Multiple myeloma: an update of developments in targeted therapy

References

• Bartl R, Frisch B, Fateh-Moghadam A et al. Histologic classification and staging of multiple myeloma. A retrospective and prospective study of 674 cases. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 87, 342–355 (1987).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jemal A, Murray T, Samuels A et al. Cancer statistics, 2003. CA Cancer J. Clin. 53, 5–26 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phekoo KJ, Schey SA, Richards MA et al. A population study to define the incidence and survival of multiple myeloma in a National Health Service Region in UK. Br. J. Haematol. 127, 299–304 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hussein MA. Thalidomide, age, and future use in multiple myeloma. Blood 102, 2-b (2003).
   Google Scholar
• Hideshima T, Chauhan D, Shima Y et al. Thalidomide and its analogs overcome drug resistance of human multiple myeloma cells to conventional therapy. Blood 96, 2943–2950 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davies FE, Raje N, Hideshima T et al. Thalidomide and immunomodulatory derivatives augment natural killer cell cytotoxicity in multiple myeloma. Blood 98, 210–216 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hallek M, Bergsagel PL, Anderson KC. Multiple myeloma: increasing evidence for a multistep transformation process. Blood 91, 3–21 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hideshima T, Bergsagel PL, Kuehl WM, Anderson KC. Advances in biology of multiple myeloma: clinical applications. Blood 104, 607–618 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drach J, Kaufmann H, Urbauer E et al. The biology of multiple myeloma. J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol. 126, 441–447 (2000).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tricot G. New insights into role of microenvironment in multiple myeloma. Lancet 355, 248–250 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanz-Rodriguez F, Hidalgo A, Teixido J. Chemokine stromal cell-derived factor-1α modulates VLA-4 integrin-mediated multiple myeloma cell adhesion to CS-1/fibronectin and VCAM-1. Blood 97, 346–351 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lacey DL, Timms E, Tan HL et al. Osteoprotegerin ligand is a cytokine that regulates osteoclast differentiation and activation. Cell 93, 165–176 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chauhan D, Uchiyama H, Akbarali Y et al. Multiple myeloma cell adhesion-induced interleukin-6 expression in bone marrow stromal cells involves activation of NF-κB. Blood 87, 1104–1112 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hideshima T, Chauhan D, Richardson P et al. NF-κB as a therapeutic target in multiple myeloma. J. Biol. Chem. 277, 16639–16647 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karin M, Ben-Neriah Y. Phosphorylation meets ubiquitination: the control of NF-κB activity. Ann. Rev. Immunol. 18, 621–663 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilmore TD, Koedood M, Piffat KA, White DW. Rel/NF-κB/IκB proteins and cancer. Oncogene 13, 1367–1378 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karin M. How NF-κB is activated: the role of the IκB kinase (IKK) complex. Oncogene 18, 6867–6874 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitsiades N, Mitsiades CS, Poulaki V et al. Biologic sequelae of nuclear factor-κB blockade in multiple myeloma: therapeutic applications. Blood 99, 4079–4086 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Almond JB, Cohen GM. The proteasome: a novel target for cancer chemotherapy. Leukemia 16, 433–443 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karin M, Delhase M. The IκB kinase (IKK) and NF-κB: key elements of pro-inflammatory signalling. Semin. Immunol. 12, 85–98 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chauhan D, Uchiyama H, Akbarali Y et al. Multiple myeloma cell adhesion-induced interleukin-6 expression in bone marrow stromal cells involves activation of NF-κB. Blood 87, 1104–1112 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hazlehurst LA, Damiano JS, Buyuksal I, Pledger WJ, Dalton WS. Adhesion to fibronectin via β1 integrins regulates p27Kip1 levels and contributes to cell adhesion mediated drug resistance (CAM-DR). Oncogene 19, 4319–4327 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Witzig TE. The role of adhesion receptors in the pathogenesis of multiple myeloma. Hematol. Oncol. Clin. North Am. 13, 1127–1143 (1999).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tu Y, Renner S, Xu F et al. Bcl-X expression in multiple myeloma: possible indicator of chemoresistance. Cancer Res. 58, 256–262 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rajkumar SV, Hayman S, Gertz MA et al. Combination therapy with thalidomide plus dexamethasone for newly diagnosed myeloma. J. Clin. Oncol. 20, 4319–4323 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weber D, Rankin K, Gavino M, Delasalle K, Alexanian R. Thalidomide alone or with dexamethasone for previously untreated multiple myeloma. J. Clin. Oncol. 21, 16–19 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singhal S, Mehta J, Desikan R et al. Antitumor activity of thalidomide in refractory multiple myeloma. N. Engl. J. Med. 341, 1565–1571 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rajkumar SV, Blood E, Vesole DH. A randomised phase III trial of thalidomide plus dexamethasone versus dexamethasone in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (E1A00): a trial coordinated by the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group 23:558. J. Clin. Oncol. 23, 558 (2004).
   Google Scholar
• Srkalovic G, Cameron MG, Rybicki L et al. Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance and multiple myeloma are associated with an increased incidence of venothromboembolic disease. Cancer 101, 558–566 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agrawal NR, Hussein MA, Elson P, Karam MA, Reed J, Srkalovic G. Pegylated doxorubicin (D), vincristine(V), reduced frequency dexamethasone(D) and thalidomide(T) (DVd-T) in newly diagnosed (Nmm) and relapsed/refractory (Rmm) multiple myeloma patients. Blood 102(11) (2003) (Abstract 237).
   Google Scholar
• Zangari M, Barlogie B, Anaissie E et al. Deep vein thrombosis in patients with multiple myeloma treated with thalidomide and chemotherapy: effects of prophylactic and therapeutic anticoagulation. Br. J. Haematol. 126, 715–721 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bensinger WI, Rowley SD, Demirer T et al. High-dose therapy followed by autologous hematopoietic stem-cell infusion for patients with multiple myeloma. J. Clin. Oncol. 14, 1447–1456 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marit G, Faberes C, Pico JL et al. Autologous peripheral-blood progenitor-cell support following high-dose chemotherapy or chemoradiotherapy in patients with high-risk multiple myeloma. J. Clin. Oncol. 14, 1306–1313 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Attal M, Harousseau JL, Stoppa AM et al. A prospective, randomized trial of autologous bone marrow transplantation and chemotherapy in multiple myeloma. N. Engl. J. Med. 335, 91 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Powles R, Raje N, Milan S et al. Outcome assessment of a population-based group of 195 unselected myeloma patients under 70 years of age offered intensive treatment. Bone Marrow Transplant. 20, 435–443 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alegre A, Diaz-Mediavilla J, San Miguel J et al. Autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation for multiple myeloma: a report of 259 cases from the Spanish Registry. Spanish Registry for Transplant in MM (Grupo Espanol de Trasplante Hematopoyetico-GETH) and PETHEMA. Bone Marrow Transplant. 21, 133–140 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barlogie B, Jagannath S, Desikan KR et al. Total therapy with tandem transplants for newly diagnosed multiple myeloma. Blood 93, 55–65 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Segeren CM, Sonneveld P, van der Holt B et al. Overall and event-free survival are not improved by the use of myeloablative therapy following intensified chemotherapy in previously untreated patients with multiple myeloma: a prospective randomized Phase 3 study. Blood 101, 2144–2151 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Child JA, Morgan GJ, Davies FE et al. High-dose chemotherapy with hematopoietic stem-cell rescue for multiple myeloma. N. Engl. J. Med. 348, 1875–1883 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Browman GP, Bergsagel D, Sicheri D et al. Randomized trial of interferon maintenance in multiple myeloma: a study of the National Cancer Institute of Canada Clinical Trials Group. J. Clin. Oncol. 13, 2354–2360 (1995).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Durie BGM, Jacobson J, Barlogie B, Crowley J. Magnitude of response with myeloma frontline therapy does not predict outcome: importance of time to progression in Southwest Oncology Group Chemotherapy trials. J. Clin. Oncol.22(10), 1857–1863 (2004).
   Google Scholar
• Riccardi A, Mora O, Tinelli C et al. Response to first-line chemotherapy and long-term survival in patients with multiple myeloma: results of the MM87 prospective randomised protocol. Eur. J. Cancer 39, 31–37 (2003).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Blade J, Vesole DH, Gertz M. Transplantation for multiple myeloma: who, when, how often? Blood 102, 3469–3477 (2003).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hussein M. Role of high-dose chemotherapy with hematopoietic stem-cell rescue for multiple myeloma. Leukemia 18(4), 893 (2004).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cunningham D, Powles R, Malpas J et al. A randomized trial of maintenance interferon following high-dose chemotherapy in multiple myeloma: long-term follow-up results. Br. J. Haematol. 102, 495–502 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alexanian R, Dimopoulos MA, Hester J, Delasalle K, Champlin R. Early myeloablative therapy for multiple myeloma. Blood 84, 4278–4282 (1994).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blade J, San Miguel JF, Fontanillas M et al. Survival of multiple myeloma patients who are potential candidates for early high-dose therapy intensification/autotransplantation and who were conventionally treated. J. Clin. Oncol. 14, 2167–2173 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blade J, Esteve J, Rives S et al. High-dose therapy autotransplantation/intensification vs. continued standard chemotherapy in multiple myeloma in first remission. Results of a non-randomized study from a single institution. Bone Marrow Transplant. 26, 845–849 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barlogie B, Kyle R, Anderson K et al. Comparable survival in multiple myeloma (MM) with high dose therapy (HDT) employing MEL 140 mg/m2 + TBI 12 Gy autotransplants versus standard dose therapy with VBMCP and no benefit from interferon (IFN) maintenance. Blood 102, 42 (2003) (Abstract 135).
   Google Scholar
• Attal M, Harousseau J-L, Leyvraz S et al. Maintenance treatment with thalidomide after autologous transplantation for myeloma: first analysis of a prospective randomized study of the Intergroupe Francophone du Myelome (IFM 99 02). Blood 104(11),155a (2004) (Abstract 535).
   Google Scholar
• Facon T, Mary JY, Hulin C et al. Randomized clinical trial comparing melphalan–prednisone (MP), MP–thalidomide (MP–Thal) and high-dose therapy using melphalan 100 MG/M² (MEL100) for newly diagnosed myeloma patients aged 65–75 years. Interim Analysis of the IFM 99–06 trial on 350 patients. Blood 104(11), (2004).
   Google Scholar
• Barlogie B, Smith L, Alexanian R. Effective treatment of advanced multiple myeloma refractory to alkylating agents. N. Engl. J. Med. 310, 1353–1356 (1984).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hussein MA, Wood L, Hsi E et al. A Phase II trial of pegylated liposomal doxorubicin, vincristine, and reduced-dose dexamethasone combination therapy in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma patients. Cancer 95, 2160–2168 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rifkin RM, Hussein MA, Gregory SA, Mohrbacher A. Updated results from a randomized multicenter trial of DVd vs. VAd in patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma. J. Clin. Oncol. 22, 560S (2004) (Abstract 6509).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Agrawal NR, Hussein MA, Elson P et al. Pegylated doxorubicin (D), vincristine (V), reduced freuency dexamethasone (D) and thalidomide (T) (DVd-T) in newly diagnosed (Nmm) and relapsed/refractory (Rmm) multiple myeloma patients. Blood 102, 237a (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muller GW, Chen R, Huang SY et al. Amino-substituted thalidomide analogs: potent inhibitors of TNF-α production. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 9, 1625–1630 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richardson PG, Schlossman RL, Weller E et al. Immunomodulatory drug CC-5013 overcomes drug resistance and is well-tolerated in patients with relapsed multiple myeloma. Blood 100, 3063–3067 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dredge K, Marriott JB, Macdonald CD et al. Novel thalidomide analogues display anti-angiogenic activity independently of immunomodulatory effects. Br. J. Cancer 87, 1166–1172 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dredge K, Marriott JB, Todryk SM et al. Protective antitumor immunity induced by a costimulatory thalidomide analog in conjunction with whole tumor cell vaccination is mediated by increased Th1-type immunity. J. Immunol. 168, 4914–4919 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schey SA, Fields P, Bartlett JB et al. Phase I study of an immunomodulatory thalidomide analog, CC-4047, in relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma. J. Clin. Oncol. 22, 3269–3276 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richardson PG, Barlogie B, Berenson J et al. A Phase 2 study of bortezomib in relapsed, refractory myeloma. N. Engl. J. Med. 348, 2609–2617 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adams J, Palombella VJ, Sausville EA et al. Proteasome inhibitors: a novel class of potent and effective antitumor agents. Cancer Res. 59, 2615–2622 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palombella VJ, Rando OJ, Goldberg AL, Maniatis T. The ubiquitin-proteasome pathway is required for processing the NF-κB1 precursor protein and the activation of NF-κB. Cell 78, 773–785 (1994).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palombella VJ, Conner EM, Fuseler JW et al. Role of the proteasome and NF-κB in streptococcal cell wall-induced polyarthritis. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 95, 15671–15676 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orlowski RZ, Stinchcombe TE, Mitchell BS et al. Phase I trial of the proteasome inhibitor PS-341 in patients with refractory hematologic malignancies. J. Clin. Oncol. 20, 4420–4427 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richardson P, Sonneveld P, Schuster MW et al. Bortezomib vs. dexamethasone in relapsed multiple myeloma: a Phase 3 randomized study. J. Clin. Oncol. 22(14S), (2004) (Abstract 6511).
   Google Scholar
• Soignet SL, Frankel SR, Douer D et al. United States multicenter study of arsenic trioxide in relapsed acute promyelocytic leukemia. J. Clin. Oncol. 19, 3852–3860 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roboz GJ, Dias S, Lam G et al. Arsenic trioxide induces dose- and time-dependent apoptosis of endothelium and may exert an antileukemic effect via inhibition of angiogenesis. Blood 96, 1525–1530 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rousselot P, Labaume S, Marolleau JP et al. Arsenic trioxide and melarsoprol induce apoptosis in plasma cell lines and in plasma cells from myeloma patients. Cancer Res. 59, 1041–1048 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deaglio S, Canella D, Baj G et al. Evidence of an immunologic mechanism behind the therapeutical effects of arsenic trioxide (As2O3) on myeloma cells. Leuk. Res. 25, 227–235 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Munshi NC, Tricot G, Desikan R et al. Clinical activity of arsenic trioxide for the treatment of multiple myeloma. Leukemia 16, 1835–1837 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hussein MA, Saleh M, Ravandi F, Mason J, Rifkin RM, Ellison R. Phase 2 study of arsenic trioxide in patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma. Br. J. Haematol.125(4), 470–476 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grad JM, Bahlis NJ, Reis I et al. Ascorbic acid enhances arsenic trioxide-induced cytotoxicity in multiple myeloma cells. Blood 98, 805–813 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bahlis NJ, McCafferty-Grad J, Jordan-McMurry I et al. Feasibility and correlates of arsenic trioxide combined with ascorbic acid-mediated depletion of intracellular glutathione for the treatment of relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma. Clin. Cancer Res. 8, 3658–3668 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayashi T, Hideshima T, Akiyama M et al. Arsenic trioxide inhibits growth of human multiple myeloma cells in the bone marrow microenvironment. Mol. Cancer Ther. 1, 851–860 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gruss HJ, Herrmann F, Gattei V et al. CD40/CD40 ligand interactions in normal, reactive and malignant lympho-hematopoietic tissues. Leuk. Lymphoma 24, 393–422 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van KC, Banchereau J. Functions of CD40 on B-cells, dendritic cells and other cells. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 9, 330–337 (1997).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tong AW, Stone MJ. Prospects for CD40-directed experimental therapy of human cancer. Cancer Gene Ther. 10, 1–13 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grewal IS, Flavell RA. CD40 and CD154 in cell-mediated immunity. Ann. Rev. Immunol. 16, 111–135 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Podar K, Tai YT, Davies FE et al. Vascular endothelial growth factor triggers signaling cascades mediating multiple myeloma cell growth and migration. Blood 98, 428–435 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin B, Podar K, Gupta D et al. The vascular endothelial growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor PTK787/ZK222584 inhibits growth and migration of multiple myeloma cells in the bone marrow microenvironment. Cancer Res. 62, 5019–5026 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drummond DC, Noble CO, Kirpotin DB et al. Clinical development of histone deacetylase inhibitors as anticancer agents. Ann. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. (2004) (In Press).
   Google Scholar
• Mei S, Ho AD, Mahlknecht U. Role of histone deacetylase inhibitors in the treatment of cancer. Int. J. Oncol. 25, 1509–1519 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piekarz R, Bates S. A review of depsipeptide and other histone deacetylase inhibitors in clinical trials. Curr. Pharm. Des. 10, 2289–2298 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alexanian R, Weber D, Anagnostopoulos A et al. Thalidomide with or without dexamethasone for refractory or relapsing multiple myeloma. Semin. Hematol. 40, 3–7 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berenson JR, Crowley JJ, Grogan TM et al. Maintenance therapy with alternate-day prednisone improves survival in multiple myeloma patients. Blood 99, 3163–3168 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar