Extra-CNS metastasis from glioblastoma: a rare clinical entity

References

• Omuro A, DeAngelis LM. Glioblastoma and other malignant gliomas: a clinical review. JAMA 2013;310(17):1842-50
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stupp R, Mason WP, van den Bent MJ, et al. Radiotherapy plus concomitant and adjuvant temozolomide for glioblastoma. N Engl J Med 2005;352(10):987-96
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stupp R, Hegi ME, Mason WP, et al. Effects of radiotherapy with concomitant and adjuvant temozolomide versus radiotherapy alone on survival in glioblastoma in a randomised phase III study: 5-year analysis of the EORTC-NCIC trial. Lancet Oncol 2009;10(5):459-66
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slowik F, Balogh I. Extracranial spreading of glioblastoma multiforme. Zentralbl Neurochir 1980;41(1):57-68
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cuddapah VA, Robel S, Watkins S, Sontheimer H. A neurocentric perspective on glioma invasion. Nat Rev Neurosci 2014;15(7):455-65
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beauchesne P. Extra-neural metastases of malignant gliomas: myth or reality? Cancers (Basel) 2011;3(1):461-77
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hamilton JD, Rapp M, Marcel Schneiderhan T, et al. Glioblastoma multiforme metastasis outside the CNS: Three case reports and possible mechanisms of escape. J Clin Oncol 2014;32(22):e80-4
   Google Scholar
• Lun M, Lok E, Gautam S, et al. The natural history of extracranial metastasis from glioblastoma multiforme. J Neurooncol 2011;105(2):261-73
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beaumont TL, Kupsky WJ, Barger GR, Sloan AE. Gliosarcoma with multiple extracranial metastases: case report and review of the literature. J Neurooncol 2007;83(1):39-46
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Scherer HJ. Structural development in gliomas. Am J Cancer 1938;34(3):333-51
   Google Scholar
• Müller C, Holtschmidt J, Auer M, et al. Hematogenous dissemination of glioblastoma multiforme. Sci Transl Med 2014;6(247):247ra101
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pansera F, Pansera E. An explanation for the rarity of extraaxial metastases in brain tumors. Med Hypotheses 1992;39(1):88-9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Montana V, Sontheimer H. Bradykinin promotes the chemotactic invasion of primary brain tumors. J Neurosci 2011;31(13):4858-67
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thorne RG, Nicholson C. In vivo diffusion analysis with quantum dots and dextrans predicts the width of brain extracellular space. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2006;103(14):5567-72
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilbertson RJ, Rich JN. Making a tumour’s bed: glioblastoma stem cells and the vascular niche. Nat Rev Cancer 2007;7(10):733-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fan Y, Potdar AA, Gong Y, et al. Profilin-1 phosphorylation directs angiocrine expression and glioblastoma progression through HIF-1α accumulation. Nat Cell Biol 2014;16(5):445-56
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cheng L, Huang Z, Zhou W, et al. Glioblastoma stem cells generate vascular pericytes to support vessel function and tumor growth. Cell 2013;153(1):139-52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watkins S, Robel S, Kimbrough IF, et al. Disruption of astrocyte-vascular coupling and the blood-brain barrier by invading glioma cells. Nat Commun 2014;5:4196
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tam WL, Weinberg RA. The epigenetics of epithelial-mesenchymal plasticity in cancer. Nat Med 2013;19(11):1438-49
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwiatkowska A, Symons M. Signaling determinants of glioma cell invasion. Adv Exp Med Biol 2013;986:121-41
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng W, Kandel JJ, Yamashiro DJ, et al. A multi-cancer mesenchymal transition gene expression signature is associated with prolonged time to recurrence in glioblastoma. PLoS One 2012;7(4):e34705
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carro MS, Lim WK, Alvarez MJ, et al. The transcriptional network for mesenchymal transformation of brain tumours. Nature 2010;463(7279):318-25
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tso C, Freije WA, Day A, et al. Distinct transcription profiles of primary and secondary glioblastoma subgroups. Cancer Res 2006;66(1):159-67
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castle J, Shaker H, Morris K, et al. The significance of circulating tumour cells in breast cancer: a review. Breast 2014;23(5):552-60
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hodgkinson CL, Morrow CJ, Li Y, et al. Tumorigenicity and genetic profiling of circulating tumor cells in small-cell lung cancer. Nat Med 2014;20(8):897-903
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van den Bent MJ, Brandes AA, Rampling R, et al. Randomized phase II trial of erlotinib versus temozolomide or carmustine in recurrent glioblastoma: EORTC brain tumor group study 26034. J Clin Oncol 2009;27(8):1268-74
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sullivan JP, Nahed BV, Madden MW, et al. Brain tumor cells in circulation are enriched for mesenchymal gene expression. Cancer Discov 2014;4(11):1299-309
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith DR, Hardman JM, Earle KM. Metastasizing neuroectodermal tumors of the central nervous system. J Neurosurg 1969;31(1):50-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith DR, Hardman JM, Earle KM. Contiguous glioblastoma multiforme and fibrosarcoma with extracranial metastasis. Cancer 1969;24(2):270-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubinstein LJ. Development of extracranial metastases from a malignant astrocytoma in the absence of previous craniotomy. case report. J Neurosurg 1967;26(5):542-7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mujic A, Hunn A, Taylor AB, Lowenthal RM. Extracranial metastases of a glioblastoma multiforme to the pleura, small bowel and pancreas. J Clin Neurosci 2006;13(6):677-81
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ogungbo BI, Perry RH, Bozzino J, Mahadeva D. Report of GBM metastasis to the parotid gland. J Neurooncol 2005;74(3):337-8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Greif J, Horovitz M, Marmor S. Pleuropulmonary metastasis from an intracranial glioblastoma. Lung Cancer 1998;20(2):135-7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wallace CJ, Forsyth PA, Edwards DR. Lymph node metastases from glioblastoma multiforme. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1996;17(10):1929-31
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weller RO, Djuanda E, Yow H, Carare RO. Lymphatic drainage of the brain and the pathophysiology of neurological disease. Acta Neuropathol 2009;117(1):1-14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monguió-Tortajada M, Lauzurica-Valdemoros R, Borràs FE. Tolerance in organ transplantation: from conventional immunosuppression to extracellular vesicles. Front Immunol 2014;5:416
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buell JF, Trofe J, Sethuraman G, et al. Donors with central nervous system malignancies: are they truly safe? Transplantation 2003;76(2):340-3
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yu SH, Bordeaux JS, Baron ED. The immune system and skin cancer. Adv Exp Med Biol 2014;810:182-91
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Penn I. Effect of immunosuppression on preexisting cancers. Transplant Proc 1993;25(1 Pt 2):1380-2
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kauffman HM, McBride MA, Cherikh WS, et al. Transplant tumor registry: donors with central nervous system tumors1. Transplantation 2002;73(4):579-82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abouna GM. Organ shortage crisis: problems and possible solutions. Transplant Proc 2008;40(1):34-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jimsheleishvili S, Alshareef AT, Papadimitriou K, et al. Extracranial glioblastoma in transplant recipients. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2014;140(5):801-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morse JH, Turcotte JG, Merion RM, et al. Development of a malignant tumor in a liver transplant graft procured from a donor with a cerebral neoplasm. Transplantation 1990;50(5):875-7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chui AK, Herbertt K, Wang LS, et al. Risk of tumor transmission in transplantation from donors with primary brain tumors: an australian and new zealand registry report. Transplant Proc 1999;31(1-2):1266-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kauffman HM, McBride MA, Delmonico FL. First report of the united network for organ sharing transplant tumor registry: donors with a history of cancer. Transplantation 2000;70(12):1747-51
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim W, Yoo H, Shin SH, et al. Extraneural metastases of glioblastoma without simultaneous central nervous system recurrence. Brain Tumor Res Treat 2014;2(2):124-7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Souhami L, Seiferheld W, Brachman D, et al. Randomized comparison of stereotactic radiosurgery followed by conventional radiotherapy with carmustine to conventional radiotherapy with carmustine for patients with glioblastoma multiforme: report of radiation therapy oncology group 93-05 protocol. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2004;60(3):853-60
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nelson DF, Diener-West M, Horton J, et al. Combined modality approach to treatment of malignant gliomas–re-evaluation of RTOG 7401/ECOG 1374 with long-term follow-up: a joint study of the radiation therapy oncology group and the eastern cooperative oncology group. NCI Monogr 1988(6):279-84
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Macdonald DR, O’Brien RA, Gilbert JJ, Cairncross JG. Metastatic anaplastic oligodendroglioma. Neurology 1989;39(12):1593-6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Romero-Rojas AE, Diaz-Perez JA, Amaro D, et al. Glioblastoma metastasis to parotid gland and neck lymph nodes: fine-needle aspiration cytology with histopathologic correlation. Head Neck Pathol 2013;7(4):409-15
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Takanen S, Bangrazi C, Caiazzo R, et al. Multiple bone metastases from glioblastoma multiforme without local brain relapse: a case report and review of the literature. Tumori 2013;99(5):e237-40
   Google Scholar
• Taskapilioglu MO, Aktas U, Eser P, et al. Multiple extracranial metastases from secondary glioblastoma: a case report and review of the literature. Turk Neurosurg 2013;23(6):824-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blume C, von Lehe M, van Landeghem F, et al. Extracranial glioblastoma with synchronous metastases in the lung, pulmonary lymph nodes, vertebrae, cervical muscles and epidural space in a young patient - case report and review of literature. BMC Res Notes 2013;6:290
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mujtaba SS, Haroon S, Faridi N. Cervical metastatic glioblastoma multiforme. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak 2013;23(2):160-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guo L, Qiu Y, Ge J, Zhou D. Glioblastoma multiforme with subcutaneous metastases, case report and literature review. J Korean Neurosurg Soc 2012;52(5):484-7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dawar R, Fabiano AJ, Qiu J, Khushalani NI. Secondary gliosarcoma with extra-cranial metastases: a report and review of the literature. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2013;115(4):375-80
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ginat DT, Kelly HR, Schaefer PW, et al. Recurrent scalp metastasis from glioblastoma following resection. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2013;115(4):461-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seo YJ, Cho WH, Kang DW, Cha SH. Extraneural metastasis of glioblastoma multiforme presenting as an unusual neck mass. J Korean Neurosurg Soc 2012;51(3):147-50
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schönsteiner SS, Bommer M, Haenle MM, et al. Rare phenomenon: liver metastases from glioblastoma multiforme. J Clin Oncol 2011;29(23):e668-71
   Google Scholar
• Armstrong TS, Prabhu S, Aldape K, et al. A case of soft tissue metastasis from glioblastoma and review of the literature. J Neurooncol 2011;103(1):167-72
   PubMedGoogle Scholar