130
Views
12
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Reviews

Diagnosis of thyroid cancer: state of art

, PhD, , MD, , PhD & , MD FACS
Pages 331-342 | Published online: 23 May 2013

Bibliography

  • Schlumberger M. Papillary and follicular thyroid carcinoma. Ann Endocrinol 2007;68:120-8
  • Simard EP, Ward EM, Siegel R, Jemal A. Cancers with increasing incidence trends in the United States: 1999 through 2008. CA Cancer J Clin 2012.
  • Mevawalla N, McMullen T, Sidhu S, et al.. Presentation of clinically solitary thyroid nodules in surgical patients. Thyroid 2011;21:55-9
  • Rosen JE, Stone MD. Contemporary diagnostic approach to the thyroid nodule. J Surg Oncol 2006;94:649-61
  • Krikorian A, Kikano G. Thyroid nodules: when is an aggressive evaluation warranted?. J Fam Pract 2012;61:205-8
  • Kim HK, Yoon JH, Kim SJ, et al.. Higher TSH level is a risk factor for differentiated thyroid cancer. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2013;78:472-7
  • Frates MC, Benson CB, Charboneau JW, et al.. Management of thyroid nodules detected at US: society of radiologists in ultrasound consensus conference statement. Radiology 2005;237:794-800
  • Boeckmann J, Bartel T, Siegel E, et al.. Can the pathology of a thyroid nodule be determined by positron emission tomography uptake?. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2012;146:906-12
  • Aspinall SR, Ong SG, Wilson MS, Lennard TW. How shall we manage the incidentally found thyroid nodule? Surgeon 2013.
  • Lee JH, Anzai Y. Imaging of thyroid and parathyroid glands. Semin Roentgenol 2013;48:87-104
  • Wong KT, Ahuja AT. Ultrasound of thyroid cancer. Cancer Imaging 2005;5:157-66
  • Khati N, Adamson T, Johnson KS, Hill MC. Ultrasound of the thyroid and parathyroid glands. Ultrasound Q 2003;19:162-76
  • Moon WJ, Jung SL, Lee JH, et al.. Benign and malignant thyroid nodules: US differentiation--multicenter retrospective study. Radiology 2008;247:762-70
  • Yoon DY, Chang SK, Choi CS, et al.. The prevalence and significance of incidental thyroid nodules identified on computed tomography. J Comput Assist Tomogr 2008;32:810-15
  • Tezelman S, Giles Y, Tunca F, et al.. Diagnostic value of dynamic contrast medium enhanced magnetic resonance imaging in preoperative detection of thyroid carcinoma. Arch Surg 2007;142:1036-41
  • Gupta N, Goswami B, Chowdhury V, et al.. Evaluation of the role of magnetic resonance spectroscopy in the diagnosis of follicular malignancies of thyroid. Arch Surg 2011;146:179-82
  • Chen YK, Ding HJ, Chen KT, et al.. Prevalence and risk of cancer of focal thyroid incidentaloma identified by 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography for cancer screening in healthy subjects. Anticancer Res 2005;25:1421-6
  • Cohen MS, Arslan N, Dehdashti F, et al.. Risk of malignancy in thyroid incidentalomas identified by fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography. Surgery 2001;130:941-6
  • Kim TY, Kim WB, Ryu JS, et al.. 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose uptake in thyroid from positron emission tomogram (PET) for evaluation in cancer patients: high prevalence of malignancy in thyroid PET incidentaloma. Laryngoscope 2005;115:1074-8
  • Cooper DS, Doherty GM, Haugen BR, et al.. Revised American Thyroid Association management guidelines for patients with thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid cancer. Thyroid 2009;19:1167-214
  • Gharib H, Goellner JR. Fine-needle aspiration biopsy of the thyroid: an appraisal. Ann Intern Med 1993;118:282-9
  • Bose S, Walts AE. Thyroid fine needle aspirate: a post-Bethesda update. Adv Anat Pathol 2012;19:160-9
  • Cibas ES, Ali SZ. The Bethesda System for reporting thyroid cytopathology. Thyroid 2009;19:1159-65
  • Yang J, Schnadig V, Logrono R, Wasserman PG. Fine-needle aspiration of thyroid nodules: a study of 4703 patients with histologic and clinical correlations. Cancer 2007;111:306-15
  • Yang GC, Liebeskind D, Messina AV. Ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration of the thyroid assessed by Ultrafast Papanicolaou stain: data from 1135 biopsies with a two- to six-year follow-up. Thyroid 2001;11:581-9
  • Bongiovanni M, Krane JF, Cibas ES, Faquin WC. The atypical thyroid fine-needle aspiration: past, present, and future. Cancer Cytopathol 2012;120:73-86
  • Na DG, Kim JH, Sung JY, et al.. Core-needle biopsy is more useful than repeat fine-needle aspiration in thyroid nodules read as nondiagnostic or atypia of undetermined significance by the Bethesda system for reporting thyroid cytopathology. Thyroid 2012;22:468-75
  • Santoro M, Sabino N, Ishizaka Y, et al.. Involvement of RET oncogene in human tumours: specificity of RET activation to thyroid tumours. Br J Cancer 1993;68:460-4
  • Grieco M, Santoro M, Berlingieri MT, et al.. PTC is a novel rearranged form of the ret proto-oncogene and is frequently detected in vivo in human thyroid papillary carcinomas. Cell 1990;60:557-63
  • Giusti F, Falchetti A, Franceschelli F, et al.. Thyroid cancer: current molecular perspectives. J Oncol 2010;2010:351679
  • Nikiforova MN, Nikiforov YE. Molecular diagnostics and predictors in thyroid cancer. Thyroid 2009;19:1351-61
  • Santoro M, Dathan NA, Berlingieri MT, et al.. Molecular characterization of RET/PTC3; a novel rearranged version of the RETproto-oncogene in a human thyroid papillary carcinoma. Oncogene 1994;9:509-16
  • Sugg SL, Ezzat S, Zheng L, et al.. Oncogene profile of papillary thyroid carcinoma. Surgery 1999;125:46-52
  • Vasko V, Ferrand M, Di Cristofaro J, et al.. Specific pattern of RAS oncogene mutations in follicular thyroid tumors. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003;88:2745-52
  • Suarez HG, du Villard JA, Severino M, et al.. Presence of mutations in all three ras genes in human thyroid tumors. Oncogene 1990;5:565-70
  • Zhu Z, Gandhi M, Nikiforova MN, et al.. Molecular profile and clinical-pathologic features of the follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma. An unusually high prevalence of ras mutations. Am J Clin Pathol 2003;120:71-7
  • Rivera M, Ricarte-Filho J, Knauf J, et al.. Molecular genotyping of papillary thyroid carcinoma follicular variant according to its histological subtypes (encapsulated vs infiltrative) reveals distinct BRAF and RAS mutation patterns. Mod Pathol 2010;23:1191-200
  • Moura MM, Cavaco BM, Pinto AE, Leite V. High prevalence of RAS mutations in RET-negative sporadic medullary thyroid carcinomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011;96:E863-8
  • Goutas N, Vlachodimitropoulos D, Bouka M, et al.. BRAF and K-RAS mutation in a Greek papillary and medullary thyroid carcinoma cohort. Anticancer Res 2008;28:305-8
  • Vasko V, Espinosa AV, Scouten W, et al.. Gene expression and functional evidence of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in papillary thyroid carcinoma invasion. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2007;104:2803-8
  • Cohen Y, Xing M, Mambo E, et al.. BRAF mutation in papillary thyroid carcinoma. J Natl Cancer Ins 2003;95:625-7
  • Xing M, Westra WH, Tufano RP, et al.. BRAF mutation predicts a poorer clinical prognosis for papillary thyroid cancer. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005;90:6373-9
  • Durante C, Puxeddu E, Ferretti E, et al.. BRAF mutations in papillary thyroid carcinomas inhibit genes involved in iodine metabolism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007;92:2840-3
  • Kroll TG, Sarraf P, Pecciarini L, et al.. PAX8-PPARgamma1 fusion oncogene in human thyroid carcinoma [corrected]. Science 2000;289:1357-60
  • Marques AR, Espadinha C, Catarino AL, et al.. Expression of PAX8-PPAR gamma 1 rearrangements in both follicular thyroid carcinomas and adenomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002;87:3947-52
  • Castro P, Rebocho AP, Soares RJ, et al.. PAX8-PPARgamma rearrangement is frequently detected in the follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006;91:213-20
  • Demetri GD, Fletcher CD, Mueller E, et al.. Induction of solid tumor differentiation by the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma ligand troglitazone in patients with liposarcoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1999;96:3951-6
  • Nikiforova MN, Lynch RA, Biddinger PW, et al.. RAS point mutations and PAX8-PPAR gamma rearrangement in thyroid tumors: evidence for distinct molecular pathways in thyroid follicular carcinoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003;88:2318-26
  • Roque L, Castedo S, Clode A, Soares J. Deletion of 3p25–>pter in a primary follicular thyroid carcinoma and its metastasis. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 1993;8:199-203
  • Sahin M, Allard BL, Yates M, et al.. PPARgamma staining as a surrogate for PAX8/PPARgamma fusion oncogene expression in follicular neoplasms: clinicopathological correlation and histopathological diagnostic value. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005;90:463-8
  • Barden CB, Shister KW, Zhu B, et al.. Classification of follicular thyroid tumors by molecular signature: results of gene profiling. Clin Cancer Res 2003;9:1792-800
  • Finley DJ, Zhu B, Barden CB, Fahey TJ III. Discrimination of benign and malignant thyroid nodules by molecular profiling. Ann Surg 2004;240:425-36; discussion 36-7.
