Cerebrospinal fluid: identification of diagnostic markers for schizophrenia

References

• Kapur S. Psychosis as a state of aberrant salience: a framework linking biology, phenomenology, and pharmacology in schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiatry160(1), 13–23 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mason P, Harrison G, Glazebrook C et al. Characteristics of outcome in schizophrenia at 13 years. Br. J. Psychiatry167(5), 596–603 (1995).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larsen TK, Johannessen JO, Opjordsmoen S. First-episode schizophrenia with long duration of untreated psychosis. Pathways to care. Br. J. Psychiatry172(33), 45–52 (1998).
   Google Scholar
• Cardno AG, Gottesman II. Twin studies of schizophrenia: from bow-and-arrow concordances to star wars Mx and functional genomics. Am. J. Med. Genet.97(1), 12–17 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stefansson H, Sigurdsson E, Steinthorsdottir V et al. Neuregulin 1 and susceptibility to schizophrenia. Am. J. Hum. Genet.71(4), 877–892 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang JT, McKenna T, Hughes C et al. CSF biomarker discovery using label-free nano-LC-MS based proteomic profiling: technical aspects. J. Sep. Sci.30(2), 214–225 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seehusen DA, Reeves MM, Fomin DA. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis. Am. Fam. Physician.68(6), 1103–1108 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rothermundt M, Peters M, Prehn JH, Arolt V. S100B in brain damage and neurodegeneration. Microsc. Res. Tech.60(6), 614–632 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmitt A, Bertsch T, Henning U et al. Increased serum S100B in elderly, chronic schizophrenic patients: negative correlation with deficit symptoms. Schizophr. Res.80(2–3), 305–313 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lara DR, Gama CS, Belmonte-de-Abreu P et al. Increased serum S100B protein in schizophrenia: a study in medication-free patients. J. Psychiatr. Res.35(1), 11–14 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rothermundt M, Missler U, Arolt V et al. Increased S100B blood levels in unmedicated and treated schizophrenic patients are correlated with negative symptomatology. Mol. Psychiatry6(4), 445–449 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rothermundt M, Ponath G, Arolt V. S100B in schizophrenic psychosis. Int. Rev. Neurobiol.59, 445–470 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rothermundt M, Falkai P, Ponath G et al. Glial cell dysfunction in schizophrenia indicated by increased S100B in the CSF. Mol. Psychiatry9(10), 897–899 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schroeter ML, Abdul-Khaliq H, Fruhauf S et al. Serum S100B is increased during early treatment with antipsychotics and in deficit schizophrenia. Schizophr. Res.62(3), 231–236 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiesmann M, Wandinger KP, Missler U et al. Elevated plasma levels of S-100b protein in schizophrenic patients. Biol. Psychiatry45(11), 1508–1511 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gattaz WF, Lara DR, Elkis H et al. Decreased S100-β protein in schizophrenia: preliminary evidence. Schizophr. Res.43(2–3), 91–95 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fano G, Biocca S, Fulle S et al. The S-100: a protein family in search of a function. Prog. Neurobiol.46(1), 71–82 (1995).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benes FM. Evidence for neurodevelopment disturbances in anterior cingulate cortex of post-mortem schizophrenic brain. Schizophr. Res.5(3), 187–188 (1991).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lewis DA. GABAergic local circuit neurons and prefrontal cortical dysfunction in schizophrenia. Brain Res. Rev.31(2–3), 270–276 (2000).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lewis DA, Cruz DA, Melchitzky DS, Pierri JN. Lamina-specific deficits in parvalbumin-immunoreactive varicosities in the prefrontal cortex of subjects with schizophrenia: evidence for fewer projections from the thalamus. Am. J. Psychiatry158(9), 1411–1422 (2001).
   Google Scholar
• Thune JJ, Pakkenberg B. Stereological studies of the schizophrenic brain. Brain Res. Rev.31(2–3), 200–204 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark D, Dedova I, Cordwell S, Matsumoto I. A proteome analysis of the anterior cingulate cortex gray matter in schizophrenia. Mol. Psychiatry11(5), 459–470, 423 (2006).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Halim ND, Weickert CS, McClintock BW et al. Presynaptic proteins in the prefrontal cortex of patients with schizophrenia and rats with abnormal prefrontal development. Mol. Psychiatry8(9), 797–810 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steiner J, Bielau H, Bernstein HG, Bogerts B, Wunderlich MT. Increased cerebrospinal fluid and serum levels of S100B in first-onset schizophrenia are not related to a degenerative release of glial fibrillar acidic protein, myelin basic protein and neurone-specific enolase from glia or neurones. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry77(11), 1284–1287 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buttner T, Weyers S, Postert T, Sprengelmeyer R, Kuhn W. S-100 protein: serum marker of focal brain damage after ischemic territorial MCA infarction. Stroke28(10), 1961–1965 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fassbender K, Schmidt R, Schreiner A et al. Leakage of brain-originated proteins in peripheral blood: temporal profile and diagnostic value in early ischemic stroke. J. Neurol. Sci.148(1), 101–105 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griffin WS, Yeralan O, Sheng JG et al. Overexpression of the neurotrophic cytokine S100 β in human temporal lobe epilepsy. J. Neurochem.65(1), 228–233 (1995).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McKeating EG, Andrews PJ, Mascia L. Relationship of neuron specific enolase and protein S-100 concentrations in systemic and jugular venous serum to injury severity and outcome after traumatic brain injury. Acta Neurochir. Suppl.71, 117–119 (1998).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Raabe A, Menon DK, Gupta S, Czosnyka M, Pickard JD. Jugular venous and arterial concentrations of serum S-100B protein in patients with severe head injury: a pilot study. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry65(6), 930–932 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Eldik LJ, Griffin WS. S100 β expression in Alzheimer’s disease: relation to neuropathology in brain regions. Biochim. Biophys. Acta1223(3), 398–403 (1994).
   Google Scholar
• Hayakata T, Shiozaki T, Tasaki O et al. Changes in CSF S100B and cytokine concentrations in early-phase severe traumatic brain injury. Shock22(2), 102–107 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paradisi A, Guidi B, Diociaiuti A et al. Increased S100B protein serum levels in psoriasis. J. Dermatol. Sci.48(2), 148–150 (2007).
   Google Scholar
• Piazza O, Russo E, Cotena S, Esposito G, Tufano R. Elevated S100B levels do not correlate with the severity of encephalopathy during sepsis. Br J. Anaesth.99(4), 518–521 (2007).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Andreazza AC, Cassini C, Rosa AR et al. Serum S100B and antioxidant enzymes in bipolar patients. J. Psychiatr. Res.41(6), 523–529 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Unden J, Bellner J, Eneroth M et al. Raised serum S100B levels after acute bone fractures without cerebral injury. J. Trauma58(1), 59–61 (2005).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Thompson PM, Kelley M, Yao J, Tsai G, van Kammen DP. Elevated cerebrospinal fluid SNAP-25 in schizophrenia. Biol. Psychiatry53(12), 1132–1137 (2003).
   Google Scholar
• Thompson PM, Rosenberger C, Qualls C. CSF SNAP-25 in schizophrenia and bipolar illness. A pilot study. Neuropsychopharmacology21(6), 717–722 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gabriel SM, Haroutunian V, Powchik P et al. Increased concentrations of presynaptic proteins in the cingulate cortex of subjects with schizophrenia. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry54(6), 559–566 (1997).
   Google Scholar
• Karson CN, Mrak RE, Schluterman KO et al. Alterations in synaptic proteins and their encoding mRNAs in prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia: a possible neurochemical basis for ‘hypofrontality’. Mol. Psychiatry4(1), 39–45 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sokolov BP, Tcherepanov AA, Haroutunian V, Davis KL. Levels of mRNAs encoding synaptic vesicle and synaptic plasma membrane proteins in the temporal cortex of elderly schizophrenic patients. Biol. Psychiatry48(3), 184–196 (2000).
   Google Scholar
• Thompson PM, Sower AC, Perrone-Bizzozero NI. Altered levels of the synaptosomal associated protein SNAP-25 in schizophrenia. Biol. Psychiatry43(4), 239–243 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fatemi SH, Earle JA, Stary JM, Lee S, Sedgewick J. Altered levels of the synaptosomal associated protein SNAP-25 in hippocampus of subjects with mood disorders and schizophrenia. Neuroreport12(15), 3257–3262 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Young CE, Arima K, Xie J et al. SNAP-25 deficit and hippocampal connectivity in schizophrenia. Cereb. Cortex8(3), 261–268 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muller DJ, Klempan TA, De Luca V et al. The SNAP-25 gene may be associated with clinical response and weight gain in antipsychotic treatment of schizophrenia. Neurosci. Lett.379(2), 81–89 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bronk P, Deak F, Wilson MC et al. Differential effects of SNAP-25 deletion on Ca2+-dependent and Ca2+-independent neurotransmission. J. Neurophysiol.98(2), 794–806 (2007).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bajjalieh SM, Scheller RH. The biochemistry of neurotransmitter secretion. J. Biol. Chem.270(5), 1971–1974 (1995).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hodel A. Snap-25. Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol.30(10), 1069–1073 (1998).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Oyler GA, Higgins GA, Hart RA et al. The identification of a novel synaptosomal-associated protein, SNAP-25, differentially expressed by neuronal subpopulations. J. Cell Biol.109(6 Pt 1), 3039–3052 (1989).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Di Forti M, Lappin JM, Murray RM. Risk factors for schizophrenia – all roads lead to dopamine. Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol.17(Suppl. 2), S101–S107 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nadri C, Dean B, Scarr E, Agam G. GSK-3 parameters in postmortem frontal cortex and hippocampus of schizophrenic patients. Schizophr. Res.71(2–3), 377–382 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kozlovsky N, Nadri C, Agam G. Low GSK-3β in schizophrenia as a consequence of neurodevelopmental insult. Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol.15(1), 1–11 (2005).
   Google Scholar
• Kozlovsky N, Regenold WT, Levine J et al. GSK-3β in cerebrospinal fluid of schizophrenia patients. J. Neural Transm.111(8), 1093–1098 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nadri C, Lipska BK, Kozlovsky N et al. Glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)-3β levels and activity in a neurodevelopmental rat model of schizophrenia. Brain Res. Dev. Brain Res.141(1–2), 33–37 (2003).
   Google Scholar
• Kozlovsky N, Belmaker RH, Agam G. Low GSK-3β immunoreactivity in postmortem frontal cortex of schizophrenic patients. Am. J. Psychiatry157(5), 831–833 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kozlovsky N, Belmaker RH, Agam G. Low GSK-3 activity in frontal cortex of schizophrenic patients. Schizophr. Res.52(1–2), 101–105 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao Z, Ksiezak-Reding H, Riggio S, Haroutunian V, Pasinetti GM. Insulin receptor deficits in schizophrenia and in cellular and animal models of insulin receptor dysfunction. Schizophr. Res.84(1), 1–14 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alimohamad H, Rajakumar N, Seah YH, Rushlow W. Antipsychotics alter the protein expression levels of β-catenin and GSK-3 in the rat medial prefrontal cortex and striatum. Biol. Psychiatry57(5), 533–542 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Emamian ES, Hall D, Birnbaum MJ, Karayiorgou M, Gogos JA. Convergent evidence for impaired AKT1-GSK3β signaling in schizophrenia. Nat. Genet.36(2), 131–137 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kozlovsky N, Nadri C, Belmaker RH, Agam G. Lack of effect of mood stabilizers or neuroleptics on GSK-3 protein levels and GSK-3 activity. Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol.6(2), 117–120 (2003).
   Google Scholar
• Roh MS, Seo MS, Kim Y et al. Haloperidol and clozapine differentially regulate signals upstream of glycogen synthase kinase 3 in the rat frontal cortex. Exp. Mol. Med.39(3), 353–360 (2007).
   Google Scholar
• Nadri C, Kozlovsky N, Agam G, Bersudsky Y. GSK-3 parameters in lymphocytes of schizophrenic patients. Psychiatry Res.112(1), 51–57 (2002).
   Google Scholar
• Wan C, Yang Y, Li H et al. Dysregulation of retinoid transporters expression in body fluids of schizophrenia patients. J. Proteome Res.5(11), 3213–3216 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang JT, Leweke FM, Oxley D et al. Disease biomarkers in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with first-onset psychosis. PLoS Med.3(11), e428 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen ML, Chen CH. Comparative proteome analysis revealed up-regulation of transthyretin in rat brain under chronic clozapine treatment. J. Psychiatr. Res.41(1–2), 63–68 (2007).
   Google Scholar
• Morley JE, Shafer RB. Thyroid function screening in new psychiatric admissions. Arch. Intern. Med.142(3), 591–593 (1982).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ryan WG, Roddam RF, Grizzle WE. Thyroid function screening in newly admitted psychiatric inpatients. Ann. Clin. Psychiatry6(1), 7–12 (1994).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kirkegaard C, Faber J. The role of thyroid hormones in depression. Eur. J. Endocrinol.138(1), 1–9 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sullivan GM, Hatterer JA, Herbert J et al. Low levels of transthyretin in the CSF of depressed patients. Am. J. Psychiatry156(5), 710–715 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sullivan GM, Mann JJ, Oquendo MA et al. Low cerebrospinal fluid transthyretin levels in depression: correlations with suicidal ideation and low serotonin function. Biol. Psychiatry60(5), 500–506 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall RCW, Stickney S, Beresford TP. Endocrine disease and behavior. Integr. Psychiatry4, 122–135 (1986).
   Google Scholar
• Wetterberg L, Nybom R, Bratlid T et al. Micrometer-sized particles in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in patients with schizophrenia. Neurosci. Lett.329(1), 91–95 (2002).
   Google Scholar
• Do KQ, Lauer CJ, Schreiber W et al. γ-glutamylglutamine and taurine concentrations are decreased in the cerebrospinal fluid of drug-naive patients with schizophrenic disorders. J. Neurochem.65(6), 2652–2662 (1995).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holmes E, Tsang TM, Huang JT et al. Metabolic profiling of CSF: evidence that early intervention may impact on disease progression and outcome in schizophrenia. PLoS Med.3(8), e327 (2006).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Huang JT, Leweke FM, Tsang TM et al. CSF metabolic and proteomic profiles in patients prodromal for psychosis. PLoS ONE2(1), e756 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Javitt DC, Zukin SR. Recent advances in the phencyclidine model of schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiatry148(10), 1301–1308 (1991).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olney JW, Farber NB. Glutamate receptor dysfunction and schizophrenia. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry52(12), 998–1007 (1995).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tamminga CA. Schizophrenia and glutamatergic transmission. Crit. Rev. Neurobiol.12(1–2), 21–36 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goff DC, Coyle JT. The emerging role of glutamate in the pathophysiology and treatment of schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiatry158(9), 1367–1377 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hashimoto K, Okamura N, Shimizu E, Iyo M. Glutamate hypothesis of schizophrenia and approach for possible therapeutic drugs. Curr. Med. Chem. CNS Agents4, 147–154 (2004).
   Google Scholar
• Hashimoto K, Shimizu E, Iyo M. Dysfunction of glia–neuron communication in pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Curr. Psychiatry Rev.1, 151–163 (2005).
   Google Scholar
• Snyder SH, Ferris CD. Novel neurotransmitters and their neuropsychiatric relevance. Am. J. Psychiatry157(11), 1738–1751 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morita Y, Ujike H, Tanaka Y et al. A genetic variant of the serine racemase gene is associated with schizophrenia. Biol. Psychiatry61(10), 1200–1203 (2007).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Steffek AE, Haroutunian V, Meador-Woodruff JH. Serine racemase protein expression in cortex and hippocampus in schizophrenia. Neuroreport17(11), 1181–1185 (2006).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Verrall L, Walker M, Rawlings N et al.D-amino acid oxidase and serine racemase in human brain: normal distribution and altered expression in schizophrenia. Eur. J. Neurosci.26(6), 1657–1669 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chumakov I, Blumenfeld M, Guerassimenko O et al. Genetic and physiological data implicating the new human gene G72 and the gene for D-amino acid oxidase in schizophrenia. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA99(21), 13675–13680 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heresco-Levy U, Javitt DC, Ebstein R et al.D-serine efficacy as add-on pharmacotherapy to risperidone and olanzapine for treatment-refractory schizophrenia. Biol. Psychiatry57(6), 577–585 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Javitt DC. Glutamate as a therapeutic target in psychiatric disorders. Mol. Psychiatry9(11), 984–997, 979 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsai G, Yang P, Chung LC, Lange N, Coyle JT. D-serine added to antipsychotics for the treatment of schizophrenia. Biol. Psychiatry44(11), 1081–1089 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hashimoto K, Fukushima T, Shimizu E et al. Decreased serum levels of D-serine in patients with schizophrenia: evidence in support of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor hypofunction hypothesis of schizophrenia. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry60(6), 572–576 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hashimoto K, Engberg G, Shimizu E et al. Reduced D-serine to total serine ratio in the cerebrospinal fluid of drug naive schizophrenic patients. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry29(5), 767–769 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bendikov I, Nadri C, Amar S et al. A CSF and postmortem brain study of D-serine metabolic parameters in schizophrenia. Schizophr. Res.90(1–3), 41–51 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levin Y, Schwarz E, Wang L, Leweke FM, Bahn S. Label-free LC-MS/MS quantitative proteomics for large-scale biomarker discovery in complex samples. J. Sep. Sci.30(14), 2198–2203 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swatton JE, Prabakaran S, Karp NA, Lilley KS, Bahn S. Protein profiling of human postmortem brain using 2-dimensional fluorescence difference gel electrophoresis (2-D DIGE). Mol. Psychiatry9(2), 128–143 (2004).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yuan X, Desiderio DM. Proteomics analysis of prefractionated human lumbar cerebrospinal fluid. Proteomics5(2), 541–550 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yuan X, Russell T, Wood G, Desiderio DM. Analysis of the human lumbar cerebrospinal fluid proteome. Electrophoresis23(7–8), 1185–1196 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar