Metabolomic profiling for the identification of novel diagnostic markers in prostate cancer

References

• Siegel RL, Miller KD, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2015. CA Cancer J Clin 2015;65(1):5-29
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson IM, Pauler DK, Goodman PJ, et al. Prevalence of prostate cancer among men with a prostate-specific antigen level < or =4.0 ng per milliliter. N Engl J Med 2004;350(22):2239-46
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Postma R, Schroder FH. Screening for prostate cancer. Eur J Cancer 2005;41(6):825-33
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walsh AL, Tuzova AV, Bolton EM, et al. Long noncoding RNAs and prostate carcinogenesis: the missing ’linc’? Trends Mol Med 2014;20(8):428-36
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stephan C, Ralla B, Jung K. Prostate-specific antigen and other serum and urine markers in prostate cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta 2014;1846(1):99-112
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gasi Tandefelt D, Boormans J, Hermans K, et al. ETS fusion genes in prostate cancer. Endocr Relat Cancer 2014;21(3):R143-52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cormio L, Lucarelli G, Netti GS, et al. Post-void Residual Urinary Volume Is An Independent Predictor of Biopsy Results in Men at Risk for Prostate Cancer. Anticancer Res 2015;35(4):2175-82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferro M, Lucarelli G, Bruzzese D, et al. Improving the prediction of pathologic outcomes in patients undergoing radical prostatectomy: the value of prostate cancer antigen 3 (PCA3), prostate health index (phi) and sarcosine. Anticancer Res 2015;35(2):1017-23
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lucarelli G, Rutigliano M, Bettocchi C, et al. Spondin-2, a secreted extracellular matrix protein, is a novel diagnostic biomarker for prostate cancer. J Urol 2013;190(6):2271-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miyamoto DT, Sequist LV, Lee RJ. Circulating tumour cells-monitoring treatment response in prostate cancer. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2014;11(7):401-12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gallagher EJ, LeRoith D. Obesity and diabetes: The increased risk of cancer and cancer-related mortality. Physiol Rev 2015;95(3):727-48
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vavallo A, Simone S, Lucarelli G, et al. Pre-existing type 2 diabetes mellitus is an independent risk factor for mortality and progression in patients with renal cell carcinoma. Medicine (Baltimore) 2014;93(27):e183
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sanders E, Diehl S. Analysis and interpretation of transcriptomic data obtained from extended Warburg effect genes in patients with clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Oncoscience 2015;2(2):151-86
   Google Scholar
• Spratlin JL, Serkova NJ, Eckhardt SG. Clinical applications of metabolomics in oncology: A review. Clin Cancer Res 2009;15(2):431-40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trock BJ. Application of metabolomics to prostate cancer. Urol Oncol 2011;29(5):572-81
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jadvar H. Prostate cancer: PET with 18F-FDG, 18F- or 11C-acetate, and 18F- or 11C-choline. J Nucl Med 2011;52(1):81-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vali R, Loidl W, Pirich C, et al. Imaging of prostate cancer with PET/CT using (18)F-Fluorocholine. Am J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2015;5(2):96-108
   Google Scholar
• Fox JJ, Schöder H, Larson SM. Molecular imaging of prostate cancer. Curr Opin Urol 2012;22(4):320-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keshari KR, Sai V, Wang ZJ, et al. Hyperpolarized [1-13C]dehydroascorbate MR spectroscopy in a murine model of prostate cancer: comparison with 18F-FDG PET. J Nucl Med 2013;54(6):922-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Viola-Villegas NT, Carlin SD, Ackerstaff E, et al. Understanding the pharmacological properties of a metabolic PET tracer in prostate cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2014;111(20):7254-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Witney TH, Pisaneschi F, Alam IS, et al. Preclinical evaluation of 3-18F-fluoro-2,2-dimethylpropionic acid as an imaging agent for tumor detection. J Nucl Med 2014;55(9):1506-12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin G, Chung YL. Current opportunities and challenges of magnetic resonance spectroscopy, positron emission tomography, and mass spectrometry imaging for mapping cancer metabolism in vivo. Biomed Res Int 2014;2014:625095
   Google Scholar
• Naz S, Moreira dos Santos DC, García A, et al. Analytical protocols based on LC-MS, GC-MS and CE-MS for nontargeted metabolomics of biological tissues. Bioanalysis 2014;6(12):1657-77
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowling FG, Thomas M. Analyzing the metabolome. Methods Mol Biol 2014;1168:31-45
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Prosser GA, Larrouy-Maumus G, de Carvalho LP. Metabolomic strategies for the identification of new enzyme functions and metabolic pathways. EMBO Rep 2014;15(6):657-69
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nelson SJ, Kurhanewicz J, Vigneron DB, et al. Metabolic imaging of patients with prostate cancer using hyperpolarized [1-¹³C]pyruvate. Sci Transl Med 2013;5(198):198ra108
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Costello LC, Franklin RB, Feng P. Mitochondrial function, zinc, and intermediary metabolism relationships in normal prostate and prostate cancer. Mitochondrion 2005;5(3):143-53
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh KK, Desouki MM, Franklin RB, et al. Mitochondrial aconitase and citrate metabolism in malignant and nonmalignant human prostate tissues. Mol Cancer 2006;5:14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Costello LC, Franklin RB. The clinical relevance of the metabolism of prostate cancer; zinc and tumor suppression: connecting the dots. Mol Cancer 2006;5:17
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Costello LC, Franklin RB. Zinc is decreased in prostate cancer: an established relationship of prostate cancer!. J Biol Inorg Chem 2011;16(1):3-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaither LA, Eide DJ. The human ZIP1 transporter mediates zinc uptake in human K562 erythroleukemia cells. J Biol Chem 2001;276:22258-64
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaither LA, Eide DJ. Functional expression of the human hZIP2 zinc transporter. J Biol Chem 2000;275:5560-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Costello LC, Liu Y, Zou J, Franklin RB. Evidence for a zinc uptake transporter in human prostate cancer cells which is regulated by prolactin and testosterone. J Biol Chem 1999;274:17499-504
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Desouki MM, Geradts J, Milon B, et al. hZip2 and hZip3 zinc transporters are down regulated in human prostate adenocarcinomatous glands. Mol Cancer 2007;6:37
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kolenko V, Teper E, Kutikov A, Uzzo R. Zinc and zinc transporters in prostate carcinogenesis. Nat Rev Urol 2013;10(4):219-26
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Golovine K, Makhov P, Uzzo RG, et al. Overexpression of the zinc uptake transporter hZIP1 inhibits nuclear factor-kappaB and reduces the malignant potential of prostate cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. Clin Cancer Res 2008;14:5376-84
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen QG, Zhang Z, Yang Q, et al. The role of zinc transporter ZIP4 in prostate carcinoma. Urol Oncol 2012;30(6):906-11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hasumi M, Suzuki K, Matsui H, et al. Regulation of metallothionein and zinc transporter expression in human prostate cancer cells and tissues. Cancer Lett 2003;200:187-95
   Google Scholar
• Liang JY, Liu YY, Zou J, et al. Inhibitory effect of zinc on human prostatic carcinoma cell growth. Prostate 1999;40:200-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uzzo RG, Crispen PL, Golovine K, et al. Diverse effects of zinc on NF-kappaB and AP-1 transcription factors: implications for prostate cancer progression. Carcinogenesis 2006;27:1980-90
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Golovine K, Uzzo RG, Makhov P, et al. Depletion of intracellular zinc increases expression of tumorigenic cytokines VEGF, IL-6 and IL-8 in prostate cancer cells via NF-kappaB-dependent pathway. Prostate 2008;68:1443-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Han CT, Schoene NW, Lei KY. Influence of zinc deficiency on Akt-Mdm2-p53 and Akt-p21 signaling axes in normal and malignant human prostate cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2009;297:C1188-99
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feng P, Li TL, Guan ZX, et al. Direct effect of zinc on mitochondrial apoptogenesis in prostate cells. Prostate 2002;52:311-18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feng P, Liang JY, Li TL, et al. Zinc induces mitochondria apoptogenesis in prostate cells. Mol Urol 2000;4:31-6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 3Ishii K, Otsuka T, Iguchi K, et al. Evidence that the prostate-specific antigen (PSA)/Zn2+ axis may play a role in human prostate cancer cell invasion. Cancer Lett 2004;207:79-87
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wickstrom M, Larsson R, Nygren P, et al. Aminopeptidase N (CD13) as a target for cancer chemotherapy. Cancer Sci 2011;102:501-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swinnen JV, Heemers H, van de Sande T, et al. Androgens, lipogenesis and prostate cancer. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2004;92(4):273-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ettinger SL, Sobel R, Whitmore TG, et al. Dysregulation of sterol response element-binding proteins and downstream effectors in prostate cancer during progression to androgen independence. Cancer Res 2004;64(6):2212-21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang WC, Zhau HE, Chung LW. Androgen receptor survival signaling is blocked by anti-beta2-microglobulin monoclonal antibody via a mitogen-activated protein kinase/lipogenic pathway in human prostate cancer cells. J Biol Chem 2010;285(11):7947-56
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang WC, Li X, Liu J, et al. Activation of androgen receptor, lipogenesis, and oxidative stress converged by SREBP-1 is responsible for regulating growth and progression of prostate cancer cells. Mol Cancer Res 2012;10(1):133-42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swanson MG, Keshari KR, Tabatabai ZL, et al. Quantification of choline- and ethanolamine-containing metabolites in human prostate tissues using 1H HR-MAS total correlation spectroscopy. Magn Reson Med 2008;60(1):33-40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ros S, Santos CR, Moco S, et al. Functional metabolic screen identifies 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-biphosphatase 4 as an important regulator of prostate cancer cell survival. Cancer Discov 2012;2(4):328-43
   Google Scholar
• Pearson HB, McCarthy A, Collins CM, et al. Lkb1 deficiency causes prostate neoplasia in the mouse. Cancer Res 2008;68(7):2223-32
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiacchiera F, Simone C. The AMPK-FoxO3A axis as a target for cancer treatment. Cell Cycle 2010;9(6):1091-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tennakoon JB, Shi Y, Han JJ, et al. Androgens regulate prostate cancer cell growth via an AMPK-PGC-1α-mediated metabolic switch. Oncogene 2014;33(45):5251-61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grossi V, Lucarelli G, Matrone A, et al. Loss of LKB1/STK11 expression is an early event in prostate cancer development and predicts therapeutic response to p38α inhibitor. Eur Urol 2015;14(2):e401-e401a
   Google Scholar
• Wang Q, Hardie RA, Hoy AJ, et al. Targeting ASCT2-mediated glutamine uptake blocks prostate cancer growth and tumour development. J Pathol 2015;236(3):278-89
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pan T, Gao L, Wu G, et al. Elevated expression of glutaminase confers glucose utilization via glutaminolysis in prostate cancer. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015;456(1):452-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tessem MB, Swanson MG, Keshari KR, et al. Evaluation of lactate and alanine as metabolic biomarkers of prostate cancer using 1H HR-MAS spectroscopy of biopsy tissues. Magn Reson Med 2008;60(3):510-16
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riganti C, Gazzano E, Polimeni M, et al. The pentose phosphate pathway: an antioxidant defense and a crossroad in tumor cell fate. Free Radic Biol Med 2012;53:421-36
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lucarelli G, Galleggiante V, Rutigliano M, et al. Metabolomic profile of glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway identifies the central role of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in clear cell-renal cell carcinoma. Oncotarget 2015;6(15):13371-86
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tsouko E, Khan AS, White MA, et al. Regulation of the pentose phosphate pathway by an androgen receptor-mTOR-mediated mechanism and its role in prostate cancer cell growth. Oncogenesis 2014;3:e103
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pavlides S, Whitaker-Menezes D, Castello-Cros R, et al. The reverse Warburg effect: aerobic glycolysis in cancer associated fibroblasts and the tumor stroma. Cell Cycle 2009;8(23):3984-4001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fiaschi T, Marini A, Giannoni E, et al. Reciprocal metabolic reprogramming through lactate shuttle coordinately influences tumor-stroma interplay. Cancer Res 2012;72(19):5130-40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sreekumar A, Poisson LM, Rajendiran TM, et al. Metabolomic profiles delineate potential role for sarcosine in prostate cancer progression. Nature 2009;457(7231):910-14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng LL, Wu C, Smith MR, et al. Non-destructive quantitation of spermine in human prostate tissue samples using HRMAS 1H MRI spectroscopy at 9.4 T. FEBS Lett 2001;494(1–2):112-16
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swanson MG, Zektzer AS, Tabatabai ZL, et al. Quantitative analysis of prostate metabolites using 1H HR-MAS spectroscopy. Magn Reson Med 2006;55(6):1257-64
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Varambally S, Dhanasekaran SM, Zhou M, et al. The polycomb group protein EZH2 is involved in progression of prostate cancer. Nature 2002;419(6907):624-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu J, Yu J, Mani RS, et al. An integrated network of androgen receptor, polycomb, and TMPRSS2-ERG gene fusions in prostate cancer progression. Cancer Cell 2010;17(5):443-54
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu K, Wu ZJ, Groner AC, et al. EZH2 oncogenic activity in castration-resistant prostate cancer cells is Polycomb-independent. Science 2012;338(6113):1465-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takayama K, Suzuki T, Tsutsumi S, et al. RUNX1, an androgen- and EZH2-regulated gene, has differential roles in AR-dependent and -independent prostate cancer. Oncotarget 2015;6(4):2263-76
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chinaranagari S, Sharma P, Chaudhary J. EZH2 dependent H3K27me3 is involved in epigenetic silencing of ID4 in prostate cancer. Oncotarget 2014;5(16):7172-82
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Khan AP, Rajendiran TM, Ateeq B, et al. The role of sarcosine metabolism in prostate cancer progression. Neoplasia 2013;15(5):491-501
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Song YH, Shiota M, Kuroiwa K, et al. The important role of glycine N-methyltransferase in the carcinogenesis and progression of prostate cancer. Mod Pathol 2011;24(9):1272-80
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferraldeschi R, Welti J, Luo J, et al. Targeting the androgen receptor pathway in castration-resistant prostate cancer: progresses and prospects. Oncogene 2015;34(14):1745-57
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Culig Z. Targeting the androgen receptor in prostate cancer. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2014;15(10):1427-37
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adamo P, Ladomery MR. The oncogene ERG: a key factor in prostate cancer. Oncogene 2015. [Epub ahead of print]
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gasi Tandefelt D, Boormans J, Hermans K, et al. ETS fusion genes in prostate cancer. Endocr Relat Cancer 2014;21(3):R143-52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sreekumar A, Poisson LM, Rajendiran TM, et al. Sarcosine in urine after digital rectal examination fails as a marker in prostate cancer detection and identification of aggressive tumours. Eur Urol 2010;58:12-18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cao DL, Ye DW, Zhu Y, et al. Efforts to resolve the contradictions in early diagnosis of prostate cancer: a comparison of different algorithms of sarcosine in urine. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2011;14(2):166-72
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lucarelli G, Fanelli M, Larocca AM, et al. Serum sarcosine increases the accuracy of prostate cancer detection in patients with total serum PSA less than 4.0 ng/ml. Prostate 2012;72(15):1611-21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lucarelli G, Ditonno P, Bettocchi C, et al. Serum sarcosine is a risk factor for progression and survival in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. Future Oncol 2013;9(6):899-907
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koutros S, Meyer TE, Fox SD, et al. Prospective evaluation of serum sarcosine and risk of prostate cancer in the prostate, lung, colorectal and ovarian cancer screening trial. Carcinogenesis 2013;34(10):2281-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mondul AM, Moore SC, Weinstein SJ, et al. Metabolomic analysis of prostate cancer risk in a prospective cohort: The alpha-tocolpherol, beta-carotene cancer prevention (ATBC) study. Int J Cancer 2015. [Epub ahead of print]
   Google Scholar
• Mostaghel EA, Page ST, Lin DW, et al. Intraprostatic androgens and androgen-regulated gene expression persist after testosterone suppression: therapeutic implications for castration-resistant prostate cancer. Cancer Res 2007;67:5033-41
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montgomery RB, Mostaghel EA, Vessella R, et al. Maintenance of intratumoral androgens in metastatic prostate cancer: a mechanism for castration-resistant tumor growth. Cancer Res 2008;68:4447-54
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Locke JA, Guns ES, Lubik AA, et al. Androgen levels increase by intratumoral de novo steroidogenesis during progression of castration-resistant prostate cancer. Cancer Res 2008;68:6407-15
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stanbrough M, Bubley GJ, Ross K, et al. Increased expression of genes converting adrenal androgens to testosterone in androgen-independent prostate cancer. Cancer Res 2006;66:2815-25
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitsiades N, Sung CC, Schultz N, et al. Distinct patterns of dysregulated expression of enzymes involved in androgen synthesis and metabolism in metastatic prostate cancer tumors. Cancer Res 2012;72:6142-52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brooke GN, Bevan CL. The role of androgen receptor mutations in prostate cancer progression. Curr Genomics 2009;10:18-25
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steinkamp MP, O’Mahony OA, Brogley M, et al. Treatment-dependent androgen receptor mutations in prostate cancer exploit multiple mechanisms to evade therapy. Cancer Res 2009;69:4434-42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haapala K, Kuukasjarvi T, Hyytinen E, et al. Androgen receptor amplification is associated with increased cell proliferation in prostate cancer. Hum Pathol 2007;38:474-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen CD, Welsbie DS, Tran C, et al. Molecular determinants of resistance to antiandrogen therapy. Nat Med 2004;10:33-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu R, Dunn TA, Wei S, et al. Ligand-independent androgen receptor variants derived from splicing of cryptic exons signify hormone-refractory prostate cancer. Cancer Res 2009;69:16-22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun S, Sprenger CC, Vessella RL, et al. Castration resistance in human prostate cancer is conferred by a frequently occurring androgen receptor splice variant. J Clin Invest 2010;120:2715-30
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grasso CS, Wu YM, Robinson DR, et al. The mutational landscape of lethal castration-resistant prostate cancer. Nature 2012;487:239-43
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lamont KR, Tindall DJ. Minireview: Alternative activation pathways for the androgen receptor in prostate cancer. Mol Endocrinol 2011;25:897-907
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Feldman BJ, Feldman D. The development of androgen-independent prostate cancer. Nat Rev Cancer 2001;1:34-45
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haapala K, Hyytinen ER, Roiha M, et al. Androgen receptor alterations in prostate cancer relapsed during a combined androgen blockade by orchiectomy and bicalutamide. Lab Invest 81:1647-51.2001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gottlieb B, Beitel LK, Wu JH, Trifiro M. The androgen receptor gene mutations database (ARDB). Hum Mutat 2004;23:527-33
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaddipati JP, McLeod DG, Heidenberg HB, et al. Frequent detection of codon 877 mutation in the androgen receptor gene in advanced prostate cancers. Cancer Res 1994;54:2861-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao XY, Boyle B, Krishnan AV, et al. Two mutations identified in the androgen receptor of the new human prostate cancer cell line MDA PCa 2a. J Urol 1999;162:2192-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hara T, Miyazaki J, Araki H, et al. Novel mutations of androgen receptor: a possible mechanism of bicalutamide withdrawal syndrome. Cancer Res 2003;63:149-53
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoshida T, Kinoshita H, Segawa T, et al. Antiandrogen bicalutamide promotes tumor growth in a novel androgen-dependent prostate cancer xenograft model derived from a bicalutamide-treated patient. Cancer Res 2005;65:9611-16
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Masiello D, Cheng S, Bubley GJ, et al. Bicalutamide functions as an androgen receptor antagonist by assembly of a transcriptionally inactive receptor. J Biol Chem 2002;277:26321-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hodgson MC, Astapova I, Hollenberg AN, Balk SP. Activity of Androgen Receptor Antagonist Bicalutamide in Prostate Cancer Cells Is Independent of NCoR and SMRT Corepressors. Cancer Res 2007;67:8388-95
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montagnani Marelli M, Moretti RM, Dondi D, et al. Luteinizing Hormone-Releasing ormone agonists interfere with the mitogenic activity of the insulin-like growth factor system in androgen-independent prostate cancer cells. Endocrinology 1999;140:329-34
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montagnani Marelli M, Moretti RM, Mai S, et al. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists reduce the migratory and the invasive behavior of androgen-independent prostate cancer cells by interfering with the activity of IGF-I. Int J Oncol 2007;30:261-71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fuzio P, Ditonno P, Lucarelli G, et al. Androgen deprivation therapy affects BCL-2 expression in human prostate cancer. Int J Oncol 2001;39(5):1233-42
   Google Scholar
• Fuzio P, Lucarelli G, Perlino E, et al. Androgen deprivation therapy regulation of beta1C integrin expression in prostate cancer. Oncol Rep 2009;22(2):327-35
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Putluri N, Shojaie A, Vasu VT, et al. Metabolomic profiling reveals a role for androgen in activating amino acid metabolism and methylation in prostate cancer cells. PLoS One 2011;6(7):e21417
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Platten M, Wick W, Van den Eynde BJ. Tryptophan catabolism in cancer: beyond IDO and tryptophan depletion. Cancer Res 2012;72(21):5435-40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaushik AK, Vareed SK, Basu S, et al. Metabolomic profiling identifies biochemical pathways associated with castration-resistant prostate cancer. J Proteome Res 2014;13(2):1088-100
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Belanger A, Pelletier G, Labrie F, et al. Inactivation of androgens by UDP-glucuronosyltransferase enzymes in humans. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2003;14(10):473-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bao BY, Chuang BF, Wang Q, et al. Androgen receptor mediates the expression of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2 B15 and B17 genes. Prostate 2008;68(8):839-48
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paquet S, Fazli L, Grosse L, et al. Differential expression of the androgen-conjugating UGT2B15 and UGT2B17 enzymes in prostate tumor cells during cancer progression. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2012;97(3):E428-32
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gauthier-Landry L, Bélanger A, Barbier O. Multiple roles for UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT)2B15 and UGT2B17 enzymes in androgen metabolism and prostate cancer evolution. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2015;145:187-92
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trock BJ. Circulating biomarkers for discriminating indolent from aggressive disease in prostate cancer active surveillance. Curr Opin Urol 2014;24(3):293-302
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berndt SI, Wang Z, Yeager M, et al. Two susceptibility loci identified for prostate cancer aggressiveness. Nat Commun 2015;6:6889
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berman DM, Epstein JI. When is prostate cancer really cancer? Urol Clin North Am 2014;41(2):339-46
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDunn JE, Li Z, Adam KP, et al. Metabolomic signatures of aggressive prostate cancer. Prostate 2013;73(14):1547-60
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaever A, Landesfeind M, Feussner K, et al. Meta-analysis of pathway enrichment: combining independent and dependent omics data sets. PLoS One 2014;9(2):e89297
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zhang G, He P, Tan H, et al. Integration of metabolomics and transcriptomics revealed a fatty acid network exerting growth inhibitory effects in human pancreatic cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2013;19(18):4983-93
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar