Radiotherapy in gastric cancer: a systematic review of literature and new perspectives

References

• Van de Velde CJH, Peeters KCMJ. The gastric cancer treatment controversy. J. Clin. Oncol.21, 2234–2236 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perez CA, Brady LW. Stomach. In : Principles and Practice of Radiation Oncology (4th Edition).Lippincott-Raven, PA, USA 1554–1573 (2004).
   Google Scholar
• Kelsen DP. Postoperative adjuvant chemoradiation therapy for patients with resected gastric cancer: Intergroup 116. J. Clin. Oncol.18(Suppl.), S32–S34 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gunderson LL, Sosin H. Adenocarcinoma of the stomach: areas of failure in a re-operation series (second or symptomatic look) clinicopathologic correlation and implications for adjuvant therapy. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys.8, 1–11 (1982).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Japanese Gastric Cancer Association. Japanese classification of gastric carcinoma. In: Gastric Cancer (2nd English Edition). 10–24 (1998).
   Google Scholar
• Wagner PK, Ramaswamy A, Rüschoff J, Schmitz-Moormann P, Rothmund M. Lymph node counts in the upper abdomen: anatomical basis for lymphadenectomy in gastric cancer. Br. J. Surg.78, 825–827 (1991).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kodama Y, Sugimachi K, Soejima K, Matsusaka T, Inokuchi K. Evaluation of extensive lymph node dissection for carcinoma of the stomach. World J. Surg.5, 241–248 (1981).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Robertson CS, Chung SCS, Woods SDS et al. A prospective randomized trial comparing R1 subtotal gastrectomy with R3 total gastrectomy for antral cancer. Ann. Surg.220, 176–182 (1994).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Macdonald JS. Clinical overview: adjuvant therapy of gastrointestinal cancer. Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol.54(Suppl. 1), S4–S11 (2004).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cuschieri A, Weeden S, Fielding J et al. Patient survival after D1 and D2 resections for gastric cancer: long-term results of the MRC randomized surgical trial. Surgical Co-operative Group. Br. J. Cancer79, 1522–1530 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonenkamp JJ, Hermans J, Sasako M et al. Extended lymph-node dissection for gastric cancer: Dutch gastric cancer group. N. Engl. J. Med.340, 908–914 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hartgrink HH, Van de Velde CJH, Putter H et al. Extended lymph node dissection for gastric cancer: who may benefit? Final results of the randomized Dutch gastric cancer group trial. J. Clin. Oncol.22, 2069–2077 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCulloch P, Nita ME, Kazi H, Gama-Rodrigues J. Extended versus limited lymph nodes dissection technique for adenocarcinoma of the stomach. Cochrane. Database. Syst. Rev.4, CD001964 (2003).
   Google Scholar
• Tepper JE, Gunderson LL. Radiation treatment parameters in the adjuvant postoperative therapy of gastric cancer. Semin. Radiat. Oncol.12, 187–195 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gunderson LL. Gastric cancer: patterns of relapse after surgical resection. Semin. Radiat. Oncol.12(2), 150–161 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cellini F, Valentini V, Pacelli F et al. Preoperative radiotherapy in gastric cancer: CTV definition for conformal therapy according to tumour location. Rays28, 317–329 (2003).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Leong T, Willis D, Joon DL, Condron S, Hui A, Ngan SY. 3D conformal radiotherapy for gastric cancer: results of a comparative planning study. Radiother. Oncol.74, 301–306 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pemberton L, Coote J, Perry L, Khoo VS, Saunders MP. Adjuvant chemoradiotherapy for gastric carcinoma: dosimetric implications of conventional gastric bed irradiation and toxicity. Clin. Oncol. (R. Coll. Radiol.)18(9), 663–668 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tepper JE. Introduction. Semin. Radiat. Oncol.12(2), 109–110 (2002).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smalley SR, Gunderson MS, Tepper JE et al. Gastric surgical adjuvant radiotherapy consensus report: rationale and treatment implementation. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys.52(2), 283–293 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Macdonald JS, Smalley SR, Benedetti J et al. Chemoradiotherapy after surgery compared with surgery alone for adenocarcinoma of the stomach or gastroesophageal junction. N. Engl. J. Med.345(10), 725–730 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Macdonald JS, Smalley S, Benedetti J et al. Postoperative combined radiation and chemotherapy improves disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) in resected adenocarcinoma of the stomach and gastroesophageal junction: update of the results of intergroup study INT-0116 (SWOG 9008). Proceedings of the ASCO Gastrointestinal Cancers Symposium VA, USA (2004) (Abstract 6).
   Google Scholar
• Macdonald JS. Letter to the editor. N. Engl. J. Med.346(3), 137–138 (2002).
   Google Scholar
• Wanebo HJ, Kennedy BJ, Chmiel J, Steele G, Winchester D, Osteen R. Cancer of the stomach: a patient care study by the American College of Surgeons. Ann. Surg.218, 583–592 (1993).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wanebo H, Kennedy BJ, Winchester DP, Fremgen A, Stewart AK. Gastric carcinoma: does lymph node dissection alter survival? J. Am. Coll. Surg.183, 616–624 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hundahl SA, Phillips JL, Menck HR. The National Cancer Data Base report on poor survival of US gastric carcinoma patients treated with gastrectomy: 5th edition American joint committee on cancer staging, proximal disease, and the “different disease” hypothesis. Cancer.88, 921–932 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim S, Lim DH, Lee J et al. An observational study suggesting clinical benefit for adjuvant postoperative chemoradiation in a population of over 500 cases after gastric resection with D2 nodal dissection for adenocarcinoma of the stomach. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys.63(5) 1279–1285 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moertel CG, Childs DS Jr, Reitemeier RJ, Colby MY, Holbrook MA. Combined 5-fluorouracil and supervoltage radiation therapy of locally unresectable gastrointestinal cancer. Lancet2, 865–867 (1969).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schein PS, Stablein DM, Bruckner HW et al. A comparison of combination chemotherapy and combined modality therapy for locally advanced gastric carcinoma (gastrointestinal tumour study group). Cancer49, 1771–1777 (1982).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bleiberg H, Goffin JC, Dalesio O et al. Adjuvant radiotherapy and chemotherapy in resectable gastric cancer: a randomized trial of the gastro-intestinal tract cancer cooperative group of the EORTC. Eur. J. Surg. Oncol.15, 535–543 (1989).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henning GT, Schild SE, Stafford SL et al. Results of irradiation or chemoirradiation for primary unresectable, locally recurrent, or grossly incomplete resection of gastric adenocarcinoma. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys.46(1), 109–118 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moertel CG, Childs DS, O’Fallon JR, Holbrook MA, Schutt AJ, Reitemeier RJ. Combined 5-fluorouracil and radiation therapy as a surgical adjuvant for poor prognosis gastric carcinoma. J. Clin. Oncol.2, 1249–1254 (1984).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allum WH, Hallissey MT, Ward LC, Hockey MS. A controlled, prospective, randomised trial of adjuvant chemotherapy or radiotherapy in resectable gastric cancer: interim report. Br. J. Cancer60, 739–744 (1989).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hallissey MT, Dunn, JA, Ward LC, Allum WH. The second British Stomach Cancer Group trial of adjuvant radiotherapy or chemotherapy in resectable gastric cancer: five-year follow-up. Lancet343, 1309–1312 (1994).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arcangeli G, Saracino B, Angelini F, Marchetti P, Tirindelli Danesi D. Postoperative adjuvant chemoradiation in completely resected locally advanced gastric cancer. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys.54(4), 1069–1075 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baeza MR, Giannini TO, Rivera SR et al. Adjuvant radiochemotherapy in the treatment of completely resected, locally advanced gastric cancer. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys.50(3), 645–650 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kollmannsberger C, Budach W, Stahl M et al. Adjuvant chemoradiation using 5Hfluorouracil/folinic acid/cisplatin with or without paclitaxel and radiation in patients with completely resected high-risk gastric cancer: two cooperative Phase II studies of the AIO/ARO/ACO. Ann. Oncol.16, 1326–1333 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gunderson LL, Willet CG, Harrisson LB, Calvo FA. Intraoperative Irradiations: Techniques and Results. Humana Press, NJ, USA (1999).
   Google Scholar
• Takahashi M, Abe M. Intra-operative radiotherapy for carcinoma of the stomach. Eur. J. Surg. Oncol.12, 247–250 (1986).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sindelar WF, Kinsella TJ, Tepper JE et al. Randomized trial of intraoperative radiotherapy in carcinoma of the stomach. Am. J. Surg.165, 178–187 (1993).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skoropad VY, Berdov BA, Mardynski YS, Titova LN. A prospective, randomized trial of pre-operative and intraoperative radiotherapy versus surgery alone in resectable gastric cancer. Eur. J. Surg. Oncol.26(8), 773–779 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ogata T, Araki K, Matsuura K et al. A 10-year experience of intraoperative radiotherapy for gastric carcinoma and a new surgical method of creating a wider irradiation field for cases of total gastrectomy patients. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys.32(2), 341–347 (1995).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martinez-Monge R, Calvo FA, Azinovic I et al. Patterns of failure and long-term results in high risk resected gastric cancer treated with postoperative radiotherapy with or without intraoperative electron boost. J. Surg. Oncol.66(1), 24–29 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qin HL, Lin CH, Zhang XL et al. Evaluation of intraoperative radiotherapy for gastric carcinoma with D2 and D3 surgical resection. World J. Gastroenterol.12(43), 7033–7037 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang ZX, Gu XZ, Yin WB, Huang GJ, Zhang DW, Zhang RG. Randomized clinical trial on the combination of preoperative irradiation and surgery in the treatment of adenocarcinoma of gastric cardia (AGC) – report on 370 patients. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys.42, 929–1034 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skoropad VY, Berdov BA, Zagrebin V. Concentrated preoperative radiotherapy for resectable gastric cancer: 20-years follow-up of a randomized trial. J. Surg. Oncol.80, 72–78 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skoropad VY, Berdov BA, Zagrebin VM. Preoperative radiotherapy in combination with metronidazole for resectable gastric cancer: long-term result of a Phase II study. Eur. J. Surg. Oncol.29, 166–170 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roth AD, Allal AS, Bründler MA et al. Neoadjuvant radiochemotherapy for locally advanced gastric cancer: a Phase I–II study. Ann. Oncol.14(1), 110–115 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balandraud P, Moutardier V, Giovannini M et al. Locally advanced adenocarcinomas of the gastric cardia: results of pre-operative chemoradiotherapy. Gastroenterol. Clin. Biol.28(8–9), 651–657 (2004).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Allal AS, Zwahlen D, Bründler MA et al. Neoadjuvant radiochemotherapy for locally advanced gastric cancer: long-term results of a Phase I trial. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys.63(5), 1286–1289 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ajani JA, Winter K, Okawara GS et al. Phase II trial of preoperative chemoradiation in patients with localized gastric adenocarcinoma (RTOG 9904): quality of combined modality therapy and pathologic response. J. Clin. Oncol.24, 3953–3958 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rohatgi PR, Mansfield PF, Crane CH et al. Surgical pathology stage by American joint commission on cancer criteria predicts patient survival after preoperative chemoradiation for localized gastric carcinoma. Cancer107(7), 1475–1482 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lohr F, Dobler B, Mai S et al. Optimization of dose distributions for adjuvant locoregional radiotherapy of gastric cancer by IMRT. Strahlenther. Onkol.179(8), 557–563 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wieland P, Dobler B, Mai S et al. IMRT for postoperative treatment of gastric cancer: covering large target volumes in the upper abdomen: a comparison of a step-and-shoot and an arc therapy approach. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys.59(4) 1236–1244 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ringash J, Perkins G Brierley J et al. IMRT for adjuvant radiation in gastric cancer: a preferred plan? Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys.63(3) 732–738 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milano MT, Garofalo MC, Chmura SJ et al. Intensity-modulated radiation therapy in the treatment of gastric cancer: early clinical outcome and dosimetric comparison with conventional techniques. Br. J. Radiol.79(942), 497–503 (2006)
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cunningham D, Allum W, Stenning SP et al. Perioperative chemotherapy versus surgery alone for resectable gastroesophageal cancer. N. Engl. J. Med.355, 1386–1388 (2006).
   Google Scholar
• Nashimoto A, Nakajima T, Furukawa H et al. Randomized trial of adjuvant chemotherapy with mitomycin, fluorouracil, and cytosine arabinoside followed by oral fluorouracil in serosa-negative gastric cancer: Japan Clinical Oncology Group 9206. J. Clin. Oncol.21(12), 2282–2287 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar