650
Views
19
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Reviews

Understanding and preventing the development of post-stroke dementia

&

References

  • Leys D, Henon H, Mackowiak-Cordoliani MA, et al. Poststroke dementia. Lancet Neurol 2005;4:752-9
  • Pendlebury ST, Rothwell PM. Prevalence, incidence, and factors associated with pre-stroke and post-stroke dementia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Neurol 2009;8:1006-18
  • Kalaria RN, Mukaetova-Ladinska EB. Delirium, dementia and senility. Brain 2012;135:2582-4
  • Melkas S, Laurila JV, Vataja R, et al. Post-stroke delirium in relation to dementia and long-term mortality. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2012;27:401-8
  • Pasi M, Poggesi A, Salvadori E, et al. Post-stroke dementia and cognitive impairment. Front Neurol Neurosci 2012;30:65-9
  • Bejot Y, Jacquin A, Rouaud O, et al. One-year survival of demented stroke patients: data from the Dijon Stroke Registry, France (1985-2008). Eur J Neurol 2012;19:712-17
  • Altieri M, Di Piero V, Pasquini M, et al. Delayed poststroke dementia: a 4-year follow-up study. Neurology 2004;62:2193-7
  • Allan LM, Rowan EN, Firbank MJ, et al. Long term incidence of dementia, predictors of mortality and pathological diagnosis in older stroke survivors. Brain 2012;134:3716-27
  • Hachinski V, Iadecola C, Petersen RC, et al. National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke-Canadian Stroke Network vascular cognitive impairment harmonization standards. Stroke 2006;37:2220-41
  • Gorelick PB, Scuteri A, Black SE, et al. Vascular contributions to cognitive impairment and dementia: a statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke 2011;42:2672-713
  • Sachdev P, Kalaria R, O’Brien J, et al. Diagnostic Criteria for Vascular Cognitive Disorders: A VASCOG Statement. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 2014. [Epub ahead of print]
  • de Koning I, van Kooten F, Koudstaal PJ, et al. Diagnostic value of the Rotterdam-CAMCOG in post-stroke dementia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2005;76:263-5
  • Pendlebury ST, Cuthbertson FC, Welch SJ, et al. Underestimation of cognitive impairment by mini-mental state examination versus the Montreal cognitive assessment in patients with transient ischemic attack and stroke: a population-based study. Stroke 2010;41:1290-3
  • Dong Y, Sharma VK, Chan BP, et al. The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) is superior to the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) for the detection of vascular cognitive impairment after acute stroke. J Neurol Sci 2010;299:15-18
  • Salvadori E, Pasi M, Poggesi A, et al. Predictive value of MoCA in the acute phase of stroke on the diagnosis of mid-term cognitive impairment. J Neurol 2013;260:2220-7
  • Kalaria RN, Kenny RA, Ballard CG, et al. Towards defining the neuropathological substrates of vascular dementia. J Neurol Sci 2004;226:75-80
  • Roman GC, Tatemichi TK, Erkinjuntti T, et al. Vascular dementia: diagnostic criteria for research studies. Report of the NINDS-AIREN International Workshop. Neurology 1993;43:250-60
  • Jacova C, Pearce LA, Costello R, et al. Cognitive impairment in lacunar strokes: the SPS3 trial. Ann Neurol 2012;72:351-62
  • Kase CS, Wolf PA, Kelly-Hayes M, et al. Intellectual decline after stroke: the Framingham Study. Stroke 1998;29:805-12
  • Prencipe M, Ferretti C, Casini AR, et al. Stroke, disability, and dementia: results of a population survey. Stroke 1997;28:531-6
  • Ballard C, Rowan E, Stephens S, et al. Prospective follow-up study between 3 and 15 months after stroke: improvements and decline in cognitive function among dementia-free stroke survivors >75 years of age. Stroke 2003;34:2440-4
  • Gemmell E, Bosomworth H, Allan L, et al. Hippocampal neuronal atrophy and cognitive function in delayed poststroke and aging-related dementias. Stroke 2012;43:808-14
  • Barba R, Martinez-Espinosa S, Rodriguez-Garcia E, et al. Poststroke dementia : clinical features and risk factors. Stroke 2000;31:1494-501
  • Pohjasvaara T, Erkinjuntti T, Ylikoski R, et al. Clinical determinants of poststroke dementia. Stroke 1998;29:75-81
  • Tatemichi TK, Desmond DW, Mayeux R, et al. Dementia after stroke: baseline frequency, risks, and clinical features in a hospitalized cohort. Neurology 1992;42:1185-93
  • Pendlebury ST, Rothwell PM. Risk of recurrent stroke, other vascular events and dementia after transient ischaemic attack and stroke. Cerebrovasc Dis 2009;27(Suppl 3):1-11
  • Chaudhari TS, Verma R, Garg RK, et al. Clinico-radiological predictors of vascular cognitive impairment (VCI) in patients with stroke: a prospective observational study. J Neurol Sci 2014;340:150-8
  • Jacquin A, Binquet C, Rouaud O, et al. Post-stroke cognitive impairment: high prevalence and determining factors in a cohort of mild stroke. J Alzheimers Dis 2014;40:1029-38
  • Ihle-Hansen H, Thommessen B, Wyller TB, et al. Incidence and subtypes of MCI and dementia 1 year after first-ever stroke in patients without pre-existing cognitive impairment. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2011;32:401-7
  • Brodaty H, Liu Z, Withall A, et al. The longitudinal course of post-stroke apathy over five years. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 2013;25:283-91
  • Park JH, Kim BJ, Bae HJ, et al. Impact of post-stroke cognitive impairment with no dementia on health-related quality of life. J Stroke 2013;15:49-56
  • Hassan A, Markus HS. Genetics and ischaemic stroke. Brain 2000;123(Pt 9):1784-812
  • Arpa A, del Ser T, Goda G, et al. Apolipoprotein E, angiotensin-converting enzyme and alpha-1-antichymotrypsin genotypes are not associated with post-stroke dementia. J Neurol Sci 2003;210:77-82
  • Klimkowicz A, Slowik A, Dziedzic T, et al. Post-stroke dementia is associated with alpha(1)-antichymotrypsin polymorphism. J Neurol Sci 2005;234:31-6
  • Skoog I, Hesse C, Aevarsson O, et al. A population study of apoE genotype at the age of 85: relation to dementia, cerebrovascular disease, and mortality. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1998;64:37-43
  • Slooter AJ, Tang MX, van Duijn CM, et al. Apolipoprotein E epsilon4 and the risk of dementia with stroke. A population-based investigation. JAMA 1997;277:818-21
  • Ballard CG, Morris CM, Rao H, et al. APOE epsilon4 and cognitive decline in older stroke patients with early cognitive impairment. Neurology 2004;63:1399-402
  • Song J, Lee WT, Park KA, et al. Association between risk factors for vascular dementia and adiponectin. Biomed Res Int 2014;2014:261672
  • Moroney JT, Bagiella E, Desmond DW, et al. Risk factors for incident dementia after stroke. Role of hypoxic and ischemic disorders. Stroke 1996;27:1283-9
  • Pohjasvaara T, Mantyla R, Salonen O, et al. How complex interactions of ischemic brain infarcts, white matter lesions, and atrophy relate to poststroke dementia. Arch Neurol 2000;57:1295-300
  • Vataja R, Pohjasvaara T, Mantyla R, et al. MRI correlates of executive dysfunction in patients with ischaemic stroke. Eur J Neurol 2003;10:625-31
  • Melkas S, Vataja R, Oksala NK, et al. Depression-executive dysfunction syndrome relates to poor poststroke survival. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2010;18:1007-16
  • Allan LM, Rowan EN, Thomas AJ, et al. Long-term incidence of depression and predictors of depressive symptoms in older stroke survivors. Br J Psychiatry 2013;203:453-60
  • Rowan E, Morris CM, Stephens S, et al. Impact of hypertension and apolipoprotein E4 on poststroke cognition in subjects >75 years of age. Stroke 2005;36:1864-8
  • Yang J, Wong A, Wang Z, et al. Risk factors for incident dementia after stroke and transient ischemic attack. Alzheimers Dement 2014. [ Epub ahead of print]
  • Savva GM, Stephan BC. Epidemiological studies of the effect of stroke on incident dementia: a systematic review. Stroke 2010;41:e41-6
  • Panza F, Solfrizzi V, Logroscino G, et al. Current epidemiological approaches to the metabolic-cognitive syndrome. J Alzheimers Dis 2012;30(Suppl 2):S31-75
  • Bejot Y, Aboa-Eboule C, Durier J, et al. Prevalence of early dementia after first-ever stroke: a 24-year population-based study. Stroke 2011;42:607-12
  • Censori B, Manara O, Agostinis C, et al. Dementia after first stroke. Stroke 1996;27:1205-10
  • Inzitari D, Di Carlo A, Pracucci G, et al. Incidence and determinants of poststroke dementia as defined by an informant interview method in a hospital-based stroke registry. Stroke 1998;29:2087-93
  • Reitz C, Bos MJ, Hofman A, et al. Prestroke cognitive performance, incident stroke, and risk of dementia: the Rotterdam Study. Stroke 2008;39:36-41
  • Gamaldo A, Moghekar A, Kilada S, et al. Effect of a clinical stroke on the risk of dementia in a prospective cohort. Neurology 2006;67:1363-9
  • McColl BW, Allan SM, Rothwell NJ. Systemic inflammation and stroke: aetiology, pathology and targets for therapy. Biochem Soc Trans 2007;35:1163-5
  • Meisel C, Meisel A. Suppressing immunosuppression after stroke. N Engl J Med 2011;365:2134-6
  • Gold AB, Herrmann N, Swardfager W, et al. The relationship between indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase activity and post-stroke cognitive impairment. J Neuroinflammation 2011;8:17
  • Swardfager W, Winer DA, Herrmann N, et al. Interleukin-17 in post-stroke neurodegeneration. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2013;37:436-47
  • Stephens S, Kenny RA, Rowan E, et al. Neuropsychological characteristics of mild vascular cognitive impairment and dementia after stroke. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2004;19:1053-7
  • Onyike CU. Cerebrovascular disease and dementia. Int Rev Psychiatry 2006;18:423-31
  • Schnider A, Regard M, Landis T. Anterograde and retrograde amnesia following bitemporal infarction. Behav Neurol 1994;7:87-92
  • Pantoni L, Basile AM, Romanelli M, et al. Abulia and cognitive impairment in two patients with capsular genu infarct. Acta Neurol Scand 2001;104:185-90
  • Sachdev PS, Chen X, Joscelyne A, et al. Hippocampal size and dementia in stroke patients: the Sydney stroke study. J Neurol Sci 2007;260:71-7
  • Burton EJ, Kenny RA, O’Brien J, et al. White matter hyperintensities are associated with impairment of memory, attention, and global cognitive performance in older stroke patients. Stroke 2004;35:1270-5
  • Firbank MJ, Burton EJ, Barber R, et al. Medial temporal atrophy rather than white matter hyperintensities predict cognitive decline in stroke survivors. Neurobiol Aging 2007;28:1664-9
  • Akiguchi I, Tomimoto H, Wakita H, et al. Topographical and cytopathological lesion analysis of the white matter in Binswanger’s disease brains. Acta Neuropathol 2004;107:563-70
  • Ihara M, Tomimoto H, Ishizu K, et al. Decrease in cortical benzodiazepine receptors in symptomatic patients with leukoaraiosis: a positron emission tomography study. Stroke 2004;35:942-7
  • Kandiah N, Wiryasaputra L, Narasimhalu K, et al. Frontal subcortical ischemia is crucial for post stroke cognitive impairment. J Neurol Sci 2011;309:92-5
  • Fernando MS, Simpson JE, Matthews F, et al. White matter lesions in an unselected cohort of the elderly: molecular pathology suggests origin from chronic hypoperfusion injury. Stroke 2006;37:1391-8
  • Polvikoski TM, van Straaten EC, Barkhof F, et al. Frontal lobe white matter hyperintensities and neurofibrillary pathology in the oldest old. Neurology 2010;75:2071-8
  • Ihara M, Polvikoski TM, Hall R, et al. Quantification of myelin loss in frontal lobe white matter in vascular dementia, Alzheimer’s disease, and dementia with Lewy bodies. Acta Neuropathol 2010;119:579-89
  • Jokinen H, Schmidt R, Ropele S, et al. Diffusion changes predict cognitive and functional outcome: the LADIS study. Ann Neurol 2013;73:576-83
  • Boon A, Lodder J, Heuts-van Raak L, et al. Silent brain infarcts in 755 consecutive patients with a first-ever supratentorial ischemic stroke. Relationship with index-stroke subtype, vascular risk factors, and mortality. Stroke 1994;25:2384-90
  • Mok VC, Wong A, Lam WW, et al. Cognitive impairment and functional outcome after stroke associated with small vessel disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2004;75:560-6
  • Corea F, Henon H, Pasquier F, et al. Silent infarcts in stroke patients: patient characteristics and effect on 2-year outcome. J Neurol 2001;248:271-8
  • Smith EE, Schneider JA, Wardlaw JM, et al. Cerebral microinfarcts: the invisible lesions. Lancet Neurol 2012;11:272-82
  • Okamoto Y, Ihara M, Fujita Y, et al. Cortical microinfarcts in Alzheimer’s disease and subcortical vascular dementia. Neuroreport 2009;20:990-6
  • Kovari E, Gold G, Herrmann FR, et al. Cortical microinfarcts and demyelination significantly affect cognition in brain aging. Stroke 2004;35:410-14
  • Van der Flier WM, Cordonnier C. Microbleeds in vascular dementia: clinical aspects. Exp Gerontol 2012;47:853-7
  • Cordonnier C, van der Flier WM, Sluimer JD, et al. Prevalence and severity of microbleeds in a memory clinic setting. Neurology 2006;66:1356-60
  • Haglund M, Passant U, Sjobeck M, et al. Cerebral amyloid angiopathy and cortical microinfarcts as putative substrates of vascular dementia. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2006;21:681-7
  • Suter OC, Sunthorn T, Kraftsik R, et al. Cerebral hypoperfusion generates cortical watershed microinfarcts in Alzheimer disease. Stroke 2002;33:1986-92
  • Firbank MJ, Allan LM, Burton EJ, et al. Neuroimaging predictors of death and dementia in a cohort of older stroke survivors. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2012;83:263-7
  • Firbank MJ, He J, Blamire AM, et al. Cerebral blood flow by arterial spin labeling in poststroke dementia. Neurology 2011;76:1478-84
  • Kim BJ, Oh MY, Jang MS, et al. Medial temporal atrophy and memory dysfunction in poststroke cognitive impairment-no dementia. J Clin Neurol 2012;8:43-50
  • Snaphaan L, Rijpkema M, van Uden I, et al. Reduced medial temporal lobe functionality in stroke patients: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Brain 2009;132:1882-8
  • de Leeuw FE, Barkhof F, Scheltens P. White matter lesions and hippocampal atrophy in Alzheimer’s disease. Neurology 2004;62:310-12
  • Nishio K, Ihara M, Yamasaki N, et al. A mouse model characterizing features of vascular dementia with hippocampal atrophy. Stroke 2010;41:1278-84
  • Henon H, Durieu I, Guerouaou D, et al. Poststroke dementia: incidence and relationship to prestroke cognitive decline. Neurology 2001;57:1216-22
  • Pantoni L, Sarti C, Alafuzoff I, et al. Postmortem examination of vascular lesions in cognitive impairment: a survey among neuropathological services. Stroke 2006;37:1005-9
  • Yoon CW, Shin JS, Kim HJ, et al. Cognitive deficits of pure subcortical vascular dementia vs. Alzheimer disease: piB-PET-based study. Neurology 2013;80:569-73
  • Maruyama M, Shimada H, Suhara T, et al. Imaging of tau pathology in a tauopathy mouse model and in Alzheimer patients compared to normal controls. Neuron 2013;79:1094-108
  • Teuschl Y, Matz K, Brainin M. Prevention of post-stroke cognitive decline: a review focusing on lifestyle interventions. Eur J Neurol 2013;20:35-49
  • Douiri A, McKevitt C, Emmett ES, et al. Long-term effects of secondary prevention on cognitive function in stroke patients. Circulation 2013;128:1341-8
  • Kokmen E, Whisnant JP, O’Fallon WM, et al. Dementia after ischemic stroke: a population-based study in Rochester, Minnesota (1960-1984). Neurology 1996;46:154-9
  • Rothwell PM, Giles MF, Chandratheva A, et al. Effect of urgent treatment of transient ischaemic attack and minor stroke on early recurrent stroke (EXPRESS study): a prospective population-based sequential comparison. Lancet 2007;370:1432-42
  • Tzourio C, Anderson C, Chapman N, et al. Effects of blood pressure lowering with perindopril and indapamide therapy on dementia and cognitive decline in patients with cerebrovascular disease. Arch Intern Med 2003;163:1069-75
  • Forette F, Seux ML, Staessen JA, et al. Prevention of dementia in randomised double-blind placebo-controlled Systolic Hypertension in Europe (Syst-Eur) trial. Lancet 1998;352:1347-51
  • Diener HC, Sacco RL, Yusuf S, et al. Effects of aspirin plus extended-release dipyridamole versus clopidogrel and telmisartan on disability and cognitive function after recurrent stroke in patients with ischaemic stroke in the Prevention Regimen for Effectively Avoiding Second Strokes (PRoFESS) trial: a double-blind, active and placebo-controlled study. Lancet Neurol 2008;7:875-84
  • Benavente OR, Pearce LA, Bazan C, et al. Clinical-MRI correlations in a multiethnic cohort with recent lacunar stroke: the SPS3 trial. Int J Stroke 2014. [ Epub ahead of print]
  • Pasquier F, Boulogne A, Leys D, et al. Diabetes mellitus and dementia. Diabetes Metab 2006;32:403-14
  • Crane PK, Walker R, Hubbard RA, et al. Glucose levels and risk of dementia. N Engl J Med 2013;369:540-8
  • Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes Study G. Gerstein HC, Miller ME, et al. Effects of intensive glucose lowering in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2008;358:2545-59
  • Meyer JS, Rogers RL, McClintic K, et al. Randomized clinical trial of daily aspirin therapy in multi-infarct dementia. A pilot study. J Am Geriatr Soc 1989;37:549-55
  • Perry EK, Perry RH, Blessed G, et al. Changes in brain cholinesterases in senile dementia of Alzheimer type. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 1978;4:273-7
  • O’Brien JT, Burns A; BAP Dementia Consensus Group. Clinical practice with anti-dementia drugs: a revised (second) consensus statement from the British Association for Psychopharmacology. J Psychopharmacol 2011;25:997-1019
  • Erkinjuntti T, Kurz A, Gauthier S, et al. Efficacy of galantamine in probable vascular dementia and Alzheimer’s disease combined with cerebrovascular disease: a randomised trial. Lancet 2002;359:1283-90
  • Dichgans M, Markus HS, Salloway S, et al. Donepezil in patients with subcortical vascular cognitive impairment: a randomised double-blind trial in CADASIL. Lancet Neurol 2008;7:310-18
  • Kavirajan H, Schneider LS. Efficacy and adverse effects of cholinesterase inhibitors and memantine in vascular dementia: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Lancet Neurol 2007;6:782-92
  • Perry E, Ziabreva I, Perry R, et al. Absence of cholinergic deficits in "pure" vascular dementia. Neurology 2005;64:132-3
  • Yamamoto Y, Shioda N, Han F, et al. Nobiletin improves brain ischemia-induced learning and memory deficits through stimulation of CaMKII and CREB phosphorylation. Brain Res 2009;1295:218-29
  • Lai TW, Zhang S, Wang YT. Excitotoxicity and stroke: identifying novel targets for neuroprotection. Prog Neurobiol 2014;115:157-88
  • Dawson VL, Hsu CY, Liu TH, et al. Receptor alterations in subcortical structures after bilateral middle cerebral artery infarction of the cerebral cortex. Exp Neurol 1994;128:88-96
  • Areosa Sastre A, McShane R, Sherriff F. Memantine for dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2004(4):CD003154
  • Demaerschalk BM, Wingerchuk DM. Treatment of vascular dementia and vascular cognitive impairment. Neurologist 2007;13:37-41
  • Wilcock G, Mobius HJ, Stoffler A, et al. A double-blind, placebo-controlled multicentre study of memantine in mild to moderate vascular dementia (MMM500). Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2002;17:297-305
  • Orgogozo JM, Rigaud AS, Stoffler A, et al. Efficacy and safety of memantine in patients with mild to moderate vascular dementia: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial (MMM 300). Stroke 2002;33:1834-9
  • Clark WM, Clark TD. Stroke: treatment for acute stroke – the end of the citicoline saga. Nat Rev Neurol 2012;8:484-5
  • Adibhatla RM. Citicoline in stroke and TBI clinical trials. Nat Rev Neurol 2013;9:173
  • Alvarez-Sabin J, Ortega G, Jacas C, et al. Long-term treatment with citicoline may improve poststroke vascular cognitive impairment. Cerebrovasc Dis 2013;35:146-54
  • Gorelick PB. Role of inflammation in cognitive impairment: results of observational epidemiological studies and clinical trials. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2010;1207:155-62
  • Wong CH, Jenne CN, Lee WY, et al. Functional innervation of hepatic iNKT cells is immunosuppressive following stroke. Science 2011;334:101-5
  • Maki T, Ihara M, Fujita Y, et al. Angiogenic and vasoprotective effects of adrenomedullin on prevention of cognitive decline after chronic cerebral hypoperfusion in mice. Stroke 2011;42:1122-8
  • Fujita Y, Ihara M, Ushiki T, et al. Early protective effect of bone marrow mononuclear cells against ischemic white matter damage through augmentation of cerebral blood flow. Stroke 2010;41:2938-43
  • Rosado-de-Castro PH, Pimentel-Coelho PM, da Fonseca LM, et al. The rise of cell therapy trials for stroke: review of published and registered studies. Stem Cells Dev 2013;22:2095-111
  • Honmou O, Houkin K, Matsunaga T, et al. Intravenous administration of auto serum-expanded autologous mesenchymal stem cells in stroke. Brain 2011;134:1790-807
  • Guekht A, Skoog I, Korczyn AD, et al. A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of actovegin in patients with post-stroke cognitive impairment: ARTEMIDA study design. Dement Geriatr Cogn Dis Extra 2013;3:459-67
  • Jacquin A, Aboa-Eboule C, Rouaud O, et al. Prior transient ischemic attack and dementia after subsequent ischemic stroke. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 2012;26:307-13
  • Lin JH, Lin RT, Tai CT, et al. Prediction of poststroke dementia. Neurology 2003;61:343-8
  • Gregoire SM, Smith K, Jager HR, et al. Cerebral microbleeds and long-term cognitive outcome: longitudinal cohort study of stroke clinic patients. Cerebrovasc Dis 2012;33:430-5

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.