Accuracy of early diagnosis and its impact on the management and course of Alzheimer’s disease

References

• Evans DA. Estimated Prevalence of Alzheimer's Disease in the US. Milbank Q 68,267–289 (1990).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bachman DL, Wolf PA, Linn RT eta]. Incidence of dementia and probably Alzheimer's disease in a general population: the Framingham study. Neurology 43, 515–519 (1993).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jorm AF The Epidemiology of Alzheimels Disease and Related Disoirlers. Chapman & Hall, London, UK (1990).
   Google Scholar
• Carr DB, Goate A, Phil D, Morris JC. Current concepts in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Am. J. Med. 103(Suppl. 3A), S3—S10 (1997).
   Google Scholar
• Ernst RL, Hay JW. The US economic and social costs of Alzheimer's disease revisited. Am.Pub. Health 84,1261–1264 (1994).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hof PR, Bierer LM, Perl DP eta]. Evidence for early vulnerability of the medial and inferior aspects of the temporal lobe in an 82-year-old patient with preclinical signs of dementia. Atli. Neural 49,946 (1992).
   Google Scholar
• Arnold SE, Hyman BT, Flory J etal The topographical and neuroanatomical distribution of neurofibrillary tangles and neuritic plaques in the cerebral cortex of patients with Alzheimer's disease. Celeb. Cortex 1, 103 (1991).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross GW, Abbott RD, Petrovich H etal Frequency and characteristics of silent dementia among elderly Japanese—American men: the Honolulu—Asia Aging Study. JA /V/A 277,800–805 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braak H, Braak E. Neuropathological staging of Alzheimer-related changes. Acta Neuropathol. 82,239–259 (1991).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reichman WE, Cummings JL. Neuropsychiatric disorders in geriatric practice. In: Practice of Geriatrics. Duthie (Ed.), WB Saunders, 267–278 (1998).
   Google Scholar
• Folstein ME, Folstein SE, McHugh PR, Mini-mental state. J. Psychiatr Res. 12, 189–198 (1975).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKhann G, Drachman D, Folstein M etal Clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease: report of the NINCDS—ADRDA Work Group under the auspices of Department of Health and Human Services Task Force on Alzheimer's disease. Neurology 34(7), 939–944 (1984).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petrella JR, Coleman RE, Doraiswamy PM. Neuroimaging and early diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease: a look to the future. Radiology226(2), 315–336 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •Provides a good overview of different neuroimagaing modalities in the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease.
   Google Scholar
• Friedland RP, Jagust WJ. Positron and single photon emission tomography in the differential diagnosis of dementia. In: Positron Emission Tomography in Dementia Duara R (Ed.), Wiley-Liss Inc., NY, USA, 161–177 (1990).
   Google Scholar
• Haxby JV. Resting state regional cerebral metabolism in dementia of the Alzheimer type. In: Position Emission Tomography in Dementia. Duara R (Ed.), Wiley-Liss Inc, NY, USA, 93–116 (1990).
   Google Scholar
• Mazziota JC, Frackowiak RSJ, Phelps ME. The use of positron emission tomography in the clinical assessment of dementia. Semin. Nucl. Med. 22,233–246 (1992).
   Google Scholar
• Herholz K. FDG PET and differential diagnosis of dementia. Alzheimer Dis. Assoc. Disaid 9,6–16 (1995).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silverman DHS, Small GW, Phelps ME. Clinical value of neuroimaging in the diagnosis of dementia: sensitivity and specificity of regional cerebral metabolic and other parameters for early identification of Alzheimer's disease. Clin. Positron Imaging-2, 119–130 (1999).
   Google Scholar
• Pietrini P, Alexander GE, Furey ML et al The neurometabolic landscape of cognitive decline: in vivo studies with positron emission tomography in Alzheimer's disease. Int. J. Pyschophysiol 37,87–98 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Small GVV, Mazziota JC, Collins MT etal Apolipoprotein E Type 4 allele and cerebral glucose metabolism in relatives at risk for familial Alzheimer's disease. JAMA 273, 942–947 (1995).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reiman EM, Caselli RJ, Yun LS eta]. Preclinical evidence of Alzheimer's disease in persons homozygous for the E4 allele for apolipoprotein E. N Engl. J. Merl 334, 752–758 (1996).
   Google Scholar
• Silverman DHS, Cummings, JL, Small GW etal Added clinical benefit of incorporating 2-deoxy-2118F1 fluoro-D-glucose with positron emission tomography into the clinical evaluation of patients with cognitive impairment. Mal Imag: 4(4), 283–293 (2002).
   Google Scholar
• Hoffman JM, Welsh-Bohmer KA, Hanson M et al FDG PET imaging in patients with pathologically verified dementia. J. Nucl. Merl 41,1920–1928 (2000).
   Google Scholar
• Silverman DHS, Small GW, Chang CY et al Positron emission tomography in evaluation of dementia: regional brain metabolism and long-term outcome. JAIVIA 286,2120–2127 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •International multicenter study evaluating the role of positron emission tomography in the evaluation of dementia.
   Google Scholar
• Kennedy AM, Frackowiak RSJ, Newman SK eta]. Deficits in cerebral glucose metabolism demonstrated by positron emission tomography in individuals at risk of familial Alzheimer's disease. Neurosci. Lett. 186,17–20 (1995).
   Google Scholar
• Silverman DHS, Gambhir SS, Huang HC etal Evaluating early dementia with and without assessment of regional cerebral metabolism by PET: a comparison of predicted costs and benefits. J. Nucl. Merl 43,253–266 (2002).
   Google Scholar
• •Compares costs and benefits and provides useful algorithm for determining when to obtain positron emission tomography study for evaluation of cognitive decline.
   Google Scholar
• Ryan DH. Misdiagnosis in dementia: comparisons of diagnostic error rate and range of hospital investigation according to medical specialty. int. J. Ceriati: fiychiatry 9,141–147 (1994).
   Google Scholar
• Moreno M. Cognitive improvement in mild to moderate Alzheimer's dementia after treament with the acetylcholine precursor choline alfoscerate: a multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Clin. Ther. 178–193 (2003).
   Google Scholar
• Small GW, Rabins PV, Barry PP et al Diagnosis and treatment of Alzheimer's disease and related disorders: consensus statement of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry, the Alzheimer's Association and the American Geriatrics Society. JAIVIA 278,1363–1371 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knapp MG, Knopman DS, Solomon PR etal A 30-week randomized controlled trial of high-dose tacrine in patients with Alzheimer's disease: the Tacrine Study Group. JAIVIA 271,985–991 (1994).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rogers SL, Friedhof LT, Apter JT eta]. The efficacy and safety of donepezil patients with Alzheimer's disease: results of a US muticentre, randomized, blind, placebo controlled trial: the Donepezil Study Group. Dementia 7,293–303, (1996).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Raskind MA, Peskind ER, Wessel T etal Galantamine in AD: a 6-month randomized, Placebo-controlled trial with a 6-month extension: the Galantamine USA-1 Study Group. Neurology54,2261–2268, (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Birks J, Iakovidou V, Tsolaki M. Rivastigmine for Alzheimer's disease. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev 2, CD00119 (2000).
   Google Scholar
• Bums A, Rossor M, Hecker J etal The effects of donepezil in Alzheimer's disease: results from a multinational trial: the international Donepezil Study Group. Dement. Ceriati: Cogn. Disoirl. 10, 237–244 (1999).
   Google Scholar
• Corey-Bloom J, Anand R, Veach J. A randomized trial evaluating the efficacy and safety of ENA 713 rivastigmine tartrate, a new acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, in patients with mild to moderately severe Alzheimer's disease: the ENA 713 B352 Study Group. Int. Ceriati: PTchophannacol 1,55–65 (1998).
   Google Scholar
• Rosler M, Anand R, Cicin-Sain A etal Efficacy and safety of rivastigmine in patients with Alzheimer's disease: international randomized controlled trial. Brit. Merl 318,633–638 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rogers SL, Doody RS, Mobs RC etal Donepezil improves cognition and global function in Alzheimer's disease: a 15 week, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Donepezil Study Group. Arch. Intern Merl 158,1021–1031 (1998).
   Google Scholar
• Knopman D, Schneider LS, Davis K etal Long-term tacrine (Cognex) treament effects on nursing home placement and mortality: the Tacrine Study Group. Neurology47,166–177 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Small GW, Donohue JA, Brooks RL. An economic evaluation of donepezil in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Clin. Ther. 20,838–850 (1998).
   Google Scholar
• Brodaty H, McGilchrist C, Harris L etal Time until institutionalization and death in patients with dementia. Arch. Neural 50, 643–650 (1993).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brodaty H, Gresham M. Effect of a training programme to reduce stress in carers of patients with dementia. BE Med. J. 299, 1375–1379 (1989).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lawton MP, Brody EM, Saperstein AR. A controlled study of respite service for caregivers of Alzheimer's patients. Cerontologist29, 8–16 (1989).
   Google Scholar
• Mohide EA, Pringle DM, Streiner DL etal A randomized trial of family caregiver support in the home management of dementia. Am. Ceriati: Soc. 38,446–454 (1990).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mittelman MS, Ferris SH, Shulman E etal A family intervention to delay nursing home placement of patients with Alzheimer's disease. JAIVIA 276(21), 1725–1731 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •Well-controlled randomized study of how intervention prolongs placement into nursing homes.
   Google Scholar
• Coyle J, Kershaw P. Galantamine, a cholinesterase inhibitor that allosterically modulates nicotinic receptors: effects on the course of Alzheimer's disease. Biol. PTchiatry 49, 289–299 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rogers SL, Friedhoff LT Long-term efficacy and safety of donepezil in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease: an interim analysis of the results of a US muticenter open label extension study. Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol 8,67–75 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Imbimbo BP, Verdelli G, Martelli P, Marchesini D. Two-year treatment of Alzheimer's disease with eptastigmine. Dement. Ceriati: Cogn. Disorcl. 10, 139–147 (1999).
   Google Scholar
• Fago JR Dementia: causes, evaluation and management. Hosp. Pract. 36,59–69 (2001).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rinne JO, Kaasinen V, Jarvenpaa T etal Brain acetykholinesterase activity in mild cognitive impairment and early Alzheimer's disease. Neural 74(1), 113–115 (2003).
   Google Scholar
• Kopcho LM, Ma J, Marcinkeviciene J etal Comparative studies of active site—ligand interactions among various recombinant constructs of human 13-amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 410(2), 307–316 (2003).
   Google Scholar