  • Lamont RF, Hudson EA, Hay PE, A comparison of the use of papanicolaou-stained cervical cytological smears with gram-stained vaginal smears for the diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis in early pregnancy. Int J STD AIDS 1999;10(2):93-7
  • Mohanty S, Sood S, Kapil A, Mittal S. Interobserver variation in the interpretation of nugent scoring method for diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis. Indian J Med Res 2010;131:88-91
  • Forsum U, Jakobsson T, Larsson PG, An international study of the interobserver variation between interpretations of vaginal smear criteria of bacterial vaginosis. APMIS 2002;110(11):811-18
  • Listgarten MA, Hellden L. Relative distribution of bacteria at clinically healthy and periodontally diseased sites in humans. J Clin Periodontol 1978;5(2):115-32
  • Africa CW, Parker JR, Reddy J. Darkfield microscopy of the flora of subgingival plaque of patients with severe periodontitis and its use in therapeutic assessment. J Dent Assoc S Afr 1985;40(1):5-9
  • Donders GG. Wet smear compared with Gram stain diagnosis in asymptomatic pregnant women. Obstet Gynecol 2001;97(3):482
  • Anukam KC, Osazuwa E, Osemene GI, Clinical study comparing probiotic lactobacillus gr-1 and rc-14 with metronidazole vaginal gel to treat symptomatic bacterial vaginosis. Microbes Infect 2006;8(12-13):2772-6

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.