Environmental factors in multiple sclerosis

References

• Compston A, Coles A. Multiple sclerosis. Lancet 359(9313), 1221–1231 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gale CR, Martyn CN. Migrant studies in multiple sclerosis. Prog. Neurobiol. 47(4–5), 425–448 (1995).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kurtzke JF, Beebe GW, Norman JE Jr. Epidemiology of multiple sclerosis in US veterans: III. Migration and the risk of MS. Neurology 35(5), 672–678 (1985).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ascherio A, Munger KL, Simon KC. Vitamin D and multiple sclerosis. Lancet Neurol. 9(6), 599–612 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kurtzke JF, Beebe GW, Norman JE Jr. Epidemiology of multiple sclerosis in U.S. veterans: 1. Race, sex, and geographic distribution. Neurology 29(9 Pt. 1), 1228–1235 (1979).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wallin MT, Culpepper WJ, Coffman P et al. The Gulf War era multiple sclerosis cohort: age and incidence rates by race, sex and service. Brain 135(Pt. 6), 1778–1785 (2012).
   Google Scholar
• Orton SM, Herrera BM, Yee IM et al. Sex ratio of multiple sclerosis in Canada: a longitudinal study. Lancet Neurol. 5(11), 932–936 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koch-Henriksen N. The danish multiple sclerosis registry: a 50-year follow-up. Mult. Scler. 5(4), 293–296 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poskanzer DC, Schapira K, Miller H. Multiple sclerosis and poliomyelitis. Lancet 2(7314), 917–921 (1963).
   Google Scholar
• Leibowitz U, Antonovsky A, Medalie JM, Smith HA, Halpern L, Alter M. Epidemiological study of multiple sclerosis in Israel. II. Multiple sclerosis and level of sanitation. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 29(1), 60–68 (1966).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bach JF. The effect of infections on susceptibility to autoimmune and allergic diseases. N. Engl. J. Med. 347(12), 911–920 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fleming J, Fabry Z. The hygiene hypothesis and multiple sclerosis. Ann. Neurol. 61(2), 85–89 (2007).
   Google Scholar
• Thacker EL, Mirzaei F, Ascherio A. Infectious mononucleosis and risk for multiple sclerosis: a meta-analysis. Ann. Neurol. 59(3), 499–503 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niederman JC, Evans AS. Epstein–Barr virus. In: Viral Infections of Humans: Epidemiology and Control. Evans AS, Kaslow RA ( Eds). Plenum Medical Book Company, New York & London, 253–283 (1997).
   Google Scholar
• Hallee TJ, Evans AS, Niederman JC, Brooks CM, Voegtly JH. Infectious mononucleosis at the United States Military Academy. A prospective study of a single class over four years. Yale J. Biol. Med. 47(3), 182–195 (1974).
   Google Scholar
• Ascherio A, Munger KL. Environmental risk factors for multiple sclerosis. Part I: the role of infection. Ann. Neurol. 61(4), 288–299 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levin LI, Munger KL, O’Reilly EJ, Falk KI, Ascherio A. Primary infection with the Epstein-Barr virus and risk of multiple sclerosis. Ann. Neurol. 67(6), 824–830 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ascherio A, Munger KL, Lünemann JD. The initiation and prevention of multiple sclerosis. Nat. Rev. Neurol. 8(11), 602–612 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Serafini B, Rosicarelli B, Franciotta D et al. Dysregulated Epstein-Barr virus infection in the multiple sclerosis brain. J. Exp. Med. 204(12), 2899–2912 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simon KC, O’Reilly EJ, Munger KL, Finerty S, Morgan AJ, Ascherio A. Epstein-Barr virus neutralizing antibody levels and risk of multiple sclerosis. Mult. Scler. 18(8), 1185–1187 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hernán MA, Olek MJ, Ascherio A. Cigarette smoking and incidence of multiple sclerosis. Am. J. Epidemiol. 154(1), 69–74 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hedström AK, Bäärnhielm M, Olsson T, Alfredsson L. Tobacco smoking, but not Swedish snuff use, increases the risk of multiple sclerosis. Neurology 73(9), 696–701 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riise T, Nortvedt MW, Ascherio A. Smoking is a risk factor for multiple sclerosis. Neurology 61(8), 1122–1124 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sundström P, Nyström L, Hallmans G. Smoke exposure increases the risk for multiple sclerosis. Eur. J. Neurol. 15(6), 579–583 (2008).
   Google Scholar
• Palacios N, Alonso A, Brønnum-Hansen H, Ascherio A. Smoking and increased risk of multiple sclerosis: parallel trends in the sex ratio reinforce the evidence. Ann. Epidemiol. 21(7), 536–542 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Healy BC, Ali EN, Guttmann CR et al. Smoking and disease progression in multiple sclerosis. Arch. Neurol. 66(7), 858–864 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Munger KL, Chitnis T, Ascherio A. Body size and risk of MS in two cohorts of US women. Neurology 73(19), 1543–1550 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hedström AK, Olsson T, Alfredsson L. High body mass index before age 20 is associated with increased risk for multiple sclerosis in both men and women. Mult. Scler. 18(9), 1334–1336 (2012).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Munger KL, Bentzen J, Laursen B et al. Childhood body mass index and multiple sclerosis risk: a long-term cohort study. Mult. Scler. 19(10), 1323–1329. (2013).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Munger KL, Zhang SM, O’Reilly E et al. Vitamin D intake and incidence of multiple sclerosis. Neurology 62(1), 60–65 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Munger KL, Levin LI, Hollis BW, Howard NS, Ascherio A. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and risk of multiple sclerosis. JAMA 296(23), 2832–2838 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salzer J, Hallmans G, Nyström M, Stenlund H, Wadell G, Sundström P. Vitamin D as a protective factor in multiple sclerosis. Neurology 79(21), 2140–2145 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ascherio A, Munger KL, Lünemann JD. The initiation and prevention of multiple sclerosis. Nat. Rev. Neurol. 8(11), 602–612 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simpson S Jr, Taylor B, Blizzard L et al. Higher 25-hydroxyvitamin D is associated with lower relapse risk in multiple sclerosis. Ann. Neurol. 68(2), 193–203 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Runia TF, Hop WC, de Rijke YB, Buljevac D, Hintzen RQ. Lower serum vitamin D levels are associated with a higher relapse risk in multiple sclerosis. Neurology 79(3), 261–266 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mowry EM, Waubant E, McCulloch CE et al. Vitamin D status predicts new brain magnetic resonance imaging activity in multiple sclerosis. Ann. Neurol. 72(2), 234–240 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ascherio A, Munger K, Simon C et al. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations among patients in BENEFIT predicts conversion to multiple sclerosis, MRI lesions, and brain volume loss [Poster 831]. Presented at: ECTRIMS 2012. Lyon, France, 9–13 October 2012.
   Google Scholar
• Soilu-Hänninen M, Aivo J, Lindström BM et al. A randomised, double blind, placebo controlled trial with vitamin D3 as an add on treatment to interferon β-1b in patients with multiple sclerosis. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 83(5), 565–571 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar