199
Views
26
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Advances in dendritic cell-based therapeutic vaccines for cervical cancer

, , &
Pages 1473-1486 | Published online: 10 Jan 2014

References

  • State of the Art New Vaccines Research and Development: Initiative for Vaccine Research. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland 1–74 (2003).
  • Jemal A, Siegel R, Ward E et al. Cancer statistics. CA Cancer J. Clin.56, 106–130 (2006).
  • Landoni F, Maneo A, Colombo A et al. Randomised study of radical surgery versus radiotherapy for stage Ib–IIa cervical cancer. Lancet350, 535–540 (1997).
  • Thomas GM. Improved treatment for cervical cancer-concurrent chemotherapy and radiotherapy. New Eng. J. Med.340, 1198–1200 (1999).
  • Bosch FX, Lorincz A, Munoz N, Meijer CJ, Shah KV. The causal relation between human papillomavirus and cervical cancer. J. Clin. Path.55, 244–265 (2002).
  • Bosch FX, Manos MM, Munoz N et al. Prevalence of human papillomavirus in cervical cancer: a worldwide perspective. International biological study on cervical cancer (IBSCC) Study Group. J. Natl Cancer Inst.87, 796–802 (1995).
  • Frazer IH, Cox JT, Mayeaux EJ Jr et al. Advances in prevention of cervical cancer and other human papillomavirus-related diseases. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J.25(Suppl. 2), S65–S81, quiz S82 (2006).
  • Vesterinen E, Forss M, Nieminen U. Increase of cervical adenocarcinoma: a report of 520 cases of cervical carcinoma including 112 tumors with glandular elements. Gynecol. Oncol.33, 49–53 (1989).
  • Howley PM. Papillomavirinae and their replication. In: Virology (Second Edition). Fielsd BM, Knipe DM (Eds). Raven Press, Ltd., NY, USA (1990).
  • zur Hausen H, de Villiers EM. Human papillomaviruses. Annu. Rev. Microbiol.48, 427–447 (1994).
  • Sun XW, Kuhn L, Ellerbrock TV, Chiasson MA, Bush TJ, Wright TC Jr. Human papillomavirus infection in women infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. N. Engl. J. Med.337, 1343–1349 (1997).
  • Chiasson MA, Ellerbrock TV, Bush TJ, Sun XW, Wright TC. Increased prevalence of vulvovaginal condyloma and vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia in women infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. Obstet. Gynecol.89, 690–694 (1997).
  • Halpert R, Fruchter RG, Sedlis A, Butt K, Boyce JG, Sillman FH. Human papillomavirus and lower genital neoplasia in renal transplant patients. Obstet. Gynecol.68, 251–258 (1986).
  • Rellihan MA, Dooley DP, Burke TW, Berkland ME, Longfield RN. Rapidly progressing cervical cancer in a patient with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Gynecol. Oncol.36, 435–438 (1990).
  • Aiba S, Rokugo M, Tagami H. Immunohistologic analysis of the phenomenon of spontaneous regression of numerous flat warts. Cancer58, 1246–1251 (1986).
  • Rogozinski TT, Jablonska S, Jarzabek-Chorzelska M. Role of cell-mediated immunity in spontaneous regression of plane warts. Int. J. Dermatol.27, 322–326 (1988).
  • Coleman N, Birley HD, Renton AM et al. Immunological events in regressing genital warts. Am. J. Clin. Path.102, 768–774 (1994).
  • Morison WL. Viral warts, herpes simplex and herpes zoster in patients with secondary immune deficiencies and neoplasms. Br. J. Dermatol.92, 625–630 (1975).
  • Viac J, Guerin-Reverchon I, Chardonnet Y, Bremond A. Langerhans cells and epithelial cell modifications in cervical intraepithelial neoplasia: correlation with human papillomavirus infection. Immunobiology180, 328–338 (1990).
  • Shah KV. Human papillomavirus and other biological markers in cervical cancer. In: The Epidemiology of Cervical Cancer and Human Papillomavirus. Munoz N, Bosch FX, Shah KV, Meheus A (Eds). IARC, Lyon, France 211–218 (1992).
  • Evans C, Bauer S, Grubert T et al. HLA-A2-restricted peripheral blood cytolytic T lymphocyte response to HPV type 16 proteins E6 and E7 from patients with neoplastic cervical lesions. Cancer Immunol. Immunother.42, 151–160 (1996).
  • Ressing ME, van Driel WJ, Celis E et al. Occasional memory cytotoxic T-cell responses of patients with human papillomavirus type 16-positive cervical lesions against a human leukocyte antigen-A *0201-restricted E7-encoded epitope. Cancer Res.56, 582–588 (1996).
  • Nimako M, Fiander AN, Wilkinson GW, Borysiewicz LK, Man S. Human papillomavirus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes in patients with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade III. Cancer Res.57, 4855–4861 (1997).
  • Hilders CG, Ras L, Van Eendenburg JD, Nooyen Y, Fleuren GJ. Isolation and characterization of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes from cervical carcinoma. Int. J. Cancer57, 805–813 (1994).
  • Evans EM, Man S, Evans AS, Borysiewicz LK. Infiltration of cervical cancer tissue with human papillomavirus-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. Cancer Res.57, 2943–2950 (1997).
  • Pilch H, Hohn H, Neukirch C et al. Antigen-driven T-cell selection in patients with cervical cancer as evidenced by T-cell receptor analysis and recognition of autologous tumor. Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol.9, 267–278 (2002).
  • Youde SJ, Dunbar PR, Evans EM et al. Use of fluorogenic histocompatibility leukocyte antigen-A*0201/HPV 16 E7 peptide complexes to isolate rare human cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-recognizing endogenous human papillomavirus antigens. Cancer Res.60, 365–371 (2000).
  • Nakagawa M, Stites DP, Farhat S et al. Cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses to E6 and E7 proteins of human papillomavirus type 16: relationship to cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. J. Infect. Dis.175, 927–931 (1997).
  • Murakami M, Gurski KJ, Marincola FM, Ackland J, Steller MA. Induction of specific CD8+ T-lymphocyte responses using a human papillomavirus-16 E6/E7 fusion protein and autologous dendritic cells. Cancer Res.59, 1184–1187 (1999).
  • Santin AD, Hermonat PL, Ravaggi A et al. Induction of human papillomavirus-specific CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes by E7-pulsed autologous dendritic cells in patients with human papillomavirus type 16- and 18-positive cervical cancer. J. Virol.73, 5402–5410 (1999).
  • Santin AD, Hermonat PL, Ravaggi A et al. Interleukin-10 increases Th1 cytokine production and cytotoxic potential in human papillomavirus-specific CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes. J. Virol.74, 4729–4737 (2000).
  • Santin AD, Ravaggi A, Bellone S et al. Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes contain higher numbers of type 1 cytokine expressors and DR+ T cells compared with lymphocytes from tumor draining lymph nodes and peripheral blood in patients with cancer of the uterine cervix. Gynecol. Oncol.81, 424–432 (2001).
  • Luxton JC, Rowe AJ, Cridland JC, Coletart T, Wilson P, Shepherd PS. Proliferative T cell responses to the human papillomavirus type 16 E7 protein in women with cervical dysplasia and cervical carcinoma and in healthy individuals. J. Gen. Virol.77, 1585–9153 (1996).
  • Kadish AS, Ho GY, Burk RD et al. Lymphoproliferative responses to human papillomavirus (HPV) type 16 proteins E6 and E7: outcome of HPV infection and associated neoplasia. J. Natl Cancer Inst.89, 1285–1293 (1997).
  • de Gruijl TD, Bontkes HJ, Walboomers JM et al. Differential T helper cell responses to human papillomavirus type 16 E7 related to viral clearance or persistence in patients with cervical neoplasia: a longitudinal study. Cancer Res.58, 1700–1706 (1998).
  • Hohn H, Pilch H, Gunzel S et al. CD4+ tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in cervical cancer recognize HLA-DR-restricted peptides provided by human papillomavirus-E7. J. Immunol.163, 5715–5722 (1999).
  • van der Burg SH, Ressing ME, Kwappenberg KM et al. Natural T-helper immunity against human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV16) E7-derived peptide epitopes in patients with HPV16-positive cervical lesions: identification of 3 human leukocyte antigen class II-restricted epitopes. Int. J. Cancer91, 612–618 (2001).
  • Hopfl R, Heim K, Christensen N et al. Spontaneous regression of CIN and delayed-type hypersensitivity to HPV-16 oncoprotein E7. Lancet356, 1985–1986 (2000).
  • Kadish AS, Timmins P, Wang Y et al. Regression of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and loss of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is associated with cell-mediated immune responses to an HPV type 16 E7 peptide. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev.11, 483–488 (2002).
  • Santin AD, Bellone S, Gokden M, Cannon MJ, Parham GP. Vaccination with HPV-18 E7-pulsed dendritic cells in a patient with metastatic cervical cancer. N. Engl. J. Med.346, 1752–1753 (2002).
  • Bontkes HJ, van Duin M, de Gruijl TD et al. HPV 16 infection and progression of cervical intra-epithelial neoplasia: analysis of HLA polymorphism and HPV 16 E6 sequence variants. Int. J. Cancer78, 166–171 (1998).
  • Apple RJ, Erlich HA, Klitz W, Manos MM, Becker TM, Wheeler CM. HLA DR-DQ associations with cervical carcinoma show papillomavirus-type specificity. Nat. Genetics6, 157–162 (1994).
  • Apple RJ, Becker TM, Wheeler CM, Erlich HA. Comparison of human leukocyte antigen DR-DQ disease associations found with cervical dysplasia and invasive cervical carcinoma. J. Natl Cancer Inst.87, 427–436 (1995).
  • Terry G, Ho L, Cuzick J. Analysis of E2 amino acid variants of human papillomavirus types 16 and 18 and their associations with lesion grade and HLA DR/DQ type. Int. J. Cancer73, 651–655 (1997).
  • Breitburd F, Ranoz N, Salmon J, Orth G. HLA control in the progression of human papillomavirus infections. Semin. Cancer Biol.7, 359–371 (1996).
  • Odunsi KO, Ganesan TS. The roles of the human major histocompatibility complex and human papillomavirus infection in cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and cervical cancer. Clin. Oncol.9, 4–13 (1997).
  • Bontkes HJ, Walboomers JM, Meijer CJ, Helmerhorst TJ, Stern PL. Specific HLA class I down-regulation is an early event in cervical dysplasia associated with clinical progression. Lancet351, 187–188 (1998).
  • Connor ME, Stern PL. Loss of MHC class-I expression in cervical carcinomas. Int. J. Cancer46, 1029–1034 (1990).
  • Honma S, Tsukada S, Honda S et al. Biological-clinical significance of selective loss of HLA-class-I allelic product expression in squamous-cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix. Int. J. Cancer57, 650–655 (1994).
  • Keating PJ, Cromme FV, Duggan-Keen MF et al. Frequency of down-regulation of individual HLA-A and -B alleles in cervical carcinomas in relation to TAP-1 expression. Br. J. Cancer72, 405–411 (1995).
  • van Driel WJ, Thong MY, Hilders CGJM, Trimbos BJ, Fleuren GJ. Association of allele-specific HLA expression and histopathologic progression of cervical carcinoma. Gynecol. Oncol.62, 33–41 (1996).
  • Perez-Diez A, Joncker NT, Choi K et al. CD4 cells can be more efficient at tumor rejection than CD8 cells. Blood109, 5346–5354 (2007).
  • Onsrud M, Thorsby E. Long-term changes in natural killer activity after external pelvic radiotherapy. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys7, 609–614 (1981).
  • Santin AD, Hermonat PL, Ravaggi A et al. Effects of concurrent cisplatinum administration during radiotherapy vs. radiotherapy alone on the immune function of patients with cancer of the uterine cervix. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys.48, 997–1006 (2000).
  • Santin AD, Bellone S, Palmieri M et al. Effect of blood transfusion during radiotherapy on the immune function of patients with cancer of the uterine cervix: role of interleukin-10. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys.54, 1345–1355 (2002).
  • Fiander A, Adams M, Evans AS, Bennett AJ, Borysiewicz LK. Immunocompetent for immunotherapy? A study of the immunocompetence of cervical cancer patients. Int. J. Gynecol. Oncol.5, 438–442 (1995).
  • Mulders P, Tso CL, Gitlitz B et al. Presentation of renal tumor antigens by human dendritic cells activates tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes against autologous tumor: implications for live kidney cancer vaccines. Clin. Cancer Res.5, 445–454 (1999).
  • Santin AD, Bellone S, Palmieri M et al. Induction of tumor-specific cytotoxicity in tumor infiltrating lymphocytes by HPV16 and HPV18 E7-pulsed autologous dendritic cells in patients with cancer of the uterine cervix. Gynecol. Oncol.89(2), 271–280 (2003).
  • Schuler G, Steinman RM. Dendritic cells as adjuvants for immune-mediated resistance to tumors. J. Exp. Med.186, 1183–1187 (1997).
  • Banchereau J, Steinman RM. Dendritic cells and the control of immunity. Nature392, 245–252 (1998).
  • Sallusto F, Lanzavecchia A. Efficient presentation of soluble antigen by cultured human dendritic cells is maintained by granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor plus interleukin 4 and downregulated by tumor necrosis factor α. J. Exp. Med.17, 1109–1118 (1994).
  • Jonuleit H, Kuhn U, Muller G et al. Pro-inflammatory cytokines and prostaglandins induce maturation of potent immunostimulatory dendritic cells under fetal calf serum-free conditions. Eur. J. Immunol.27, 3135–3142 (1997).
  • Dhodapkar MV, Steinman RM, Krasovsky J, Munz C, Bhardwaj N. Antigen-specific inhibition of effector T cell function in humans after injection of immature dendritic cells. J. Exp. Med.193, 233–238 (2001).
  • Dhodapkar MV, Steinman RM, Sapp M et al. Rapid generation of broad T-cell immunity in humans after a single injection of mature dendritic cells. J. Clin. Invest.104, 173–180 (1999).
  • Osada T, Clay TM, Woo CY, Morse MA, Lyerly HK. Dendritic cell-based immunotherapy. Int. Rev. Immunol.25(5–6), 377–413 (2006).
  • Hsu FJ, Benike C, Fagnoni F et al. Vaccination of patients with B-cell lymphoma using autologous antigen-pulsed dendritic cells. Nat. Med.2, 52–58 (1996).
  • Nestle FO, Alijagic S, Gilliet M et al. Vaccination of melanoma patients with peptide- or tumor lysate-pulsed dendritic cells. Nat. Med.4, 328–332 (1998).
  • Thurner B, Haendle I, Roder C et al. Vaccination with mage-3A1 peptide-pulsed mature, monocyte-derived dendritic cells expands specific cytotoxic T cells and induces regression of some metastases in advanced stage IV melanoma. J. Exp. Med.190, 1669–1678 (1999).
  • Palucka AK, Ueno H, Connolly J et al. Dendritic cells loaded with killed allogeneic melanoma cells can induce objective clinical responses and MART-1 specific CD8+ T-cell immunity. J. Immunother.29(5), 545–557 (2006).
  • Su Z, Dannull J, Yang BK et al. Telomerase mRNA-transfected dendritic cells stimulate antigen-specific CD8+ and CD4+ T cell responses in patients with metastatic prostate cancer. J. Immunol.174(6), 3798–807 (2005).
  • Small EJ, Fratesi P, Reese DM et al. Immunotherapy of hormone-refractory prostate cancer with antigen-loaded dendritic cells. J. Clin. Oncol.18, 3894–3903 (2000).
  • Kugler A, Stuhler G, Walden P et al. Regression of human metastatic renal cell carcinoma after vaccination with tumor cell-dendritic cell hybrids. Nat. Med.6, 332–336 (2000).
  • Morse MA, Nair SK, Mosca PJ et al. Immunotherapy with autologous, human dendritic cells transfected with carcinoembryonic antigen mRNA. Cancer Invest.21(3), 341–349 (2003).
  • Morse MA, Clay TM, Hobeika AC et al. Phase I study of immunization with dendritic cells modified with fowlpox encoding carcinoembryonic antigen and costimulatory molecules. Clin. Cancer Res.11(8), 3017–3024 (2005).
  • Geiger JD, Hutchinson RJ, Hohenkirk LF et al. Vaccination of pediatric solid tumor patients with tumor lysate-pulsed dendritic cells can expand specific T cells and mediate tumor regression. Cancer Res.61, 8513–8519 (2001).
  • Woo EY, Chu CS, Goletz TJ et al. Regulatory CD4+CD25+ T cells in tumors from patients with early-stage non-small cell lung cancer and late-stage ovarian cancer. Cancer Res.61, 4766–4772 (2001).
  • Liyanage UK, Moore TT, Joo HG et al. Prevalence of regulatory T cells is increased in peripheral blood and tumor microenvironment of patients with pancreas or breast adenocarcinoma. J. Immunol.169, 2756–2761 (2002).
  • Curiel TJ, Coukos G, Zou L et al. Specific recruitment of regulatory T cells in ovarian carcinoma fosters immune privilege and predicts reduced survival. Nat. Med.10, 942–949 (2004).
  • Barnett B, Kryczek I, Cheng P, Zou W, Curiel TJ. Regulatory T cells in ovarian cancer: biology and therapeutic potential. Am. J. Reprod. Immunol.54(6), 369–377 (2005).
  • Da Silva DM, Eiben GL, Fausch SC et al. Cervical cancer vaccines: emerging concepts and developments. J. Cell Physiol.186, 169–182 (2001).
  • Borysiewicz LK, Fiander A, Nimako M et al. A recombinant vaccinia virus encoding human papillomavirus types 16 and 18, E6 and E7 proteins as immunotherapy for cervical cancer. Lancet347, 1523–1527 (1996).
  • He Z, Wlazlo AP, Kowalczyk DW et al. Viral recombinant vaccines to the E6 and E7 antigens of HPV-16. Virology270, 146–161 (2000).
  • Tillman BW, Hayes TL, DeGruijl TD, Douglas JT, Curiel DT. Adenoviral vectors targeted to CD40 enhance the efficacy of dendritic cell-based vaccination against human papillomavirus 16-induced tumor cells in a murine model. Cancer Res.60, 5456–5463 (2000).
  • Liu Y, Santin AD, Mane M et al. Transduction and utility of the granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor gene into monocytes and dendritic cells by adeno-associated virus. J. Interferon Cytokine Res.20, 21–30 (2000).
  • Chiriva-Internati M, Liu Y, Salati E et al. Efficient generation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes against cervical cancer cells by adeno-associated virus/human papillomavirus type 16 E7 antigen gene transduction into dendritic cells. Eur. J. Immunol.32, 30–38 (2002).
  • Thornburg C, Boczkowski D, Gilboa E, Nair SK. Induction of cytotoxic T lymphocytes with dendritic cells transfected with human papillomavirus E6 and E7 RNA: implications for cervical cancer immunotherapy. J. Immunother.23, 412–418 (2000).
  • Sundberg JP. Papillomavirus infections in animals. In: Papillomavirus and Human Diseases. Syrjanen K, Gissman L, Koss LG (Eds). Springer, Berlin, Germany 40–103 (1987).
  • Feltkamp MC, Smits HL, Vierboom MP et al. Vaccination with cytotoxic T lymphocyte epitope-containing peptide protects against a tumor induced by human papillomavirus type 16-transformed cells. Eur. J. Immunol.23, 2242–2249 (1993).
  • Feltkamp MC, Vreugdenhil GR, Vierboom MP et al. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes raised against a subdominant epitope offered as a synthetic peptide eradicate human papillomavirus type 16-induced tumors. Eur. J. Immunol.25, 2638–2642 (1995).
  • Alexander M, Salgaller ML, Celis E et al. Generation of tumor-specific cytolytic T lymphocytes from peripheral blood of cervical cancer patients by in vitro stimulation with a synthetic human papillomavirus type 16 E7 epitope. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol.175, 1586–1593 (1996).
  • Steller MA, Gurski KJ, Murakami M et al. Cell-mediated immunological responses in cervical and vaginal cancer patients immunized with a lipidated epitope of human papillomavirus type 16 E7. Clin. Cancer Res.4, 2103–2109 (1998).
  • van Driel WJ, Ressing ME, Kenter GG et al. Vaccination with HPV16 peptides of patients with advanced cervical carcinoma: clinical evaluation of a Phase I–II trial. Eur. J. Cancer35, 946–952 (1999).
  • Muderspach L, Wilczynski S, Roman L et al. A Phase I trial of a human papillomavirus (HPV) peptide vaccine for women with high-grade cervical and vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia who are HPV 16 positive. Clin. Cancer Res.6, 3406–3416 (2000).
  • Khleif SN, Berzofsky J, Berastein S, Contoise D, Wojtowicz M. A Phase II HPV16 E6 and E7 peptide vaccination in patients with advanced cervical cancer. Presented at: 18th International Papillomavirus Conference. Barcelona, Spain, July 23–28, 2000. Program and Abstracts Book (2000) (Abstract 380).
  • Ressing ME, van Driel WJ, Brandt RM et al. Detection of T helper responses, but not of human papillomavirus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses, after peptide vaccination of patients with cervical carcinoma. J. Immunother.23, 255–266 (2000).
  • Rudolf MP, Man S, Melief CJ, Sette A, Kast WM. Human T-cell responses to HLA-A-restricted high binding affinity peptides of human papillomavirus type 18 proteins E6 and E7. Clin. Cancer Res.7, S788–S795 (2001).
  • Koopman LA, Corver WE, van der Slik AR, Giphart MJ, Fleuren GJ. Multiple genetic alterations cause frequent and heterogeneous human histocompatibility leukocyte antigen class I loss in cervical cancer. J. Exp. Med.191, 961–976 (2000).
  • Toes RE, Offringa R, Blom RJ, Melief CJ, Kast WM. Peptide vaccination can lead to enhanced tumor growth through specific T-cell tolerance induction. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA93, 7855–7860 (1996).
  • Toes RE, van der Voort EI, Schoenberger SP et al. Enhancement of tumor outgrowth through CTL tolerization after peptide vaccination is avoided by peptide presentation on dendritic cells. J. Immunol.160, 4449–4456 (1998).
  • Zwaveling S, Ferreira Mota SC et al. Established human papillomavirus type 16-expressing tumors are effectively eradicated following vaccination with long peptides. J. Immunol.169, 350–358 (2002).
  • Bennett SRM, Carbone FR, Karamalis F, Miller JFAP, Heath WR. Induction of a CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocyte response by cross-priming requires cognate CD4+ T cell help. J. Exp. Med.186, 65–70 (1997).
  • Bennett SRM, Carbone FR, Karanalis F et al. Help for cytotoxic-T-cell responses is mediated by CD40 signalling. Nature393, 478–480 (1998).
  • Ridge JP, Di Rosa F, Matzinger P. A conditioned dendritic cell can be a temporal bridge between a CD4+ T-helper and a T-killer cell. Nature393, 474–478 (1998).
  • Schoenberger SP, Toes RFM, van der Voort FIH, Offringa R, Melief CJM. T-cell help for cytotoxic T lymphocytes is mediated by CD40-CD40L interactions. Nature393, 480–483 (1998).
  • Lanzavecchia A. Immunology. Licence to kill. Nature393, 413–414 (1998).
  • Hung K, Hayashi R, Lafond-Walker A, Lowenstein C, Pardoll D, Levitsky H. The central role of CD4+ T cells in the antitumor immune response. J. Exp. Med.188, 2357–2368 (1998).
  • Toes REM, Ossendorp F, Offringa R, Melief CJM. CD4 T cells and their role in antitumor immune responses. J. Exp. Med.189, 753–756 (1999).
  • Marzo AM, Kinnear BL, Lake RA et al. Tumor-specific CD4+ T cells have a major “post-licensing” role in CTL mediated anti-tumor immunity. J. Immunol.165, 6047–6055 (2000).
  • Ferrara A, Nonn M, Sehr P et al. Dendritic cell-based tumor vaccine for cervical cancer II: results of a clinical pilot study in 15 individual patients. J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol.129, 521–530 (2003).
  • Santin AD, Bellone S, Palmieri M et al. HPV16/18 E7-pulsed dendritic cell vaccination in cervical cancer patients with recurrent disease refractory to standard treatment modalities. Gynecol. Oncol.100(3), 469–478 (2006).
  • Balaram P, Pillai MR, Padmanabhan TK, Abraham T, Hareendran NK, Nair MK. Immune function in malignant cervical neoplasia: a multiparameter analysis. Gynecol. Oncol.31, 409–423 (1988).
  • Clerici M, Shearer GM, Clerici E. Cytokine dysregulation in invasive cervical carcinoma and other human neoplasias: time to consider the TH1/TH2 paradigm. J. Natl Cancer Inst.90, 261–263 (1998).
  • Simova J, Bubenik J, Bieblova J et al. Depletion of T(reg) cells inhibits minimal residual disease after surgery of HPV16-associated tumours. Int. J. Oncol.29, 1567–1571 (2006).
  • Santin AD, Hermonat PL, Ravaggi A et al. Development, characterization and distribution of adoptively transferred peripheral blood lymphocytes primed by human papillomavirus 18 E7-pulsed autologous dendritic cells in a patient with metastatic adenocarcinoma of the uterine cervix. Eur. J. Gynaecol. Oncol.21, 17–23 (2000).
  • Santin AD, Hermonat PL, Ravaggi A et al. Expression of CD56 by human papillomavirus E7-specific CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes correlates with increased intracellular perforin expression and enhanced cytotoxicity against HLA-A2-matched cervical tumor cells. Clin. Cancer Res.7(Suppl. 3), S804–S810 (2001).
  • Piersma SJ, Jordanova ES, van Poelgeest MI et al. High number of intraepithelial CD8+ tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes is associated with the absence of lymph node metastases in patients with large early-stage cervical cancer. Cancer Res.67, 354–361 (2007).
  • Zou W. Immunosuppressive networks in the tumour environment and their therapeutic relevance. Nat. Rev. Cancer5, 263–274 (2005).
  • Dannull J, Su Z, Rizzieri D et al. Enhancement of vaccine-mediated antitumor immunity in cancer patients after depletion of regulatory T cells. J. Clin. Invest.115, 3623–3633 (2005).
  • Shimizu J, Yamazuki S, Sakaguchi S. Induction of tumor immunity by removing CD25+CD4+ T cells: a common basis between tumor immunity and autoimmunity. J. Immunol.163, 5211–5218 (1999).
  • Imai H, Saio M, Nonaka K et al. Depletion of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells enhances interelukin-2-induced antitumor immunity in a mouse model of colon adenocarcinoma. Cancer Sci.98, 416–423 (2007).
  • Knutson KL, Dang Y, Lu H et al. IL-2 immunotoxin therapy modulates tumor-associated regulatory T cells and leads to lasting immune-mediated rejection of breast cancers in neu-transgenic mice. J. Immunol.177, 84–91 (2006).
  • North RJ. Cyclophosphamide-facilitated adoptive immunotherapy of an established tumor depends on elimination of tumor-induced suppressor T cells. J. Exp. Med.155, 1063–1074 (1982).
  • Ghiringhelli F, Larmonier N, Schmitt E et al. CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells suppress tumor immunity but are sensitive to cyclophosphamide which allows immunotherapy of established tumors to be curative. Eur. J. Immunol.34, 336–344 (2004).
  • Lutsiak ME, Semnani RT, De Pascalis R et al. Inhibition of CD4+CD25+ T regulatory cell function implicated in enhanced immune response by low-dose cyclophosphamide. Blood105, 2862–2868 (2005).
  • Bass KK, Mastrangelo MJ. Immunopotentiation with low-dose cyclophosphamide in the active specific immunotherapy of cancer. Cancer Immunol. Immunother.47, 1–12 (1998).
  • Berd D, Sato T, Maguire Jr HC, Kairys J, Mastrangelo MJ. Immunopharmacologic analysis of an autologous hapten-modified human melanoma vaccine. J. Clin. Oncol.22, 403–415 (2004).

Website

  • Mater Medical Research Institute http://mmri.mater.org.au

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.