Osteoporosis update: effective prevention and treatment

References

• NIH Consensus Development Panel on Osteoporosis Prevention, Diagnosis, and Treatment. Osteoporosis prevention, diagnosis, and therapy. JAMA285(6), 785–795 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pasco JA, Seeman E, Henry MJ, Merriman EN, Nicholson GC, Kotowicz MA. The population burden of fractures originates in women with osteopenia, not osteoporosis. Osteoporos. Int.17(9), 404–409 (2006).
   Google Scholar
• Riggs BL, Melton LJ. The worldwide problem of osteoporosis: insights afforded by epidemiology. Bone17(Suppl. 5), S505–S511 (1995).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cauley JA, Thompson DE, Ensrud KC, Scott JC, Black D. Risk of mortality following clinical fractures. Osteoporos. Int.11(7), 556–561 (2000).
   Google Scholar
• Center JR, Nguyen TV, Schneider D, Sambrook PN, Eisman JA. Mortality after all major types of osteoporotic fracture in men and women: an observational study. Lancet353(9156), 878–882 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Empana JP, Dargent-Molina P, Breart G. Effect of hip fracture on mortality in elderly women: the EPIDOS prospective study. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc.52(5), 685–690 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zuckerman JD. Hip fracture. N. Engl. J. Med.334(23), 1519–1525 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kado DM, Browner WS, Palermo L, Nevitt MC, Genant HK, Cummings SR. Vertebral fractures and mortality in older women: a prospective study. Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group. Arch. Intern. Med.159(11), 1215–1220 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pasco JA, Sanders KM, Hoekstra FM, Henry MJ, Nicholson GC, Kotowicz MA. The human cost of fracture. Osteoporos. Int.16(12), 2046–2052 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Follin SL, Hansen LB. Current approaches to the prevention and treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Am. J. Health Syst. Pharm.60(9), 883–901 (2003).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lee CA, Einhorn TA. The bone organ system. In: Osteoporosis, (2nd Edition). Marcus R, Feldman D, Kelsey J (Eds). Academic Press, CA, USA, 3–19 (2001).
   Google Scholar
• Seeman E, Delmas PD. Bone quality – the material and structural basis of bone strength and fragility. N. Engl. J. Med.354(21), 2250–2261 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manolagas SC. Birth and death of bone cells: basic regulatory mechanisms and implications for the pathogenesis and treatment of osteoporosis. Endocr. Rev.21(2), 115–137 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Laet C, Kanis JA, Oden A et al. Body mass index as a predictor of fracture risk: a meta-analysis. Osteoporos. Int.16(11), 1330–1338 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller PD, Zapalowski C, Kulak CA, Bilezikian JP. Bone densitometry: the best way to detect osteoporosis and to monitor therapy. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.84(6), 1867–1871 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woolf AD, Dixon AS. Osteoporosis: A Clinical Guide, (2nd Edition). Livery House, London, UK (1998).
   Google Scholar
• Hodgson SF, Watts NB, Bilezikian JP et al. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists medical guidelines for clinical practice for the prevention and treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis: 2001 edition, with selected updates for 2003. Endocr. Pract.9(6), 544–564 (2003).
   Google Scholar
• NAMS position statement – North American Menopause Society. Management of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women: 2006 position statement of the North American menopause society. Menopause13(3), 340–367 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tinetti ME, Speechley M, Ginter SF. Risk factors for falls among elderly persons living in the community. N. Engl. J. Med.319(26), 1701–1707 (1988).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nevitt MC, Cummings SR. Type of fall and risk of hip and wrist fractures: the study of osteoporotic fractures. The study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc.41(11), 1226–1234 (1993).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cummings SR, Nevitt MC, Browner WS et al. Risk factors for hip fracture in white women. Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group. N. Engl. J. Med.332(12), 767–773 (1995).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kanis JA. WHO criteria for indications to treatment. Abstract PL2. Presented at: International Osteoporosis Foundation World Congress on Osteoporosis, Toronto, Canada, June 2–6 (2006).
   Google Scholar
• Cadarette SM, Jaglal SB, Kreiger N, McIsaac WJ, Darlington GA, Tu JV. Development and validation of the Osteoporosis Risk Assessment Instrument to facilitate selection of women for bone densitometry. CMAJ162(9), 1289–1294 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lydick E, Cook K, Turpin J, Melton M, Stine R, Byrnes C. Development and validation of a simple questionnaire to facilitate identification of women likely to have low bone density. Am. J. Manag. Care4(1), 37–48 (1998).
   Google Scholar
• Guideline for the prevention of falls in older persons. American Geriatrics Society, British Geriatrics Society, and American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons Panel on Falls Prevention. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc.49(5), 664–672 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fick DM, Cooper JW, Wade WE, Waller JL, Maclean JR, Beers MH. Updating the Beers criteria for potentially inappropriate medication use in older adults: results of a US consensus panel of experts. Arch. Intern. Med.163(22), 2716–2724 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Runge M, Hunter G. Determinants of musculoskeletal frailty and the risk of falls in old age. J. Musculoskeletal Neuronal Interact.6(2), 167–173 (2006).
   Google Scholar
• Kanis JA, Seeman E, Johnell O, Rizzoli R, Delmas P. The perspective of the International Osteoporosis Foundation on the official positions of the International Society for Clinical Densitometry. Osteoporos. Int.16(5), 456–459, discussion 579–580 (2005).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kanis JA, Gluer CC. An update on the diagnosis and assessment of osteoporosis with densitometry. Committee of Scientific Advisors, International Osteoporosis Foundation. Osteoporos. Int.11(3), 192–202 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freedman KB, Kaplan FS, Bilker WB, Strom BL, Lowe RA. Treatment of osteoporosis: are physicians missing an opportunity? J. Bone Joint Surg. Am.82(8), 1063–1070 (2000).
   Google Scholar
• Torgerson DJ, Dolan P. Prescribing by general practitioners after an osteoporotic fracture. Ann. Rheum. Dis.57(6), 378–379 (1998).
   Google Scholar
• Andrade SE, Majumdar SR, Chan A, Buist DS. Low frequency of treatment of osteoporosis among post-menopausal women following a fracture. Arch. Intern. Med.163(17), 2052–2057 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rutherford OM. Is there a role for exercise in the prevention of osteoporotic fractures? Br. J. Sports Med.33(6), 378–386 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robertson MC, Campbell AJ, Gardner MM, Devlin N. Preventing injuries in older people by preventing falls: a meta-analysis of individual-level data. J. Am. Ger. Soc.50(5), 905–911 (2002).
   Google Scholar
• Heaney RP, Rafferty K. Carbonated beverages and urinary calcium excretion. Am. J. Clin. Nutr.74(3), 343–347 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hansen SA, Folsom AR, Kushi LH, Sellers TA. Association of fractures with caffeine and alcohol in postmenopausal women: the Iowa Women’s Health Study. Public Health Nutr.3(3), 253–261 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rapuri PB, Gallagher JC, Kinyamu HK, Ryschon KL. Caffeine intake increases the rate of bone loss in elderly women and interacts with vitamin D receptor genotypes. Am. J. Clin. Nutr.74(5), 694–700 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McClure R, Turner C, Peel N, Spinks A, Eakin E, Hughes K. Population-based interventions for the prevention of fall-related injuries in older people. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. (1), CD004441 (2005)
   Google Scholar
• Kannus P, Parkkari J, Niemi S et al. Prevention of hip fracture in elderly people with use of a hip protector. N. Engl. J. Med.343(21), 1506–1513 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NIH Consensus Development Panel on Optimal Calcium Intake. Optimal calcium intake. JAMA272(24), 1942–1948 (1994).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holick MF. Sunlight and vitamin D for bone health and prevention of autoimmune diseases, cancers and cardiovascular disease. Am. J. Clin. Nutr.80(Suppl. 6), S1678–S1688 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chapuy MC, Arlot ME, Duboeuf F et al. Vitamin D3 and calcium to prevent hip fractures in the elderly women. N. Engl. J. Med.327(23), 1637–1642 (1992).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dawson-Hughes B, Harris SS, Krall EA, Dallal GE. Effect of calcium and vitamin D supplementation on bone density in men and women 65 years of age or older. N. Engl. J. Med.337(10), 670–676 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larsen ER, Mosekilde L, Foldspang A. Vitamin D and calcium supplementation prevents osteoporotic fractures in elderly community dwelling residents: a pragmatic population-based 3-year intervention study. J. Bone Miner. Res.19(3), 370–378 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trivedi DP, Doll R, Khaw KT. Effect of four monthly oral vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) supplementation on fractures and mortality in men and women living in the community: randomised double blind controlled trial. Br. Med. J.326(7387), 469 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tilyard MW, Spears GF, Thomson J, Dovey S. Treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis with calcitriol or calcium. N. Engl. J. Med.326(6), 357–362 (1992).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shea B, Wells G, Cranney A et al. Meta-analyses of therapies for postmenopausal osteoporosis. VII. Meta-analysis of calcium supplementation for the prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis Endocr. Rev.23(4), 552–559 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Willett WC, Wong JB, Giovannucci E, Dietrich T, Dawson-Hughes B. Fracture prevention with vitamin D supplementation: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. JAMA293(18), 2257–2264 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grant AM, Avenell A, Campbell MK et al. Oral vitamin D3 and calcium for secondary prevention of low-trauma fractures in elderly people (Randomised Evaluation of Calcium Or vitamin D, RECORD): a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet365(9471), 1621–1628 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackson RD, LaCroix AZ, Gass M et al. Calcium plus vitamin D supplementation and the risk of fractures. N. Engl. J. Med.354(7), 669–683 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LeBoff MS, Kohlmeier L, Hurwitz S, Franklin J, Wright J, Glowacki J. Occult vitamin D deficiency in postmenopausal US women with acute hip fracture. JAMA281(16), 1505–1511 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siris ES, Chen Y, Abbott TA et al. Bone mineral density thresholds for pharamacological intervention to prevent fractures. Arch. Intern. Med.164(6), 1108–1112 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanders KM, Nicholson GC, Watts JJ et al. Half the burden of fragility fractures in the community occur in women without osteoporosis. When is fracture prevention cost-effective? Bone38(5), 694–700 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller PD, Barlas S, Brenneman SK et al. An approach to identifying osteopenic women at increased short-term risk of fracture. Arch. Intern. Med.164(6), 1113–1120 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Black DM, Cummings SR, Karpf DB et al. Randomised trial of effect of alendronate on risk of fracture in women with existing vertebral fractures. Fracture Intervention Trial Research Group. Lancet348(9041), 1535–1541 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cummings SR, Black DM, Thompson DE et al. Effect of alendronate on risk of fracture in women with low bone density but without vertebral fractures: results from the Fracture Intervention Trial. JAMA280(24), 2077–2082 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris ST, Watts NB, Genant HK et al. Effects of risedronate treatment on vertebral and nonvertebral fractures in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis: a randomized controlled trial. Vertebral Efficacy With Risedronate Therapy (VERT) Study Group. JAMA282(14), 1344–1352 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reginster J, Minne HW, Sorensen OH et al. Randomized trial of the effects of risedronate on vertebral fractures in women with established postmenopausal osteoporosis. Vertebral Efficacy with Risedronate Therapy (VERT) Study Group. Osteoporos. Int.11(1), 83–91 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McClung MR, Geusens P, Miller PD et al. Effect of risedronate on the risk of hip fracture in elderly women. Hip Intervention Program Study Group. N. Engl. J. Med.344(5), 333–340 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ettinger B, Black DM, Mitlak BH et al. Reduction of vertebral fracture risk in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis treated with raloxifene: results from a 3-year randomized clinical trial. Multiple Outcomes of Raloxifene Evaluation (MORE) Investigators. JAMA282(7), 637–645 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chesnut CH, Silverman S, Andriano K et al. A randomized trial of nasal spray salmon calcitonin in postmenopausal women with established osteoporosis: the prevent recurrence of osteoporotic fractures study. PROOF Study Group. Am. J. Med.109(4), 267–276 (2000).
   Google Scholar
• Cauley JA, Robbins J, Chen Z et al. Effects of estrogen plus progestin on risk of fracture and bone mineral density: the Women’s Health Initiative randomized trial. JAMA290(13), 1729–1738 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neer RM, Arnaud CD, Zanchetta JR et al. Effect of parathyroid hormone (1–34) on fractures and bone mineral density in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. N. Engl. J. Med.344(19), 1434–1441 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chesnut IC, Skag A, Christiansen C et al. Effects of oral ibandronate administered daily or intermittently on fracture risk in postmenopausal osteoporosis. J. Bone Miner. Res.19(8), 1241–1249 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunn CJ, Goa KL. Risedronate: a review of its pharmacological properties and clinical use in resorptive bone disease. Drugs61(5), 685–712 (2001).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sebba AI, Bonnick SL, Kagan R et al. Response to therapy with once-weekly alendronate 70 mg compared to once-weekly risedronate 35 mg in the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Curr. Med. Res. Opin.20(12), 2031–2041 (2004).
   Google Scholar
• Rosen CJ, Hochberg MC, Bonnick SL et al. Treatment with once-weekly alendronate 70 mg compared with once-weekly risedronate 35 mg in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis: a randomized double-blind study. J. Bone Miner. Res.20(1), 141–151 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonnick S, Saag KG, Kiel DP et al. Comparison of weekly treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis with alendronate versus risedronate over two years. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.91(7), 2631–2637 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bone HG, Hosking D, Devogelaer JP et al. Ten years’ experience with alendronate for osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. N. Engl. J. Med.350(12), 1189–1199 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rizzoli R, Greenspan SL, Bone G et al. Two-year results of once-weekly administration of alendronate 70 mg for the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. J. Bone Miner. Res.17(11), 1988–1996 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown JP, Kendler DL, McClung MR et al. The efficacy and tolerability of risedronate once a week for the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Calcif. Tissue Int.71(2), 103–111 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller PD, McClung MR, Macovei L et al. Monthly oral ibandronate therapy in postmenopausal osteoporosis: 1-year results from the MOBILE study. J. Bone Miner. Res.20(8), 1315–1322 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cramer JA, Amonkar MM, Hebborn A, Altman R. Compliance and persistence with bisphosphonate dosing regimens among women with postmenopausal osteoporosis. Curr. Med. Res. Opin.21(9), 1453–1460 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Recker RR, Gallagher R, MacCosbe PE. Effect of dosing frequency on bisphosphonate medication adherence in a large longitudinal cohort of women. Mayo Clin. Proc.80(7), 856–861 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Emkey R, Koltun W, Beusterien K et al. Patient preference for once-monthly ibandronate versus once-weekly alendronate in a randomized, open-label, cross-over trial: the Boniva Alendronate Trial in Osteoporosis (BALTO). Curr. Med. Res. Opin.21(12), 1895–1903 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tosteson AN, Grove MR, Hammond CS et al. Early discontinuation of treatment for osteoporosis. Am. J. Med.115(3), 209–216 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cramer JA, Silverman S. Persistence with bisphosphonate treatment for osteoporosis: finding the root of the problem. Am. J. Med.119(4 Suppl. 1), S12–S17 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woo SB, Hellstein JW, Kalmar JR. Systematic review: bisphosphonates and osteonecrosis of the jaws. Ann. Intern. Med.144(10), 753–761 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruggiero S, Gralow J, Marx RE et al. Practical guidelines for the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of osteonecrosis of the jaw in patients with cancer. J. Oncol. Prac.2(1), 7–14 (2006).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Expert Panel Recommendations for the Prevention, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Osteonecrosis of the Jaws: Professional Educational Material. Novartis, East Hanover, NJ, USA (2004).
   Google Scholar
• Pfister AK, Welch CA, Lester MD, Emmett MK, Saville PD, Duerring SA. Cost-effectiveness strategies to treat osteoporosis in elderly women. South Med. J.99(2), 123–31 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnston CC Jr, Bjarnason NH, Cohen FJ et al. Long-term effects of raloxifene on bone mineral density, bone turnover, and serum lipid levels in early postmenopausal women: three-year data from 2 double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trials. Arch. Intern. Med.160(22), 3444–3450 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vogel VG, Costantino JP, Wickerham DL et al. Effects of tamoxifen vs raloxifene on the risk of developing invasive breast cancer and other disease outcomes: the NSABP study of tamoxifen and raloxifene (STAR) P-2 Trial. JAMA295(23), 2727–2741 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zaidi M, Moonga BS, Abe E. Calcitonin and bone formation: a knockout full of surprises. J. Clin. Invest.110(12), 1769–1771 (2002).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Overgaard K, Hansen MA, Jensen SB, Christiansen C. Effect of calcitonin given intranasally on bone mass and fracture rates in established osteoporosis: a dose–response study. Br. Med. J.305(6853), 556–561 (1992).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thamsborg G, Jensen JE, Kollerup G, Hauge EM, Melsen F, Sorensen OH. Effect of nasal salmon calcitonin on bone remodeling and bone mass in postmenopausal osteoporosis. Bone18(2), 207–212 (1996).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lyritis GP, Tsakalakos N, Magiasis B, Karachalios T, Yiatzides A, Tsekoura M. Analgesic effect of salmon calcitonin in osteoporotic vertebral fractures: a double-blind placebo-controlled clinical study. Calcif. Tissue Int.49(6), 369–372 (1991).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rifat SF, Kiningham RB, Peggs JF. Calcitonin in the treatment of osteoporotic bone pain. J. Fam. Pract.35(1), 93–96 (1992).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lufkin EG, Wahner HW, O’Fallon WM et al. Treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis with transdermal estrogen. Ann. Intern. Med.117(1), 1–9 (1992).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cauley JA, Seeley DG, Ensrud K, Ettinger B, Black D, Cummings SR. Estrogen replacement therapy and fractures in older women. Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group. Ann. Intern. Med.122(1), 9–16 (1995).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grady D, Rubin SM, Petitti DB et al. Hormone therapy to prevent disease and prolong life in postmenopausal women. Ann. Intern. Med.117(12), 1016–1037 (1992).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reginster JY, Bruyere O, Audran M et al. Do estrogens effectively prevent osteoporosis-related fractures? The Group for the Respect of Ethics and Excellence in Science. Calcif. Tissue Int.67(3), 191–194 (2000).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Torgerson DJ, Bell-Syer SE. Hormone replacement therapy and prevention of nonvertebral fractures: a meta-analysis of randomized trials. JAMA285(22), 2891–2897 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nelson HD, Humphrey LL, Nygren P, Teutsch SM, Allan JD. Postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy: scientific review. JAMA288(7), 872–881 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Torgerson DJ, Bell-Syer SE. Hormone replacement therapy and prevention of vertebral fractures: a meta-analysis of randomised trials. BMC Musculoskelet. Disord.2, 7 (2001).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists Women’s Health Care Physicians.Vasomotor symptoms. Obstet. Gynecol.104(4 Suppl.), S106–S117 (2004).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Recommendations for estrogen and progestogen use in peri-and postmenopausal women: October 2004 position statement of The North American Menopause Society. Menopause11(6 Pt 1), 589–600 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ettinger B, Ensrud KE, Wallace R et al. Effects of ultralow-dose transdermal estradiol on bone mineral density: a randomized clinical trial. Obstet. Gynecol.104(3), 443–451 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindsay R, Gallagher JC, Kleerekoper M, Pickar JH. Effect of lower doses of conjugated equine estrogens with and without medroxyprogesterone acetate on bone in early postmenopausal women. JAMA287(20), 2668–2676 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubin MR, Cosman F, Lindsay R, Bilezikian JP. The anabolic effects of parathyroid hormone. Osteoporos. Int.13(4), 267–277 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seeman E, Delmas PD. Reconstructing the skeleton with intermittent parathyroid hormone. Trends Endocrinol. Metab.12(7), 281–283 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dempster DW, Cosman F, Kurland ES et al. Effects of daily treatment with parathyroid hormone on bone microarchitecture and turnover in patients with osteoporosis: a paired biopsy study. J. Bone Miner. Res.16(10), 1846–1853 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hodsman AB, Bauer DC, Dempster DW et al. Parathyroid hormone and teriparatide for the treatment of osteoporosis: a review of the evidence and suggested guidelines for its use. Endocr. Rev.26(5), 688–703 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Black DM, Bilezikian JP, Ensrud KE et al. One year of alendronate after one year of parathyroid hormone (1–84) for osteoporosis. N. Engl. J. Med.353(6), 555–565 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forteo® [package insert]. Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA (2004).
   Google Scholar
• Marie PJ. Strontium as therapy for osteoporosis. Curr. Opin. Pharmacol.5(6), 633–636 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meunier PJ, Roux C, Seeman E et al. The effects of strontium ranelate on the risk of vertebral fracture in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis. N. Engl. J Med.350(5), 459–468 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reginster JY, Seeman E, De Vernejoul MC et al. Strontium ranelate reduces the risk of nonvertebral fractures in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis: Treatment of Peripheral Osteoporosis (TROPOS) study. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.90(5), 2816–2822 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meunier PJ, Slosman DO, Delmas PD et al. Strontium ranelate: dose-dependent effects in established postmenopausal vertebral osteoporosis – 2-year randomized placebo controlled trial. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.87(5), 2060–2066 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reginster JY, Meunier PJ, Roux C et al. Strontium ranelate: an anti-osteoporotic treatment demonstrated vertebral and nonvertebral antifracture efficacy over 5 years in postmenopausal osteoporotic women. Presented at the: International Osteoporosis Foundation World Congress on Osteoporosis, Toronto, Canada, June 2–6 (2006) (Abstract OC24).
   Google Scholar
• McClung MR, Lewiecki EM, Cohen SB et al. Denosumab in postmenopausal women with low bone mineral density. N. Engl. J. Med.354(8), 821–831 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ste-Marie LG, Brown JP, Beary JF et al. Once-a-month 150 mg oral risedronate is as effective as oral daily 5 mg risedronate in postmenopausal osteoporosis: Phase II results. Presented at: the International Osteoporosis Foundation World Congress on Osteoporosis, Toronto, Canada; June 2–6 (2006) (Abstract P311SU).
   Google Scholar
• Reid IR, Brown JP, Burckhardt P et al. Intravenous zoledronic acid in postmenopausal women with low bone mineral density. N. Engl. J. Med.346(9), 653–661 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McClung MR, Siris E, Cummings S et al. Prevention of bone loss in postmenopausal women treated with lasofoxifene compared with raloxifene. Menopause13(3), 377–386 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar