162
Views
5
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Theme: Brain & Neurologic Cancer - Reviews

Molecular pathways and potential therapeutic targets in glioblastoma multiforme

&
Pages 1307-1318 | Published online: 10 Jan 2014

References

  • Dolecek TA, Propp JM, Stroup NE, Kruchko C. CBTRUS statistical report: primary brain and central nervous system tumors diagnosed in the United States in 2005-2009. Neuro Oncol. 14( Suppl. 14), v1–v49 (2012).
  • Louis DN, Ohgaki H, Wiestler OD et al. The 2007 WHO classification of tumours of the central nervous system. Acta Neuropathol. 114(2), 97–109 (2007).
  • Yan H, Parsons DW, Jin G et al. IDH1 and IDH2 mutations in gliomas. N. Engl. J. Med. 360(8), 765–773 (2009).
  • Schwartzbaum JA, Fisher JL, Aldape KD, Wrensch M. Epidemiology and molecular pathology of glioma. Nat. Clin. Pract. Neurol. 2(9), 494–503 (2006).
  • Friedman JM, Birch PH. Type 1 neurofibromatosis: a descriptive analysis of the disorder in 1,728 patients. Am. J. Med. Gen. 70(2), 138–143 (1997).
  • Patil S, Chamberlain RS. Neoplasms associated with germline and somatic NF1 gene mutations. Oncol. 17(1), 101–116 (2012).
  • Rao JS. Molecular mechanisms of glioma invasiveness: the role of proteases. Nat. Rev. Cancer 3(7), 489–501 (2003).
  • Stupp R, Mason WP, Van Den Bent MJ et al. Radiotherapy plus concomitant and adjuvant temozolomide for glioblastoma. N. Engl. J. Med. 352(10), 987–996 (2005).
  • Lacroix M, Abi-Said D, Fourney DR et al. A multivariate analysis of 416 patients with glioblastoma multiforme: prognosis, extent of resection, and survival. J. Neurosurg. 95(2), 190–198 (2001).
  • Stummer W, Pichlmeier U, Meinel T et al. Fluorescence-guided surgery with 5-aminolevulinic acid for resection of malignant glioma: a randomised controlled multicentre phase III trial. Lancet Oncol. 7(5), 392–401 (2006).
  • Hegi ME, Diserens AC, Gorlia T et al. MGMT gene silencing and benefit from temozolomide in glioblastoma. N. Engl. J. Med. 352(10), 997–1003 (2005).
  • Stupp R, Hegi ME, Mason WP et al. Effects of radiotherapy with concomitant and adjuvant temozolomide versus radiotherapy alone on survival in glioblastoma in a randomised phase III study: 5-year analysis of the EORTC-NCIC trial. Lancet Oncol. 10(5), 459–466 (2009).
  • Wallner KE, Galicich JH, Krol G, Arbit E, Malkin MG. Patterns of failure following treatment for glioblastoma multiforme and anaplastic astrocytoma. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 16(6), 1405–1409 (1989).
  • Mcdonald MW, Shu HK, Curran WJ Jr, Crocker IR. Pattern of failure after limited margin radiotherapy and temozolomide for glioblastoma. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 79(1), 130–136 (2011).
  • Dobelbower MC, Burnett Iii OL, Nordal RA et al. Patterns of failure for glioblastoma multiforme following concurrent radiation and temozolomide. J. Med. Imag. Radiat. Oncol. 55(1), 77–81 (2011).
  • Minniti G, Amelio D, Amichetti M et al. Patterns of failure and comparison of different target volume delineations in patients with glioblastoma treated with conformal radiotherapy plus concomitant and adjuvant temozolomide. Radiother. Oncol. 97(3), 377–381 (2010).
  • Milano MT, Okunieff P, Donatello RS et al. Patterns and timing of recurrence after temozolomide-based chemoradiation for glioblastoma. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 78(4), 1147–1155 (2010).
  • Chan JL, Lee SW, Fraass BA et al. Survival and failure patterns of high-grade gliomas after three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy. J. Clin. Oncol. 20(6), 1635–1642 (2002).
  • Selker RG, Shapiro WR, Burger P et al. The Brain Tumor Cooperative Group NIH Trial 87-01: a randomized comparison of surgery, external radiotherapy, and carmustine versus surgery, interstitial radiotherapy boost, external radiation therapy, and carmustine. Neurosurgery 51(2), 343–355; discussion 355–347 (2002).
  • Souhami L, Seiferheld W, Brachman D et al. Randomized comparison of stereotactic radiosurgery followed by conventional radiotherapy with carmustine to conventional radiotherapy with carmustine for patients with glioblastoma multiforme: report of radiation therapy oncology group 93-05 protocol. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 60(3), 853–860 (2004).
  • Walker MD, Green SB, Byar DP et al. Randomized comparisons of radiotherapy and nitrosoureas for the treatment of malignant glioma after surgery. N. Engl. J. Med. 303(23), 1323–1329 (1980).
  • Cancer Genome Atlas Research Network. Comprehensive genomic characterization defines human glioblastoma genes and core pathways. Nature 455(7216), 1061–1068 (2008).
  • Parsons DW, Jones S, Zhang X et al. An integrated genomic analysis of human glioblastoma multiforme. Science 321(5897), 1807–1812 (2008).
  • Olayioye MA, Neve RM, Lane HA, Hynes NE. The ErbB signaling network: receptor heterodimerization in development and cancer. EMBO J. 19(13), 3159–3167 (2000).
  • Gan HK, Kaye AH, Luwor RB. The EGFRvIII variant in glioblastoma multiforme. J. Clin. Neurosci. 16(6), 748–754 (2009).
  • Nishikawa R, Ji XD, Harmon RC et al. A mutant epidermal growth factor receptor common in human glioma confers enhanced tumorigenicity. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 91(16), 7727–7731 (1994).
  • Chakravarti A, Wang M, Robins HI et al. RTOG 0211: a phase 1/2 study of radiation therapy with concurrent gefitinib for newly diagnosed glioblastoma patients. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 85(5), 1206–1211 (2013).
  • Uhm JH, Ballman KV, Wu W et al. Phase II evaluation of gefitinib in patients with newly diagnosed Grade 4 astrocytoma: Mayo/North Central Cancer Treatment Group Study N0074. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 80(2), 347–353 (2011).
  • Bonner JA, Harari PM, Giralt J et al. Radiotherapy plus cetuximab for locoregionally advanced head and neck cancer: 5-year survival data from a phase 3 randomised trial, and relation between cetuximab-induced rash and survival. Lancet Oncol. 11(1), 21–28 (2010).
  • Prados MD, Chang SM, Butowski N et al. Phase II study of erlotinib plus temozolomide during and after radiation therapy in patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma multiforme or gliosarcoma. J. Clin. Oncol. 27(4), 579–584 (2009).
  • Van Den Bent MJ, Brandes AA, Rampling R et al. Randomized phase II trial of erlotinib versus temozolomide or carmustine in recurrent glioblastoma: EORTC brain tumor group study 26034. J. Clin. Oncol. 27(8), 1268–1274 (2009).
  • Thiessen B, Stewart C, Tsao M et al. A phase I/II trial of GW572016 (lapatinib) in recurrent glioblastoma multiforme: clinical outcomes, pharmacokinetics and molecular correlation. Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol. 65(2), 353–361 (2010).
  • Sampson JH, Archer GE, Mitchell DA et al. An epidermal growth factor receptor variant III-targeted vaccine is safe and immunogenic in patients with glioblastoma multiforme. Mol. Cancer Ther. 8(10), 2773–2779 (2009).
  • Sampson JH, Heimberger AB, Archer GE et al. Immunologic escape after prolonged progression-free survival with epidermal growth factor receptor variant III peptide vaccination in patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma. J. Clin. Oncol. 28(31), 4722–4729 (2010).
  • Hasselbalch B, Lassen U, Hansen S et al. Cetuximab, bevacizumab, and irinotecan for patients with primary glioblastoma and progression after radiation therapy and temozolomide: a phase II trial. Neuro Oncol. 12(5), 508–516 (2010).
  • Combs SE, Heeger S, Haselmann R, Edler L, Debus J, Schulz-Ertner D. Treatment of primary glioblastoma multiforme with cetuximab, radiotherapy and temozolomide (GERT)--phase I/II trial: study protocol. BMC Cancer 6, 133 (2006).
  • Toschi L, Janne PA. Single-agent and combination therapeutic strategies to inhibit hepatocyte growth factor/MET signaling in cancer. Clin. Cancer Res. 14(19), 5941–5946 (2008).
  • Koochekpour S, Jeffers M, Rulong S et al. Met and hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor expression in human gliomas. Cancer Res. 57(23), 5391–5398 (1997).
  • Birchmeier C, Birchmeier W, Gherardi E, Vande Woude GF. Met, metastasis, motility and more. Nature Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 4(12), 915–925 (2003).
  • Kong DS, Song SY, Kim DH et al. Prognostic significance of c-Met expression in glioblastomas. Cancer 115(1), 140–148 (2009).
  • Wen PY, Schiff D, Cloughesy TF et al. A phase II study evaluating the efficacy and safety of AMG 102 (rilotumumab) in patients with recurrent glioblastoma. Neuro Oncol. 13(4), 437–446 (2011).
  • Stommel JM, Kimmelman AC, Ying H et al. Coactivation of receptor tyrosine kinases affects the response of tumor cells to targeted therapies. Science 318(5848), 287–290 (2007).
  • Lu KV, Chang JP, Parachoniak CA et al. VEGF inhibits tumor cell invasion and mesenchymal transition through a MET/VEGFR2 complex. Cancer Cell 22(1), 21–35 (2012).
  • Hermanson M, Funa K, Hartman M et al. Platelet-derived growth factor and its receptors in human glioma tissue: expression of messenger RNA and protein suggests the presence of autocrine and paracrine loops. Cancer Res. 52(11), 3213–3219 (1992).
  • Pietras K, Sjoblom T, Rubin K, Heldin CH, Ostman A. PDGF receptors as cancer drug targets. Cancer Cell 3(5), 439–443 (2003).
  • Nazarenko I, Hede SM, He X et al. PDGF and PDGF receptors in glioma. Ups. J. Med. Sci. 117(2), 99–112 (2012).
  • Aoki M, Nabeshima K, Koga K et al. Imatinib mesylate inhibits cell invasion of malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor induced by platelet-derived growth factor-BB. Lab. Invest. 87(8), 767–779 (2007).
  • Vlahovic G, Rabbani ZN, Herndon JE 2nd, Dewhirst MW, Vujaskovic Z. Treatment with Imatinib in NSCLC is associated with decrease of phosphorylated PDGFR-beta and VEGF expression, decrease in interstitial fluid pressure and improvement of oxygenation. Br. J. Cancer 95(8), 1013–1019 (2006).
  • Verhaak RG, Hoadley KA, Purdom E et al. Integrated genomic analysis identifies clinically relevant subtypes of glioblastoma characterized by abnormalities in PDGFRA, IDH1, EGFR, and NF1. Cancer Cell 17(1), 98–110 (2010).
  • Wen PY, Yung WK, Lamborn KR et al. Phase I/II study of imatinib mesylate for recurrent malignant gliomas: North American Brain Tumor Consortium Study 99-08. Clin. Cancer Res. 12(16), 4899–4907 (2006).
  • Reardon DA, Egorin MJ, Quinn JA et al. Phase II study of imatinib mesylate plus hydroxyurea in adults with recurrent glioblastoma multiforme. J. Clin. Oncol. 23(36), 9359–9368 (2005).
  • Dresemann G. Imatinib and hydroxyurea in pretreated progressive glioblastoma multiforme: a patient series. Ann. Oncol.16(10), 1702–1708 (2005).
  • Bihorel S, Camenisch G, Gross G, Lemaire M, Scherrmann JM. Influence of hydroxyurea on imatinib mesylate (gleevec) transport at the mouse blood-brain barrier. Drug Metab. Dispos. 34(12), 1945–1949 (2006).
  • Reardon DA, Dresemann G, Taillibert S et al. Multicentre phase II studies evaluating imatinib plus hydroxyurea in patients with progressive glioblastoma. Br. J. Cancer 101(12), 1995–2004 (2009).
  • Ferrara N, Kerbel RS. Angiogenesis as a therapeutic target. Nature 438(7070), 967–974 (2005).
  • Ferrara N, Gerber HP, Lecouter J. The biology of VEGF and its receptors. Nat. Med. 9(6), 669–676 (2003).
  • Plate KH, Breier G, Weich HA, Risau W. Vascular endothelial growth factor is a potential tumour angiogenesis factor in human gliomas in vivo. Nature 359(6398), 845–848 (1992).
  • Hurwitz H, Fehrenbacher L, Novotny W et al. Bevacizumab plus irinotecan, fluorouracil, and leucovorin for metastatic colorectal cancer. N. Engl. J. Med. 350(23), 2335–2342 (2004).
  • Ferrara N, Hillan KJ, Gerber HP, Novotny W. Discovery and development of bevacizumab, an anti-VEGF antibody for treating cancer. Nat. Rev. Drug Dis. 3(5), 391–400 (2004).
  • Mark R. Gilbert JD, Minhee Won. RTOG 0825: Phase III double-blind placebo-controlled trial evaluating bevacizumab (Bev) in patients (Pts) with newly diagnosed glioblastoma (GBM). J. Clin. Oncol. 31( Suppl.), Abstract 1 (2013).
  • Prados MD, Lamborn K, Yung WK et al. A phase 2 trial of irinotecan (CPT-11) in patients with recurrent malignant glioma: a North American Brain Tumor Consortium study. Neuro Oncol. 8(2), 189–193 (2006).
  • Vredenburgh JJ, Desjardins A, Herndon JE 2nd et al. Bevacizumab plus irinotecan in recurrent glioblastoma multiforme. J. Clin. Oncol. 25(30), 4722–4729 (2007).
  • Reardon DA, Desjardins A, Vredenburgh JJ et al. Metronomic chemotherapy with daily, oral etoposide plus bevacizumab for recurrent malignant glioma: a phase II study. Br. J. Cancer 101(12), 1986–1994 (2009).
  • Batchelor TT, Duda DG, Di Tomaso E et al. Phase II study of cediranib, an oral pan-vascular endothelial growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor, in patients with recurrent glioblastoma. J. Clin. Oncol. 28(17), 2817–2823 (2010).
  • Alghisi GC, Ruegg C. Vascular integrins in tumor angiogenesis: mediators and therapeutic targets. Endothelium 13(2), 113–135 (2006).
  • Stupp R, Ruegg C. Integrin inhibitors reaching the clinic. J. Clin. Oncol. 25(13), 1637–1638 (2007).
  • Stupp R, Hegi ME, Neyns B et al. Phase I/IIa study of cilengitide and temozolomide with concomitant radiotherapy followed by cilengitide and temozolomide maintenance therapy in patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma. J. Clin. Oncol. 28(16), 2712–2718 (2010).
  • Reardon DA, Fink KL, Mikkelsen T et al. Randomized phase II study of cilengitide, an integrin-targeting arginine-glycine-aspartic acid peptide, in recurrent glioblastoma multiforme. J. Clin. Oncol. 26(34), 5610–5617 (2008).
  • Roger Stupp MEH, Thierry Gorlia. Cilengitide combined with standard treatment for patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma and methylated O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) gene promoter: key results of the multicenter, randomized, open-label, controlled, phase III CENTRIC study. Presented at: 2013 ASCO Annual Meeting. Chicago, IL, USA, 30 May–3 June 2013.
  • Elizabeth Robins Gerstner ML, Xiaobu Ye. A phase I study of cediranib in combination with cilengitide in patients with recurrent glioblastoma. J. Clin. Oncol. ( Suppl.), Abstract 2054 (2013).
  • Guertin DA, Sabatini DM. Defining the role of mTOR in cancer. Cancer Cell 12(1), 9–22 (2007).
  • Faivre S, Kroemer G, Raymond E. Current development of mTOR inhibitors as anticancer agents. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 5(8), 671–688 (2006).
  • Eshleman JS, Carlson BL, Mladek AC, Kastner BD, Shide KL, Sarkaria JN. Inhibition of the mammalian target of rapamycin sensitizes U87 xenografts to fractionated radiation therapy. Cancer Res. 62(24), 7291–7297 (2002).
  • Shinohara ET, Cao C, Niermann K et al. Enhanced radiation damage of tumor vasculature by mTOR inhibitors. Oncogene 24(35), 5414–5422 (2005).
  • Galanis E, Buckner JC, Maurer MJ et al. Phase II trial of temsirolimus (CCI-779) in recurrent glioblastoma multiforme: a North central cancer treatment group study. J. Clin. Oncol. 23(23), 5294–5304 (2005).
  • Steelman LS, Franklin RA, Abrams SL et al. Roles of the Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK pathway in leukemia therapy. Leukemia 25(7), 1080–1094 (2011).
  • Glass TL, Liu TJ, Yung WK. Inhibition of cell growth in human glioblastoma cell lines by farnesyltransferase inhibitor SCH66336. Neuro Oncol. 2(3), 151–158 (2000).
  • Cloughesy TF, Wen PY, Robins HI et al. Phase II trial of tipifarnib in patients with recurrent malignant glioma either receiving or not receiving enzyme-inducing antiepileptic drugs: a North American brain tumor consortium study. J. Clin. Oncol. 24(22), 3651–3656 (2006).
  • Nghiemphu PL, Wen PY, Lamborn KR et al. A phase I trial of tipifarnib with radiation therapy, with and without temozolomide, for patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 81(5), 1422–1427 (2011).
  • Khan O, La Thangue NB. HDAC inhibitors in cancer biology: emerging mechanisms and clinical applications. Immunol. Cell Biol. 90(1), 85–94 (2012).
  • Walkinshaw DR, Yang XJ. Histone deacetylase inhibitors as novel anticancer therapeutics. Curr. Oncol. 15(5), 237–243 (2008).
  • Johnstone RW. Histone-deacetylase inhibitors: novel drugs for the treatment of cancer. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 1(4), 287–299 (2002).
  • Lee EQ, Puduvalli VK, Reid JM et al. Phase I study of vorinostat in combination with temozolomide in patients with high-grade gliomas: North American brain tumor consortium study 04-03. Clin. Cancer Res. 18(21), 6032–6039 (2012).
  • Galanis E, Jaeckle KA, Maurer MJ et al. Phase II trial of vorinostat in recurrent glioblastoma multiforme: a north central cancer treatment group study. J. Clin. Oncol. 27(12), 2052–2058 (2009).
  • Evanthia Galanis Jns SKA. Phase I/II trial of vorinostat combined with temozolomide (TMZ) and radiation therapy (RT) for newly diagnosed glioblastoma (GBM) (N0874-ABTC0902, Alliance): final results of the phase I trial. J. Clin. Oncol. 31( Suppl.), Abstract 2046 (2013).
  • Tang Y, Yacoub A, Hamed HA et al. Sorafenib and HDAC inhibitors synergize to kill CNS tumor cells. Cancer Biol. Ther. 13(7), 567–574 (2012).
  • Singh SK, Hawkins C, Clarke ID et al. Identification of human brain tumour initiating cells. Nature 432(7015), 396–401 (2004).
  • Galli R, Binda E, Orfanelli U et al. Isolation and characterization of tumorigenic, stem-like neural precursors from human glioblastoma. Cancer Res. 64(19), 7011–7021 (2004).
  • Chen J, Li Y, Yu TS et al. A restricted cell population propagates glioblastoma growth after chemotherapy. Nature 488(7412), 522–526 (2012).
  • Clark PA, Treisman DM, Ebben J, Kuo JS. Developmental signaling pathways in brain tumor-derived stem-like cells. Dev. Dynam. 236(12), 3297–3308 (2007).
  • Doetsch F, Caille I, Lim DA, Garcia-Verdugo JM, Alvarez-Buylla A. Subventricular zone astrocytes are neural stem cells in the adult mammalian brain. Cell 97(6), 703–716 (1999).
  • Lee J, Kotliarova S, Kotliarov Y et al. Tumor stem cells derived from glioblastomas cultured in bFGF and EGF more closely mirror the phenotype and genotype of primary tumors than do serum-cultured cell lines. Cancer Cell 9(5), 391–403 (2006).
  • Alcantara Llaguno SR, Chen Y, Mckay RM, Parada LF. Stem cells in brain tumor development. Curr. Top. Dev. Biol. 94, 15–44 (2011).
  • Glantz M, Kesari S, Recht L, Fleischhack G, Van Horn A. Understanding the origins of gliomas and developing novel therapies: cerebrospinal fluid and subventricular zone interplay. Semin. Oncol. 36( 4 Suppl. 2), S17–S24 (2009).
  • Lee P, Eppinga W, Lagerwaard F et al. Evaluation of high ipsilateral subventricular zone radiation therapy dose in glioblastoma: a pooled analysis. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 86(4), 609–615 (2013).
  • Gupta T, Nair V, Paul SN et al. Can irradiation of potential cancer stem-cell niche in the subventricular zone influence survival in patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma? J. Neurooncol. 109(1), 195–203 (2012).
  • Chapman PB, Hauschild A, Robert C et al. Improved survival with vemurafenib in melanoma with BRAF V600E mutation. N. Engl. J. Med. 364(26), 2507–2516 (2011).
  • Romond EH, Perez EA, Bryant J et al. Trastuzumab plus adjuvant chemotherapy for operable HER2-positive breast cancer. N. Engl. J. Med. 353(16), 1673–1684 (2005).
  • Kwak EL, Bang YJ, Camidge DR et al. Anaplastic lymphoma kinase inhibition in non-small-cell lung cancer. N. Engl. J. Med. 363(18), 1693–1703 (2010).
  • Phillips HS, Kharbanda S, Chen R et al. Molecular subclasses of high-grade glioma predict prognosis, delineate a pattern of disease progression, and resemble stages in neurogenesis. Cancer Cell 9(3), 157–173 (2006).
  • Choi C, Ganji SK, Deberardinis RJ et al. 2-hydroxyglutarate detection by magnetic resonance spectroscopy in IDH-mutated patients with gliomas. Nat. Med. 18(4), 624–629 (2012).
  • Wen PY, Kesari S. Malignant gliomas in adults. N. Engl. J. Med. 359(5), 492–507 (2008).

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.