  • Mazzanti C, Zeiger MA, Costouros NG, et al.. Using gene expression profiling to differentiate benign versus malignant thyroid tumors. Cancer Res 2004;64:2898-903
  • Weber F, Shen L, Aldred MA, et al.. Genetic classification of benign and malignant thyroid follicular neoplasia based on a three-gene combination. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005;90:2512-21
  • Alexander EK, Kennedy GC, Baloch ZW, et al.. Preoperative diagnosis of benign thyroid nodules with indeterminate cytology. N Engl J Med 2012;367:705-15
  • Bartel DP. MicroRNAs: genomics, biogenesis, mechanism, and function. Cell 2004;116:281-97
  • Solomides CC, Evans BJ, Navenot JM, et al.. MicroRNA profiling in lung cancer reveals new molecular markers for diagnosis. Acta Cytol 2012;56:645-54
  • Giraldez MD, Lozano JJ, Ramirez G, et al.. Circulating MicroRNAs as biomarkers of colorectal cancer: results from a genome-wide profiling and validation study. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2012;S1542-3565(12):01509-1
  • Kitano M, Rahbari R, Patterson EE, et al.. Evaluation of candidate diagnostic microRNAs in thyroid fine-needle aspiration biopsy samples. Thyroid 2012;22:285-91
  • Vriens MR, Weng J, Suh I, et al.. MicroRNA expression profiling is a potential diagnostic tool for thyroid cancer. Cancer 2012;118:3426-32
  • de la Chapelle A, Jazdzewski K. MicroRNAs in thyroid cancer. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011;96:3326-36
  • He H, Jazdzewski K, Li W, et al.. The role of microRNA genes in papillary thyroid carcinoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2005;102:19075-80
  • Nikiforova MN, Chiosea SI, Nikiforov YE. MicroRNA expression profiles in thyroid tumors. Endocr Pathol 2009;20:85-91
  • Tetzlaff MT, Liu A, Xu X, et al.. Differential expression of miRNAs in papillary thyroid carcinoma compared to multinodular goiter using formalin fixed paraffin embedded tissues. Endocr Pathol 2007;18:163-73
  • Yip L, Kelly L, Shuai Y, et al.. MicroRNA signature distinguishes the degree of aggressiveness of papillary thyroid carcinoma. Ann Surg Oncol 2011;18:2035-41
  • Chou CK, Chen RF. Chou FF, et al. miR-146b is highly expressed in adult papillary thyroid carcinomas with high risk features including extrathyroidal invasion and the BRAF(V600E) mutation. Thyroid 2010;20:489-94
  • Weber F, Teresi RE, Broelsch CE, et al.. A limited set of human MicroRNA is deregulated in follicular thyroid carcinoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006;91:3584-91
  • Nikiforova MN, Tseng GC, Steward D, et al.. MicroRNA expression profiling of thyroid tumors: biological significance and diagnostic utility. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008;93:1600-8
  • Braun J, Huttelmaier S. Pathogenic mechanisms of deregulated microRNA expression in thyroid carcinomas of follicular origin. Thyroid Res 2011;4:Suppl 1:S1.
  • Kanaan Z, Rai SN, Eichenberger MR, et al.. Plasma miR-21: a potential diagnostic marker of colorectal cancer. Ann Surg 2012;256:544-51
  • Huang Z, Huang D, Ni S, et al.. Plasma microRNAs are promising novel biomarkers for early detection of colorectal cancer. Int J Cancer 2010;127:118-26
  • Wang J, Wang Q, Liu H, et al.. MicroRNA expression and its implication for the diagnosis and therapeutic strategies of gastric cancer. Cancer Lett 2010;297:137-43
  • Ng EK, Li R, Shin VY, et al.. Circulating microRNAs as specific biomarkers for breast cancer detection. PLoS One 2013;8:e53141
  • Yu S, Liu Y, Wang J, et al.. Circulating microRNA profiles as potential biomarkers for diagnosis of papillary thyroid carcinoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2012;97:2084-92
  • Mazeh H, Mizrahi I, Halle D, et al.. Development of a microRNA-based molecular assay for the detection of papillary thyroid carcinoma in aspiration biopsy samples. Thyroid 2011;21:111-18
  • Baylin SB, Herman JG. DNA hypermethylation in tumorigenesis: epigenetics joins genetics. Trends Genet 2000;16:168-74
  • Elisei R, Shiohara M, Koeffler HP, Fagin JA. Genetic and epigenetic alterations of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors p15INK4b and p16INK4a in human thyroid carcinoma cell lines and primary thyroid carcinomas. Cancer 1998;83:2185-93
  • Brait M, Loyo M, Rosenbaum E, et al.. Correlation between BRAF mutation and promoter methylation of TIMP3, RARbeta2 and RASSF1A in thyroid cancer. Epigenetics 2012;7:710-19
  • Hu S, Liu D, Tufano RP, et al.. Association of aberrant methylation of tumor suppressor genes with tumor aggressiveness and BRAF mutation in papillary thyroid cancer. Int J Cancer 2006;119:2322-9
  • Xing M, Usadel H, Cohen Y, et al.. Methylation of the thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor gene in epithelial thyroid tumors: a marker of malignancy and a cause of gene silencing. Cancer Res 2003;63:2316-21
  • Lazar V, Bidart JM, Caillou B, et al.. Expression of the Na+/I- symporter gene in human thyroid tumors: a comparison study with other thyroid-specific genes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999;84:3228-34
  • Smith JA, Fan CY, Zou C, et al.. Methylation status of genes in papillary thyroid carcinoma. Archiv Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2007;133:1006-11
  • Kim EK, Park CS, Chung WY, et al.. New sonographic criteria for recommending fine-needle aspiration biopsy of nonpalpable solid nodules of the thyroid. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2002;178:687-91
  • Papini E, Guglielmi R, Bianchini A, et al.. Risk of malignancy in nonpalpable thyroid nodules: predictive value of ultrasound and color-Doppler features. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002;87:1941-6
  • Maia FF, Matos PS, Silva BP, et al.. Role of ultrasound, clinical and scintigraphyc parameters to predict malignancy in thyroid nodule. Head Neck Oncol 2011;3:17
  • Khoo ML, Asa SL, Witterick IJ, Freeman JL. Thyroid calcification and its association with thyroid carcinoma. Head Neck 2002;24:651-5
  • Bertagna F, Treglia G, Piccardo A, et al.. F18-FDG-PET/CT thyroid incidentalomas: a wide retrospective analysis in three Italian centres on the significance of focal uptake and SUV value. Endocrine 2012.
  • Kang BJ. O JH, Baik JH, et al. Incidental thyroid uptake on F-18 FDG PET/CT: correlation with ultrasonography and pathology. Ann Nucl Med 2009;23:729-37
  • Kim BH, Na MA, Kim IJ, et al.. Risk stratification and prediction of cancer of focal thyroid fluorodeoxyglucose uptake during cancer evaluation. Ann Nucl Med 2010;24:721-8
  • Gharib H. Fine-needle aspiration biopsy of thyroid nodules: advantages, limitations, and effect. Mayo Clinic proceedings Mayo Clinic 1994;69:44-9
  • Gharib H, Goellner JR. Fine-needle aspiration biopsy of thyroid nodules. Endocr Pract 1995;1:410-17
  • Castro MR, Gharib H. Thyroid fine-needle aspiration biopsy: progress, practice, and pitfalls. Endocr Pract 2003;9:128-36
  • Adeniran AJ, Hui P, Chhieng DC, et al.. BRAF mutation testing of thyroid fine-needle aspiration specimens enhances the predictability of malignancy in thyroid follicular lesions of undetermined significance. Acta Cytol 2011;55:570-5
  • Adeniran AJ, Theoharis C, Hui P, et al.. Reflex BRAF testing in thyroid fine-needle aspiration biopsy with equivocal and positive interpretation: a prospective study. Thyroid 2011;21:717-23
  • Filicori F, Keutgen XM, Buitrago D, et al.. Risk stratification of indeterminate thyroid fine-needle aspiration biopsy specimens based on mutation analysis. Surgery 2011;150:1085-91
  • Nikiforov YE, Steward DL, Robinson-Smith TM, et al.. Molecular testing for mutations in improving the fine-needle aspiration diagnosis of thyroid nodules. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2009;94:2092-8
  • Lassalle S, Hofman V, Ilie M, et al.. Can the microRNA signature distinguish between thyroid tumors of uncertain malignant potential and other well-differentiated tumors of the thyroid gland?. Endocr Relat Cancer 2011;18:579-94
  • Pallante P, Visone R, Ferracin M, et al.. MicroRNA deregulation in human thyroid papillary carcinomas. Endocr Relat Cancer 2006;13:497-508
  • Keutgen XM, Filicori F, Crowley MJ, et al.. A panel of four miRNAs accurately differentiates malignant from benign indeterminate thyroid lesions on fine needle aspiration. Clin Cancer Res 2012;18:2032-8
  • Visone R, Pallante P, Vecchione A, et al.. Specific microRNAs are downregulated in human thyroid anaplastic carcinomas. Oncogene 2007;26:7590-5
  • Braun J, Hoang-Vu C, Dralle H, Huttelmaier S. Downregulation of microRNAs directs the EMT and invasive potential of anaplastic thyroid carcinomas. Oncogene 2010;29:4237-44

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.