References
- Visser SN, Bitsko RH, Danielson ML et al. Increasing prevalence of parent-reported attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder among children – United States, 2003 and 2007. MMWR 59(44), 1439–1443 (2010).
- American Psychiatric Association; Task Force on DSM-IV. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: DSM-IV-TR. American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC, USA (2000).
- Strine TW, Lesesne CA, Okoro CA et al. Emotional and behavioral difficulties and impairments in everyday functioning among children with a history of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Prev. Chronic. Dis. 3(2), A52 (2006).
- Polanczyk G, de Lima MS, Horta BL, Biederman J, Rohde LA. The worldwide prevalence of ADHD: a systematic review and metaregression analysis. Am. J. Psychiatry 164(6), 942–948 (2007).
- Fayyad J, De Graaf R, Kessler R et al. Cross-national prevalence and correlates of adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Br. J. Psychiatry 190, 402–409 (2007).
- Doshi JA, Hodgkins P, Kahle J et al. Economic impact of childhood and adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in the United States. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry 51(10), 990–1002 e1002 (2012).
- Kessler RC, Green JG, Adler LA et al. Structure and diagnosis of adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: analysis of expanded symptom criteria from the Adult ADHD Clinical Diagnostic Scale. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 67(11), 1168–1178 (2010).
- Kessler RC, Adler L, Barkley R et al. Patterns and predictors of ADHD persistence into adulthood: results from the national comorbidity survey replication. Biol. Psychiatry 57(11), 1442–1451 (2005).
- Klein RG, Mannuzza S, Olazagasti MA et al. Clinical and functional outcome of childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder 33 years later. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 69(12), 1295–1303 (2012).
- Shaw M, Hodgkins P, Caci H et al. A systematic review and analysis of long-term outcomes in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: effects of treatment and non-treatment. BMC Med. 10, 99 (2012).
- Lichtenstein P, Halldner L, Zetterqvist J et al. Medication for attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder and criminality. N. Engl. J. Med. 367(21), 2006–2014 (2012).
- Arnsten AF, Rubia K. Neurobiological circuits regulating attention, cognitive control, motivation, and emotion: disruptions in neurodevelopmental psychiatric disorders. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry 51(4), 356–367 (2012).
- Wolraich M, Brown L, Brown RT et al. ADHD: clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents. Pediatrics 128(5), 1007–1022 (2011).
- Bradley C. The behavior of children receiving benzedrine. Am. J. Psychiatry 94, 577–585 (1937).
- Ritalin®, Ritalin-SR®, package insert. Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East Hanover, NJ, USA.
- Pelham WEJr, Sturges J, Hoza J et al. Sustained release and standard methylphenidate effects on cognitive and social behavior in children with attention deficit disorder. Pediatrics 80(4), 491–501 (1987).
- Armstrong RB, Damaraju CV, Ascher S, Schwarzman L, O'Neill J, Starr HL. Time course of treatment effect of OROS(R) methylphenidate in children with ADHD. J. Atten. Disord. 16(8), 697–705 (2012).
- CONCERTA®, (methylphenidate HCl) package insert. McNeil Pediatrics, Division of Ortho-McNeil-Janssen Pharmaceuticals Inc., Titusville, NJ, USA (2013).
- Steele M, Weiss M, Swanson J, Wang J, Prinzo RS, Binder CE. A randomized, controlled effectiveness trial of OROS-methylphenidate compared to usual care with immediate-release methylphenidate in attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder. Can. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 13(1), e50–e62 (2006).
- Ritalin LA®, package insert. Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation East Hanover, NJ, USA.
- Metadate CD®, package insert. UCB Inc., Smyrna, GA, USA.
- Brams M, Mao AR, Doyle RL. Onset of efficacy of long-acting psychostimulants in pediatric attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Postgrad. Med. 120(3), 69–88 (2008).
- Swanson JM, Wigal SB, Wigal T et al. A comparison of once-daily extended-release methylphenidate formulations in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in the laboratory school (the Comacs Study). Pediatrics 113(3 Pt 1), e206–e216 (2004).
- Focalin XR®, package insert. Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation East Hanover, NJ, USA.
- Volkow ND, Fowler JS, Wang G, Ding Y, Gatley SJ. Mechanism of action of methylphenidate: insights from PET imaging studies. J. Atten. Disord. 6( Suppl. 1), S31–S43 (2002).
- DAYTRANA®, prescribing information. Pharmaceuticals, Inc., MI, USA (2013).
- Wilens TE, Boellner SW, Lopez FA et al. Varying the wear time of the methylphenidate transdermal system in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry. 47(6), 700–708 (2008).
- McGough JJ, Wigal SB, Abikoff H, Turnbow JM, Posner K, Moon E. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, laboratory classroom assessment of methylphenidate transdermal system in children with ADHD. J. Atten. Disord. 9(3), 476–485 (2006).
- Hansen DL, Tulinius D, Hansen EH. Adolescents' struggles with swallowing tablets: barriers, strategies and learning. Pharm. World Sci. 30(1), 65–69 (2008).
- Polaha J, Dalton WT3rd, Lancaster BM. Parental report of medication acceptance among youth: implications for everyday practice. South. Med. J. 101(11), 1106–1112 (2008).
- Meltzer EO, Welch MJ, Ostrom NK. Pill swallowing ability and training in children 6 to 11 years of age. Clin. Pediatr. (Phila) 45(8), 725–733 (2006).
- Quillivant XR™, package insert. NextWave Pharmaceuticals Inc., CA, USA (2013).
- Guo X, Chang RK, Hussain MA. Ion-exchange resins as drug delivery carriers. J. Pharm. Sci. 98(11), 3886–3902 (2009).
- Childress AC, Berry SA. The single-dose pharmacokinetics of NWP06, a novel extended-release methylphenidate oral suspension. Postgrad. Med. 122(5), 35–41 (2010).
- Childress AC, Sallee FR, Berry SA. Single-dose pharmacokinetics of NWP06, an extended-release methylphenidate suspension, in children and adolescents with ADHD. Postgrad. Med. 123(5), 80–88 (2011).
- Wigal SB, Childress AC, Belden HW, Berry SA. NWP06, an extended release oral suspension of methylphenidate, improved attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms compared with placebo in a laboratory classroom study. J. Child Adolesc. Psychopharmacol. 23(1), 3–10 (2013).
- Wigal SB, Gupta S, Guinta D, Swanson JM. Reliability and validity of the SKAMP rating scale in a laboratory school setting. Psychopharmacol. Bull. 34(1), 47–53 (1998).
- Westover AN, Halm EA. Do prescription stimulants increase the risk of adverse cardiovascular events?: A systematic review. BMC Cardiovasc. Disord. 12, 41 (2012).
- Zosel A, Bartelson BB, Bailey E, Lowenstein S, Dart R. Characterization of adolescent prescription drug abuse and misuse using the Researched Abuse Diversion and Addiction-Related Surveillance (RADARS((R))) System. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry. 52(2), 196–204 e192 (2013).
- Parasrampuria DA, Schoedel KA, Schuller R et al. Do formulation differences alter abuse liability of methylphenidate? A placebo-controlled, randomized, double-blind, crossover study in recreational drug users. J. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 27(5), 459–467 (2007).
- Schachar R, Ickowicz A, Crosbie J et al. Cognitive and behavioral effects of multilayer-release methylphenidate in the treatment of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J. Child Adolesc. Psychopharmacol. 18(1), 11–24 (2008).
- Jin L, Xu W, Kielbasa W et al. Safety and efficacy of LY2216684 in an open-label study in pediatric patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Presented at: The American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 57th Annual Meeting. New York, NY, USA, 26–31 October 2010.
- Findling RL, McNamara NK, Stansbrey RJ et al. A pilot evaluation of the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and effectiveness of memantine in pediatric patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder combined type. J. Child Adolesc. Psychopharmacol. 17(1), 19–33 (2007).
- Surman CB, Hammerness PG, Petty C et al. A pilot open label prospective study of memantine monotherapy in adults with ADHD. World J. Biol. Psychiatry 14(4), 291–298 (2013).
Websites
- Top 25 Psychiatric Medication Prescriptions for 2011. http://psychcentral.com/lib/2012/top-25-psychiatric-medication-prescriptions-for-2011/ ( Accessed 11 February 2013)
- EQUAYSM XL. www.shire.com/shireplc/en/products/adhd/equasymxl ( Accessed 14 February 2013)
- US FDA. www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cder/drugsatfda/index.cfm?fuseaction=SearchLabel_ApprovalHistory#labelinfo ( Accessed 12 February 2013)
- RADARS System. www.radars.org/ ( Accessed 12 February 2013)
- Efficacy and safety of methylphenidate HCl ER capsules in children and adolescents with ADHD. www.druglib.com/NCT01239030.html ( Accessed 12 February 2013)
- Supernus Pharmaceuticals announces positive results from Phase IIa clinical trial for SPN-812 in adults with ADHD. www.supernus.com/news/supernuspharmaceuticals-announces-positiveresultsphase-iia-clinical-trial-spn-812-adults ( Accessed 12 February 2013)
- Theravance. http://files.shareholder.com/downloads/THERA/2315016626x0x527880/63f8b5ce-724f-4834-87da-45467454cb58/Theravance_MARIN_Initiate_Phase_2_Press_Release_Final_2011Dec12.pdf ( Accessed 12 February 2013)
- ClinicalTrials.gov database. www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/results?term=adhd+opc34712&Search=Search ( Accessed 12 February 2013)
- CONCERTA. www.janssen.ca/product/98 ( select download product monograph November 15, 2012) ( Accessed 28 April 2013)
- Daily Med: Ritalin. www.dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/lookup/cfm ( Search keyword: Ritalin LA) ( Accessed 28 April 2013)
- Daily Med: Metadate CD. www.dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/lookup/cfm ( Search keyword: Metadate CD) ( Accessed 28 April 2013)
- Daily Med: Focalin XR. www.dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/lookup/cfm ( Search keyword: Focalin XR) ( Accessed 28 April 2013)
- Daytrana. www.daytrana.com/Starting-Daytrana#Skin-Care-Tips ( Accessed 28 April 2013)