174
Views
2
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Reviews

Methods to control the pharmaceutical cost impact of chronic conditions in the elderly

, , &

References

  • Spinewine A , Schmader KE , Barber N , et al. Prescribing in elderly people 1 - Appropriate prescribing in elderly people: how well can it be measured and optimised? Lancet 2007;370(9582):173-84
  • Wagner EH . Meeting the needs of chronically ill people. BMJ 2001;323(7319):945-6
  • Hoffman C , Rice D , Sung HY . Persons with chronic conditions. Their prevalence and costs. Jama 1996;276(18):1473-9
  • Lehnert T , Heider D , Leicht H , et al. Review: health care utilization and costs of elderly persons with multiple chronic conditions. Med Care Res Rev 2011;68(4):387-420
  • Mueller C , Schur C , Oconnell J . Prescription drug spending: the impact of age and chronic disease status. Am J Public Health 1997;87(10):1626-9
  • Moxey ED , O’Connor JP , Novielli KD , et al. Prescription drug use in the elderly: a descriptive analysis. Health Care Financ Rev 2003;24(4):127-41
  • Sambamoorthi U , Shea D , Crystal S . Total and out-of-pocket expenditures for prescription drugs among older persons. Gerontologist 2003;43(3):345-59
  • Rogowski J , Lillard LA , Kington R . The financial burden of prescription drug use among elderly persons. Gerontologist 1997;37(4):475-82
  • Fahlman C , Lynn J , Doberman D , et al. Prescription drug spending for beneficiaries in the last Medicare plus Choice year of life. J Palliat Med 2006;9(4):884-93
  • Vivas D , Guadalajara N , Barrachina I , et al. Explaining primary healthcare pharmacy expenditure using classification of medications for chronic conditions. Health Policy 2011;103(1):9-15
  • Kaufman DW , Kelly JP , Rosenberg L , et al. Recent patterns of medication use in the ambulatory adult population of the United States - The Slone survey. JAMA 2002;287(3):337-44
  • Fortin M , Stewart M , Poitras M-E , et al. Systematic Review of Prevalence Studies on Multimorbidity: toward a More Uniform Methodology. Ann Fam Med 2012;10(2):142-51
  • Rollason V , Vogt N . Reduction of polypharmacy in the elderly - A systematic review of the role of the pharmacist. Drugs Aging 2003;20(11):817-32
  • Bradley MC , Fahey T , Cahir C , et al. Potentially inappropriate prescribing and cost outcomes for older people: a cross-sectional study using the Northern Ireland Enhanced Prescribing Database. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2012;68(10):1425-33
  • Vivas-Consuelo D , Uso-Talamantes R , Trillo-Mata JL , et al. Predictability of pharmaceutical spending in primary health services using Clinical Risk Groups. Health Policy 2014;116(2–3):188-95
  • Feinstein AR . The pre-therapeutic classification of co-morbidity in chronic disease. J Chron Dis 1970;23:14
  • van den Akker M , Buntinx F , Metsemakers JFM , et al. Multimorbidity in general practice: prevalence, incidence, and determinants of co-occurring chronic and recurrent diseases. J Clin Epidemiol 1998;51(5):367-75
  • Bayliss EA , Ellis JL , Steiner JF . Subjective assessments of comorbidity correlate with quality of life health outcomes: initial validation of a comorbidity assessment instrument. Health Qual Life Outcomes 2005;3:51-1
  • Valderas JM , Starfield B , Sibbald B , et al. Defining comorbidity: implications for understanding health and health services. Ann Fam Med 2009;7(4):357-63
  • Starfield B . Threads and yarns: weaving the tapestry of comorbidity. Ann Fam Med 2006;4(2):101-3
  • Diederichs C , Berger K , Bartels DB . The Measurement of multiple chronic diseases-a systematic review on existing multimorbidity indices. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2011;66(3):301-11
  • Smith SM , Soubhi H , Fortin M , et al. Managing patients with multimorbidity: systematic review of interventions in primary care and community settings. BMJ 2012;345:10
  • Prados-Torres A , Calderon-Larranaga A , Hancco-Saavedra J , et al. Multimorbidity patterns: a systematic review. J Clin Epidemiol 2014;67(3):254-66
  • Bower P , Harkness E , Macdonald W , et al. Illness representations in patients with multimorbid long-term conditions: qualitative study. Psychol Health 2012;27(10):1211-26
  • Sundararajan V , Henderson T , Perry C , et al. New ICD-10 version of the Charlson comorbidity index predicted in-hospital mortality. J Clin Epidemiol 2004;57(12):1288-94
  • Glynn LG , Valderas JM , Healy P , et al. The prevalence of multimorbidity in primary care and its effect on health care utilization and cost. Fam Pract 2011;28(5):516-23
  • Barnett K , Mercer SW , Norbury M , et al. Epidemiology of multimorbidity and implications for health care, research, and medical education: a cross-sectional study. Lancet 2012;380(9836):37-43
  • Holden L , Scuffham PA , Hilton MF , et al. Patterns of multimorbidity in working Australians. Popul Health Metr 2011;9(1):15
  • Fortin M , Lapointe L , Hudon C , et al. Multimorbidity and quality of life in primary care: a systematic review. Health Qual Life Outcomes 2004;2:51-1
  • Martínez N . El desafío terapéutico de la multimorbilidad. Boletín de Información Farmacoterapéutica de Navarra 2013;21(3):1-17
  • Schellevis FG , van der Velden J , van de Lisdonk E , et al. Comorbidity of chronic diseases in general practice. J Clin Epidemiol 1993;46(5):469-73
  • Schafer I , Hansen H , Schon G , et al. The German MultiCare-study: patterns of multimorbidity in primary health care - protocol of a prospective cohort study. BMC Health Serv Res 2009;9:145
  • Schafer I , von Leitner EC , Schon G , et al. Multimorbidity patterns in the elderly: a new approach of disease clustering identifies complex interrelations between chronic conditions. PLoS One 2010;5(12):e15941
  • van den Bussche H , Koller D , Kolonko T , et al. Which chronic diseases and disease combinations are specific to multimorbidity in the elderly? Results of a claims data based cross-sectional study in Germany. BMC Public Health 2011;11:101
  • Konig HH , Leicht H , Bickel H , et al. Effects of multiple chronic conditions on health care costs: an analysis based on an advanced tree-based regression model. BMC Health Serv Res 2013;13:219
  • Teljeur C , Smith SM , Paul G , et al. Multimorbidity in a cohort of patients with type 2 diabetes. Eur J Gen Pract 2013;19(1):17-22
  • Poblador-Plou B , van den Akker M , Vos R , et al. Similar multimorbidity patterns in primary care patients from two European regions: results of a factor analysis. PLoS One 2014;9(6):e100375
  • Fulton MM , Allen ER . Polypharmacy in the elderly: a literature review. J Am Acad Nurse Pract 2005;17(4):123-32
  • Monane M , Monane S , Semla T . Optimal medication use in elders. Key to successful aging. West J Med 1997;167(4):233-7
  • Boudreau DM , Yu O , Gray SL , et al. Concomitant use of cholinesterase inhibitors and anticholinergics: prevalence and outcomes. J Am Geriatr Soc 2011;59(11):2069-76
  • Veehof L , Stewart R , Haaijer-Ruskamp F , Jong BM . The development of polypharmacy. A longitudinal study. Fam Pract 2000;17(3):261-7
  • Rollason V , Vogt N . Reduction of polypharmacy in the elderly: a systematic review of the role of the pharmacist. Drugs Aging 2003;20(11):817-32
  • Fialova D , Topinkova E , Gambassi G , et al. Potentially inappropriate medication use among elderly home care patients in Europe. JAMA 2005;293(11):1348-58
  • Bjerrum L , Rosholm JU , Hallas J , Kragstrup J . Methods for estimating the occurrence of polypharmacy by means of a prescription database. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1997;53(1):7-11
  • Moen J , Antonov K , Larsson CA , et al. Factors associated with multiple medication use in different age groups. Ann Pharmacother 2009;43(12):1978-85
  • Orueta-Sánchez R , Santos-Rodríguez C , González-Hidalgo E , et al. Medicalisation of every-day life (I). Rev Clin Med Fam 2011;4(2):11
  • Onder G , Petrovic M , Tangiisuran B , et al. Development and validation of a score to assess risk of adverse drug reactions among in-hospital patients 65 years or older: the GerontoNet ADR risk score. Arch Intern Med 2010;170(13):1142-8
  • Onder G , Liperoti R , Fialova D , et al. Polypharmacy in nursing home in Europe: results from the SHELTER Study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2012;67(6):698
  • Hanlon JT , Schmader KE , Koronkowski MJ , et al. Adverse drug events in high risk older outpatients. J Am Geriatr Soc 1997;45(8):945-8
  • Suelves JM , Martinez V , Medina A . Injuries from falls and associated factors among elderly people in Cataluna, Spain. Rev Panam Salud Publica 2010;27(1):37-42
  • Klarin I , Wimo A , Fastbom J . The association of inappropriate drug use with hospitalisation and mortality: a population-based study of the very old. Drugs Aging 2005;22(1):69-82
  • Incalzi AR , Capparella O , Gemma A , et al. A simple method of recognizing geriatric patients at risk for death and disability. J Am Geriatr Soc 1992;40(1):34-8
  • Campbell SE , Seymour DG , Primrose WR , Project A . A systematic literature review of factors affecting outcome in older medical patients admitted to hospital. Age Ageing 2004;33(2):110-15
  • Sotoca JM , Canivell S , Alemany L , et al. Problemas relacionados con la medicación que causan ingresos hospitalarios. Atención Primaria 2009;41(3):141-6
  • Martín MA , Carmona R , Escortell E , et al. Factores asociados a reingresos hospitalarios en pacientes de edad avanzada. Atención Primaria 2011;43(3):117-24
  • Kaur S , Mitchell G , Vitetta L , Roberts MS . Interventions that can reduce inappropriate prescribing in the elderly a systematic review. Drugs Aging 2009;26(12):1013-28
  • Patterson SM , Hughes C , Kerse N , et al. Interventions to improve the appropriate use of polypharmacy for older people. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012;5:CD008165
  • Shojania KG , Grimshaw JM . Evidence-based quality improvement: the state of the science. Health Aff 2005;24(1):138-50
  • Mossey JM , Roos LL . Using insurance claims to measure health-status - the illness scale. J Chroni Dis 1987;40:S41-50
  • Caballer-Tarazona M , Buigues-Pastor L , Saurí- Ferrer I , et al. A Standardized amount indicator by equivalent patient to control outpatient pharmaceutical expenditure, Spain. Rev Esp Salud Publica 2011;86:371-80
  • Von Korff M , Wagner EH , Saunders K . A chronic disease score from automated pharmacy data. J Clin Epidemiol 1992;45(2):197-203
  • Malone DC , Billups SJ , Valuck RJ , Carter BL . Development of a chronic disease indicator score using a Veterans Affairs Medical Center medication database. IMPROVE Investigators. J Clin Epidemiol 1999;52(6):551-7
  • Clark DO , Von Korff M , Saunders K , et al. A chronic disease score with empirically derived weights. Med Care 1995;33(8):783-95
  • Lamers LM . Pharmacy costs groups: a risk-adjuster for capitation payments based on the use of prescribed drugs. Med Care 1999;37(8):824-30
  • Lamers LM . Health-based risk adjustment: is inpatient and outpatient diagnostic information sufficient? Inquiry 2001;38(4):423-31
  • Lamers LM , van Vliet RC . The Pharmacy-based Cost Group model: validating and adjusting the classification of medications for chronic conditions to the Dutch situation. Health Policy 2004;68(1):113-21
  • Lamers LM , Vliet RC . Health-based risk adjustment Improving the pharmacy-based cost group model to reduce gaming possibilities. Eur J Health Econ 2003;4(2):107-14
  • Johnson RE , Hornbrook MC , Nichols GA . Replicating the chronic disease score (CDS) from automated pharmacy data. J Clin Epidemiol 1994;47(10):1191-9
  • Zhao Y , Ellis RP , Ash AS , et al. Measuring population health risks using inpatient diagnoses and outpatient pharmacy data. Health Serv Res 2001;36(6 Pt 2):180-93
  • Stam PJ , van Vliet RC , van de Ven WP . Diagnostic, pharmacy-based, and self-reported health measures in risk equalization models. Med Care 2010;48(5):448-57
  • Newhouse JP , Manning WG , Keeler EB , Sloss EM . Adjusting capitation rates using objective health measures and prior utilization. Health Care Financ Rev 1989;10(3):41-54
  • Ash A , Porell F , Gruenberg L , et al. Adjusting Medicare capitation payments using prior hospitalization data. Health Care Financ Rev 1989;10(4):17-29
  • Ellis RP , Pope GC , Iezzoni L , et al. Diagnosis-based risk adjustment for Medicare capitation payments. Health Care Financ Rev 1996;17(3):101-28
  • Pope GC , Kautter J , Ellis RP , et al. Risk adjustment of Medicare capitation payments using the CMS-HCC model. Health Care Financ Rev 2004;25(4):119-41
  • Starfield B , Weiner J , Mumford L , Steinwachs D . Ambulatory care groups: a categorization of diagnoses for research and management. Health Serv Res 1991;26(1):53-74
  • Weiner JP , Starfield BH , Steinwachs DM , Mumford LM . Development and application of a population-oriented measure of ambulatory care case-mix. Med Care 1991;29(5):452-72
  • Hughes JS , Averill RF , Eisenhandler J , et al. Clinical Risk Groups (CRGs): a classification system for risk-adjusted capitation-based payment and health care management. Med Care 2004;42(1):81-90
  • Garcia-Goni M , Ibern P . Predictability of drug expenditures: an application using morbidity data. Health Econ 2008;17(1):119-26
  • Garcia-Goni M , Ibern P , Inoriza JM . Hybrid risk adjustment for pharmaceutical benefits. Eur J Health Econ 2009;10(3):299-308
  • Hanley GE , Morgan S , Reid RJ . Explaining prescription drug use and expenditures using the adjusted clinical groups case-mix system in the population of British Columbia, Canada. Med Care 2010;48(5):402-8
  • Aguado A , Guino E , Mukherjee B , et al. Variability in prescription drug expenditures explained by adjusted clinical groups (ACG) case-mix: a cross-sectional study of patient electronic records in primary care. BMC Health Serv Res 2008;8(4):11
  • Robst J , Levy JM , Ingber MJ . Diagnosis-based risk adjustment for medicare prescription drug plan payments. Health Care Financ Rev 2007;28(4):15-30
  • Zhao Y , Ash AS , Ellis RP , et al. Predicting pharmacy costs and other medical costs using diagnoses and drug claims. Med Care 2005;43(1):34-43
  • Buchner F , Goepffarth D , Wasem J . The new risk adjustment formula in Germany: implementation and first experiences. Health Policy 2013;109(3):253-62
  • Vivas-Consuelo D , Uso-Talamantes R , Guadalajara-Olmeda N , et al. Pharmaceutical cost management in an ambulatory setting using a risk adjustment tool. BMC Health Serv Res 2014;14(1):462
  • Trillo JL , Uso R , Vivas D , et al. Health district drug management tools in the comunidad Valenciana health system. In: Biomedical and Health Informatics (BHI), 2014 IEEE-EMBS International Conference on, Valencia; 2014. 81-4
  • Lane CJ , Bronskill SE , Sykora K , et al. Potentially inappropriate prescribing in Ontario community-dwelling older adults and nursing home residents. J Am Geriatr Soc 2004;52(6):861-6
  • King MA , Roberts MS . The influence of the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS) on inappropriate prescribing in Australian nursing homes. Pharm World Sci 2007;29(1):39-42
  • Bradley MC , Motterlini N , Padmanabhan S , et al. Potentially inappropriate prescribing among older people in the United Kingdom. BMC geriatrics 2014;14
  • Dalleur O , Boland B , Losseau C , et al. Reduction of potentially inappropriate medications using the STOPP criteria in frail older inpatients: a randomised controlled study. Drugs Aging 2014;31(4):291-8
  • Castillo-Paramo A , Claveria A , Verdejo Gonzalez A , et al. Inappropriate prescribing according to the STOPP/START criteria in older people from a primary care setting. Eur J Gen Pract 2014;20(4):281-9
  • Wessell AM , Nietert PJ , Jenkins RG , et al. Inappropriate medication use in the elderly: results from a quality improvement project in 99 primary care practices. Am J Geriatr Pharmacother 2008;6(1):21-7
  • Beers MH , Ouslander JG , Rollingher I , et al. Explicit criteria for determining inappropriate medication use in nursing home residents. UCLA Division of Geriatric Medicine. Arch Intern Med 1991;151(9):1825-32
  • Knight EL , Avorn J . Quality indicators for appropriate medication use in vulnerable elders. Ann Intern Med 2001;135(8):703-10
  • McLeod PJ , Huang AR , Tamblyn RM , Gayton DC . Defining inappropriate practices in prescribing for elderly people: a national consensus panel. Can Med Assoc J 1997;156(3):385-91
  • Fick DM , Cooper JW , Wade WE , et al. Updating the beers criteria for potentially inappropriate medication use in older adults - Results of a US consensus panel of experts. Arch Intern Med 2003;163(22):2716-24
  • Gallagher P , Ryan C , Byrne S , et al. STOPP (Screening tool of older person’s prescriptions) and START (Screening tool to alert doctors to right treatment). Consensus validation. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther 2008;46(2):72-83
  • Delgado Silveira E , Munoz Garcia M , Montero Errasquin B , et al. [Inappropriate prescription in older patients: the STOPP/START criteria]. Rev Esp Geriatr Gerontol 2009;44(5):273-9
  • Barry PJ , Gallagher P , Ryan C , O’Mahony D . Start (screening tool to alert doctors to the right treatment)an evidence-based screening tool to detect prescribing omissions in elderly patients. Age Ageing 2007;36(6):632-8
  • Wenger NS , Shekelle PG , Investigators A . Assessing Care of Vulnerable Elders: ACOVE project overview. Ann Intern Med 2001;135(8):642-6
  • Holt S , Schmiedl S , Thurmann PA . Potentially Inappropriate Medications in the Elderly: the PRISCUS List. Dtsch Arztebl Int 2010;107(31–32):543-U539
  • Fick DM , Mion LC , Beers MH , Waller JL . Health outcomes associated with potentially inappropriate medication use in older adults. Res Nurs Health 2008;31(1):42-51
  • Clyne B , Bradley MC , Hughes C , et al. Electronic prescribing and other forms of technology to reduce inappropriate medication use and polypharmacy in older people: a review of current evidence. Clin Geriatr Med 2012;28(2):301
  • Curtain C , Peterson GM . Review of computerized clinical decision support in community pharmacy. J Clin Pharm Ther 2014;39(4):343-8
  • Raebel MA , Charles J , Dugan J , et al. Randomized trial to improve prescribing safety in ambulatory elderly patients. J Am Geriatr Soc 2007;55(7):977-85
  • Crotty M , Rowett D , Spurling L , et al. Does the addition of a pharmacist transition coordinator improve evidence-based medication management and health outcomes in older adults moving from the hospital to a long-term care facility? Results of a randomized, controlled trial. Am J Geriatr Pharmacother 2004;2(4):257-64
  • Clyne B , Bradley MC , Smith SM , et al. Effectiveness of medicines review with web-based pharmaceutical treatment algorithms in reducing potentially inappropriate prescribing in older people in primary care: a cluster randomized trial (OPTI-SCRIPT study protocol). Trials 2013;14
  • Hanlon JT , Weinberger M , Samsa GP , et al. A randomized, controlled trial of a clinical pharmacist intervention to improve inappropriate prescribing in elderly outpatients with polypharmacy. Am J Med 1996;100(4):428-37
  • Krska J , Cromarty JA , Arris F , et al. Pharmacist-led medication review in patients over 65: a randomized, controlled trial in primary care. Age Ageing 2001;30(3):205-11
  • Saltvedt I , Spigset O , Ruths S , et al. Patterns of drug prescription in a geriatric evaluation and management unit as compared with the general medical wards: a randomised study. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2005;61(12):921-8
  • Allard J , Hebert R , Rioux M , et al. Efficacy of a clinical medication review on the number of potentially inappropriate prescriptions prescribed for community-dwelling elderly people. CMAJ 2001;164(9):1291-6
  • Meredith S , Feldman P , Frey D , et al. Improving medication use in newly admitted home healthcare patients: a randomized controlled trial. J Am Geriatr Soc 2002;50(9):1484-91
  • Beer C , Potter K , Loh PK , et al. A pilot randomized controlled trial of deprescribing: stopat (systematic termination of pharmaceutical agents trial). Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology 2011;109:156-6
  • Reeve E , Shakib S , Hendrix I , et al. Review of deprescribing processes and development of an evidence-based, patient-centred deprescribing process. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2014;78(4):738-47
  • Alldred DP , Raynor DK , Hughes C , et al. Interventions to optimise prescribing for older people in care homes. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013;2:CD009095
  • Zermansky AG , Alldred DP , Petty DR , et al. Clinical medication review by a pharmacist of elderly people living in care homes–randomised controlled trial. Age Ageing 2006;35(6):586-91
  • Smith SM , O’Dowd T . Chronic diseases: what happens when they come in multiples? Br J Gen Pract 2007;57(537):268-70
  • Salisbury C . Multimorbidity: time for action rather than words. Br J Gen Pract 2013;63(607):64-5
  • Roland M , Paddison C . Better management of patients with multimorbidity. BMJ 2013;346:4
  • Vivas-Consuelo D , Uso-Talarnantes R , Luis Trillo-Mata J , et al. Predictability of pharmaceutical spending in primary health services using Clinical Risk Groups. Health Policy 2014;116(2–3):188-95
  • Ammenwerth E , Duftschmid G , Gall W , et al. A nationwide computerized patient medication history: evaluation of the Austrian pilot project ‘e-Medikation’. Int J Med Inform 2014;83(9):655-69

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.