1,860
Views
7
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Editorial

Prognostic factors in soft-tissue sarcomas: what have we learnt?

&
Pages 139-146 | Published online: 10 Jan 2014

References

  • Abernethy J. Surgical aberrations. Journal of Surgical Aberrations2, 17–30 (1817).
  • Skubitz KM, D’Adamo DR. Sarcoma. Mayo Clin. Proc.82(11), 1409–1432 (2007).
  • Gross S. Sarcoma of the long bones: based on a study of one hundred and sixty five cases. Am J. Med. Sci.155, 17–57 (1879).
  • Lieberman Z, Ackerman L. Principles in management of soft tissue sarcomas: a clinical and pathologic review of one hundred cases. Surgery35(Suppl. 3), 350–365 (1954).
  • Enneking W, Spanier S, Malawer M. The effect of the anatomic setting on the results of surgical procedures for soft parts sarcoma of the thigh. Cancer47, 1005–1022 (1981).
  • Strander H, Turesson I, Cavallin-Stahl E. A systematic overview of radiation therapy effects in soft tissue sarcomas. Acta Oncol.42(5–6), 516–531 (2003).
  • Hui A, Ngan S, Wong K, Powell G, Choong P. Preoperative radiotherapy for soft tissue sarcoma: the Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre experience. Eur. J. Surg. Oncol.32, 1159–1164 (2006).
  • Choong PF, Petersen IA, Nascimento AG, Sim FH. Is radiotherapy important for low-grade soft tissue sarcoma of the extremity? Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res.387, 191–199 (2001).
  • Delaney T, Yang J, Glatstein E. Adjuvant therapy for adult patients with soft tissue sarcomas. Oncology5, 105–118 (1991).
  • Coindre JM, Terrier P, Bui NB et al. Prognostic factors in adult patients with locally controlled soft tissue sarcoma. A study of 546 patients from the French Federation of Cancer Centers Sarcoma Group. J. Clin. Oncol.14(3), 869–877 (1996).
  • Bauer HC, Trovik CS, Alvegard TA et al. Monitoring referral and treatment in soft tissue sarcoma: study based on 1,851 patients from the Scandinavian Sarcoma Group Register. Acta Orthop. Scand.72(2), 150–159 (2001).
  • Nijhuis PH, Schaapveld M, Otter R, Molenaar WM, van der Graaf WT, Hoekstra HJ. Epidemiological aspects of soft tissue sarcomas (STS) – consequences for the design of clinical STS trials. Eur. J. Cancer35(12), 1705–1710 (1999).
  • Stojadinovic A, Leung DH, Hoos A, Jaques DP, Lewis JJ, Brennan MF. Analysis of the prognostic significance of microscopic margins in 2,084 localized primary adult soft tissue sarcomas. Ann. Surg.235(3), 424–434 (2002).
  • Pisters PW, Leung DH, Woodruff J, Shi W, Brennan MF. Analysis of prognostic factors in 1,041 patients with localized soft tissue sarcomas of the extremities. J. Clin. Oncol.14(5), 1679–1689 (1996).
  • Benjamin RS, Wiernik PH, Bachur NR. Adriamycin: a new effective agent in the therapy of disseminated sarcomas. Med. Pediatr. Oncol.1(1), 63–76 (1975).
  • Blum RH, Carter SK. Adriamycin. A new anticancer drug with significant clinical activity. Ann. Intern. Med.80(2), 249–259 (1974).
  • Tierney JF, Mosseri V, Stewart LA, Souhami RL, Parmar MK. Adjuvant chemotherapy for soft-tissue sarcoma: review and meta-analysis of the published results of randomised clinical trials. Br. J. Cancer72(2), 469–475 (1995).
  • Sarcoma Meta-analysis Collaboration. Adjuvant chemotherapy for localised resectable soft-tissue sarcoma of adults: meta-analysis of individual data. Lancet350(9092) 1647–1654 (1997).
  • Lewis JJ, Leung D, Casper ES, Woodruff J, Hajdu SI, Brennan MF. Multifactorial analysis of long-term follow-up (more than 5 years) of primary extremity sarcoma. Arch. Surg.134(2), 190–194 (1999).
  • Fleming JB, Berman RS, Cheng SC et al. Long-term outcome of patients with American Joint Committee on Cancer stage IIB extremity soft tissue sarcomas. J. Clin. Oncol.17(9), 2772–2780 (1999).
  • Rydholm A, Gustafson P. Should tumor depth be included in prognostication of soft tissue sarcoma? BMC Cancer3, 17 (2003).
  • Ferrario T, Karakousis CP. Retroperitoneal sarcomas: grade and survival. Arch. Surg.138(3), 248–251 (2003).
  • Stojadinovic A, Yeh A, Brennan MF. Completely resected recurrent soft tissue sarcoma: primary anatomic site governs outcomes. J. Am. Coll. Surg.194(4), 436–447 (2002).
  • Engellau J, Bendahl PO, Persson A et al. Improved prognostication in soft tissue sarcoma: independent information from vascular invasion, necrosis, growth pattern, and immunostaining using whole-tumor sections and tissue microarrays. Hum. Pathol.36(9), 994–1002 (2005).
  • Evans HL. Atypical lipomatous tumor, its variants, and its combined forms: a study of 61 cases, with a minimum follow-up of 10 years. Am. J. Surg. Pathol.31(1), 1–14 (2007).
  • ten Heuvel SE, Hoekstra HJ, van Ginkel RJ, Bastiaannet E, Suurmeijer AJ. Clinicopathologic prognostic factors in myxoid liposarcoma: a retrospective study of 49 patients with long-term follow-up. Ann. Surg. Oncol.14(1), 222–229 (2007).
  • Fiore M, Grosso F, Lo Vullo S et al. Myxoid/round cell and pleomorphic liposarcomas: prognostic factors and survival in a series of patients treated at a single institution. Cancer109(12), 2522–2531 (2007).
  • Gutierrez JC, Perez EA, Franceschi D, Moffat FL Jr, Livingstone AS, Koniaris LG. Outcomes for soft-tissue sarcoma in 8249 cases from a large state cancer registry. J. Surg. Res.141(1), 105–114 (2007).
  • Criscione VD, Weinstock MA. Descriptive epidemiology of dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans in the United States, 1973 to 2002. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol.56(6), 968–973 (2007).
  • Popov P, Bohling T, Asko-Seljavaara S, Tukiainen E. Microscopic margins and results of surgery for dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans. Plast. Reconstr. Surg.119(6), 1779–1784 (2007).
  • Blazer DG III, Sabel MS, Sondak VK. Is there a role for sentinel lymph node biopsy in the management of sarcoma? Surg. Oncol.12(3), 201–206 (2003).
  • Behranwala KA, A’Hern R, Omar AM, Thomas JM. Prognosis of lymph node metastasis in soft tissue sarcoma. Ann. Surg. Oncol.11(7), 714–719 (2004).
  • Kayton ML, Meyers P, Wexler LH, Gerald WL, LaQuaglia MP. Clinical presentation, treatment, and outcome of alveolar soft part sarcoma in children, adolescents, and young adults. J. Pediatr. Surg.41(1), 187–193 (2006).
  • Kebudi R, Ayan I, Gorgun O, Agaoglu FY, Vural S, Darendeliler E. Brain metastasis in pediatric extracranial solid tumors: survey and literature review. J. Neurooncol71(1), 43–48 (2005).
  • Paulino AC, Nguyen TX, Barker JL Jr. Brain metastasis in children with sarcoma, neuroblastoma, and Wilms’ tumor. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys.57(1), 177–183 (2003).
  • Nowain A, Bhakta H, Pais S, Kanel G, Verma S. Gastrointestinal stromal tumors: clinical profile, pathogenesis, treatment strategies and prognosis. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol.20(6), 818–824 (2005).
  • Clary BM, DeMatteo RP, Lewis JJ, Leung D, Brennan MF. Gastrointestinal stromal tumors and leiomyosarcoma of the abdomen and retroperitoneum: a clinical comparison. Ann. Surg. Oncol.8(4), 290–299 (2001).
  • Liebl LS, Elson F, Quaas A, Gawad KA, Izbicki JR. Value of repeat resection for survival in pulmonary metastases from soft tissue sarcoma. Anticancer Res.27(4C), 2897–902 (2007).
  • Temple LK, Brennan MF. The role of pulmonary metastasectomy in soft tissue sarcoma. Semin. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg.14(1), 35–44 (2002).
  • Van Glabbeke M, van Oosterom AT, Oosterhuis JW et al. Prognostic factors for the outcome of chemotherapy in advanced soft tissue sarcoma: an analysis of 2,185 patients treated with anthracycline-containing first-line regimens – a European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Soft Tissue and Bone Sarcoma Group Study. J. Clin. Oncol.17(1), 150–157 (1999).
  • Hosoi H, Teramukai S, Matsumoto Y et al. A review of 331 rhabdomyosarcoma cases in patients treated between 1991 and 2002 in Japan. Int. J. Clin. Oncol.12(2), 137–45 (2007).
  • Walterhouse D, Watson A. Optimal management strategies for Rhabdomyosarcoma in children. Paediatr. Drugs9(6), 391–400 (2007).
  • Joensuu H, Roberts PJ, Sarlomo-Rikala M et al. Effect of the tyrosine kinase inhibitor STI571 in a patient with a metastatic gastrointestinal stromal tumor. N. Engl. J. Med.344(14), 1052–1056 (2001).
  • Eilber FC, Brennan MF, Eilber FR et al. Chemotherapy is associated with improved survival in adult patients with primary extremity synovial sarcoma. Ann. Surg.246(1), 105–113 (2007).
  • Coindre JM. Grading of soft tissue sarcomas: review and update. Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med.130(10), 1448–1453 (2006).
  • Broders A. Squamous cell epithelioma of the lip: a study of 537 cases. JAMA74, 656–664 (1920).
  • Broders A, Hargrave R, Meyerding H. Pathological features of soft tissue fibrosarcoma with special reference to the grading of its malignancy. Surg. Gynaecol. Obstet.69, 267–280 (1939).
  • Pritchard DJ, Soule EH, Taylor WF, Ivins JC. Fibrosarcoma – a clinicopathologic and statistical study of 199 tumors of the soft tissues of the extremities and trunk. Cancer33(3), 888–897 (1974).
  • Suit HD, Russell WO, Martin RG. Sarcoma of soft tissue: clinical and histopathologic parameters and response to treatment. Cancer35(5), 1478–1483 (1975).
  • Costa J, Wesley RA, Glatstein E, Rosenberg SA. The grading of soft tissue sarcomas. Results of a clinicohisto-pathologic correlation in a series of 163 cases. Cancer53(3), 530–541 (1984).
  • Gustafson P. Soft tissue sarcoma. Epidemiology and prognosis in 508 patients. Acta Orthop. Scand.259(Suppl.) 1–31 (1994).
  • Hashimoto H, Daimaru Y, Takeshita S, Tsuneyoshi M, Enjoji M. Prognostic significance of histologic parameters of soft tissue sarcomas. Cancer70(12), 2816–2822 (1992).
  • Myhre-Jensen O, Kaae S, Madsen EH, Sneppen O. Histopathological grading in soft-tissue tumors. Relation to survival in 261 surgically treated patients. Acta Pathol. Microbiol. Immunol. Scand. [A]91(2), 145–150 (1983).
  • van Unnik JA, Coindre JM, Contesso C et al. Grading of soft tissue sarcomas: experience of the EORTC Soft Tissue and Bone Sarcoma Group. Eur. J. Cancer29A(15), 2089–2093 (1993).
  • Trojani M, Contesso G, Coindre JM et al. Soft-tissue sarcomas of adults; study of pathological prognostic variables and definition of a histopathological grading system. Int. J. Cancer33(1), 37–42 (1984).
  • Bergh P, Meis-Kindblom JM, Gherlinzoni F et al. Synovial sarcoma: identification of low and high risk groups. Cancer85(12), 2596–2607 (1999).
  • Evans HL. Classification and grading of soft-tissue sarcomas. A comment. Hematol. Oncol. Clin. North Am.9(3), 653–656 (1995).
  • Milross CG, Tucker SL, Mason KA, Hunter NR, Peters LJ, Milas L. The effect of tumor size on necrosis and polarographically measured pO2. Acta Oncol.36(2), 183–189 (1997).
  • Spratt JS, Meyer JS, Spratt JA. Rates of growth of human solid neoplasms: Part I. J. Surg. Oncol.60(2), 137–146 (1995).
  • Risau W. Mechanisms of angiogenesis. Nature386(6626), 671–674 (1997).
  • Kerbel RS. Significance of tumor–host interactions in cancer growth and metastases. Cancer Metastasis Rev.14(4), 259–262 (1995).
  • Domanski HA. Fine-needle aspiration cytology of soft tissue lesions: diagnostic challenges. Diagn. Cytopathol.35(12), 768–773 (2007).
  • Domanski HA, Akerman M, Carlen B et al. Core-needle biopsy performed by the cytopathologist: a technique to complement fine-needle aspiration of soft tissue and bone lesions. Cancer105(4), 229–239 (2005).
  • Mitsuyoshi G, Naito N, Kawai A et al. Accurate diagnosis of musculoskeletal lesions by core needle biopsy. J. Surg. Oncol.94(1), 21–27 (2006).
  • Heslin MJ, Lewis JJ, Woodruff JM, Brennan MF. Core needle biopsy for diagnosis of extremity soft tissue sarcoma. Ann. Surg. Oncol.4(5), 425–431 (1997).
  • Hoeber I, Spillane AJ, Fisher C, Thomas JM. Accuracy of biopsy techniques for limb and limb girdle soft tissue tumors. Ann. Surg. Oncol.8(1), 80–87 (2001).
  • Cancer AJCO. AJCC Cancer Staging Manual. In: AJCC Cancer Staging Manual. Lippincott-Raven, PA, USA (1997).
  • Wunder JS, Healey JH, Davis AM, Brennan MF. A comparison of staging systems for localized extremity soft tissue sarcoma. Cancer88(12), 2721–2730 (2000).
  • Choong PF, Gustafson P, Willen H et al. Prognosis following locally recurrent soft-tissue sarcoma. A staging system based on primary and recurrent tumor characteristics. Int. J. Cancer60(1), 33–37 (1995).
  • Mankin HJ, Fondren G, Hornicek FJ, Gebhardt MC, Rosenberg AE. The use of flow cytometry in assessing malignancy in bone and soft tissue tumors. Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res.397, 95–105 (2002).
  • Ettinger SN, Scase TJ, Oberthaler KT et al. Association of argyrophilic nucleolar organizing regions, Ki-67, and proliferating cell nuclear antigen scores with histologic grade and survival in dogs with soft tissue sarcomas: 60 cases (1996–2002). J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc.228(7), 1053–1062 (2006).
  • Hasegawa T. Histological grading and MIB-1 labeling index of soft-tissue sarcomas. Pathol. Int.57(3), 121–125 (2007).
  • Fernebro J, Engellau J, Persson A, Rydholm A, Nilbert M. Standardizing evaluation of sarcoma proliferation – higher Ki-67 expression in the tumor periphery than the center. APMIS115(6), 707–712 (2007).
  • Choong PF, Akerman M, Willen H et al. Expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and Ki-67 in soft tissue sarcoma. Is prognostic significance histotype-specific? APMIS103(11), 797–805 (1995).
  • Sabah M, Cummins R, Leader M, Kay E. Immunoreactivity of p53, Mdm2, p21(WAF1/CIP1) Bcl-2, and Bax in soft tissue sarcomas: correlation with histologic grade. Appl. Immunohistochem. Mol. Morphol.15(1), 64–69 (2007).
  • Ottaiano A, De Chiara A, Fazioli F et al. Biological prognostic factors in adult soft tissue sarcomas. Anticancer Res.25(6C), 4519–26 (2005).
  • Bartel F, Schulz J, Bohnke A et al. Significance of HDMX-S (or MDM4) mRNA splice variant overexpression and HDMX gene amplification on primary soft tissue sarcoma prognosis. Int. J. Cancer117(3), 469–475 (2005).
  • Oda Y, Yamamoto H, Takahira T et al. Frequent alteration of p16INK4a/p14ARF and p53 pathways in the round cell component of myxoid/round cell liposarcoma: p53 gene alterations and reduced p14ARF expression both correlate with poor prognosis. J. Pathol.207(4), 410–421 (2005).
  • Riggi N, Cironi L, Suva ML, Stamenkovic I. Sarcomas: genetics, signalling, and cellular origins. Part 1: the fellowship of TET. J. Pathol.213(1), 4–20 (2007).
  • Ladanyi M, Antonescu CR, Leung DH et al. Impact of SYT–SSX fusion type on the clinical behavior of synovial sarcoma: a multi-institutional retrospective study of 243 patients. Cancer Res.62(1), 135–140 (2002).
  • Panagopoulos I, Mertens F, Isaksson M et al. Clinical impact of molecular and cytogenetic findings in synovial sarcoma. Genes Chromosomes Cancer31(4), 362–372 (2001).
  • Amary MF, Berisha F, Bernardi Fdel C et al. Detection of SS18-SSX fusion transcripts in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded neoplasms: analysis of conventional RT-PCR, qRT-PCR and dual color FISH as diagnostic tools for synovial sarcoma. Mod. Pathol.20(4), 482–496 (2007).
  • Nielsen T. Microarray analysis of sarcomas. Adv. Anat. Pathol.13(4), 166–173 (2006).
  • Schena M, Shalon D, Davis R, Brown P. Quantitative monitoring of gene expression patterns with a complementary DNA microarray. Science270(5235), 467–470 (1995).
  • Tschoep K, Kohlmann A, Schlemmer M, Haferlach T, Issels RD. Gene expression profiling in sarcomas. Crit. Rev. Oncol. Hematol.63(2), 111–124 (2007).
  • Francis P, Namlos HM, Muller C et al. Diagnostic and prognostic gene expression signatures in 177 soft tissue sarcomas: hypoxia-induced transcription profile signifies metastatic potential. BMC Genomics8, 73 (2007).
  • Lee YF, John M, Falconer A et al. A gene expression signature associated with metastatic outcome in human leiomyosarcomas. Cancer Res.64(20), 7201–7204 (2004).
  • Fernebro J, Francis P, Eden P et al. Gene expression profiles relate to SS18/SSX fusion type in synovial sarcoma. Int. J. Cancer118(5), 1165–1172 (2006).
  • Kasper B, Gil T, D’Hondt V, Gebhart M, Awada A. Novel treatment strategies for soft tissue sarcoma. Crit. Rev. Oncol. Hematol.62(1), 9–15 (2007).
  • Borst P, Evers R, Kool M, Wijnholds J. A family of drug trasnporters: the multidrug resistance-associated proteins. J. Natl Cancer Inst.92, 1295–1302 (2000).
  • Nagata S. Apoptosis by death factor. Cell88, 355–365 (1997).
  • Johntone R, Ruefli A, Tainton KM, Smyth M. A role for P-glycoprotein in regulating cell death. Leuk. Lymphoma38, 1–11 (2000).
  • Torihashi S, Horisawa M, Watanabe Y. c-Kit immunoreactive interstitial cells in the human gastrointestinal tract. J. Auton. Nerv. Syst.75, 38–50 (1999).
  • Plaat B, Hollema H, Molenaar WM et al. Soft tissue leiomyosarcomas and malignant gastrointestinal stromal tumors: differences in clinical outcome and expression of multidrug resistance proteins. J. Clin. Oncol.18, 3211–3220 (2000).
  • Maki RG. Recent advances in therapy for gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Curr. Oncol. Rep.9(3), 165–169 (2007).
  • McArthur GA. Molecular targeting of dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans: a new approach to a surgical disease. J. Natl Compr. Canc. Netw.5(5), 557–562 (2007).

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.