The next revolution in stroke care

References

• Krishnamurthi RV, Feigin VL, Forouzanfar MH, et al. Global and regional burden of first-ever ischaemic and haemorrhagic stroke during 1990–2010: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. The Lancet Global Health 2013;1(5):e259-81
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lozano R, Naghavi M, Foreman K, et al. Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet 2012;380(9859):2095-128
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murray CJ, et al. Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for 291 diseases and injuries in 21 regions, 1990-2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet 2012;380(9859):2197-223
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murray CJ, Vos T, Lozano R, et al. Global and regional burden of stroke during 1990-2010: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet 2014;383(9913):245-54
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hakim AM, Silver F, Hodgson C. Is Canada falling behind international standards for stroke care? CMAJ 1998;159(6):671-3
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Canadian Community Health Survey. Statistics Canada Catalogue Health Profile. Statistics Canada, Government of Canada, 2009
   Google Scholar
• Tracking Heart Disease and Stroke in Canada. Stroke Highlights. Public Health Agency of Canada, 2011. Available from: www.publichealth,g.c.canada
   Google Scholar
• Hankey GJ, Jamrozik K, Broadhurst RJ, et al. Long-term disability after first-ever stroke and related prognostic factors in the Perth Community Stroke Study, 1989-1990. Stroke 2002;33(4):1034-40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hackett ML, Duncan JR, Anderson CS, et al. Health-related quality of life among long-term survivors of stroke : results from the Auckland Stroke Study, 1991-1992. Stroke 2000;31(2):440-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sit JW, Wong TK, Clinton M, et al. Stroke care in the home: the impact of social support on the general health of family caregivers. J Clin Nurs 2004;13(7):816-24
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Godwin KM, Ostwald SK, Cron SG, Wasserman J. Long-term health-related quality of life of stroke survivors and their spousal caregivers. J Neurosci Nurs 2013;45(3):147-54
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morimoto T, Schreiner AS, Asano H. Caregiver burden and health-related quality of life among Japanese stroke caregivers. Age Ageing 2003;32(2):218-23
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simon C, Kumar S, Kendrick T. Cohort study of informal carers of first-time stroke survivors: profile of health and social changes in the first year of caregiving. Soc Sci Med 2009;69(3):404-10
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• White CL, Poissant L, Coté-LeBlanc G, et al. Long-term caregiving after stroke: the impact on caregivers’ quality of life. J Neurosci Nurs 2006;38(5):354-60
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Berg A, Palomäki H, Lönnqvist J, et al. Depression among caregivers of stroke survivors. Stroke 2005;36(3):639-43
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Visser-Meily A, Post M, van de Port I, et al. Psychosocial functioning of spouses in the chronic phase after stroke: improvement or deterioration between 1 and 3 years after stroke? Patient Educ Couns 2008;73(1):153-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rigby H, Gubitz G, Phillips S. A systematic review of caregiver burden following stroke. Int J Stroke 2009;4(4):285-92
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teasell R, Mehta S, Pereira S, et al. Time to rethink long-term rehabilitation management of stroke patients. Top Stroke Rehabil 2012;19(6):457-62
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindsay MP, Gubitz G, Bayley M, Phillips S; Canadian Stroke Strategy Best Practices and Standards Writing Group. Canadian best practice recommendations for stroke care. Canadian Stroke Network, Canada; 2012
   Google Scholar
• Bousser MG. Stroke prevention: an update. Front Med 2012;6(1):22-34
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wald NJ, Law MR. A strategy to reduce cardiovascular disease by more than 80%. Bmj 2003;326(7404):1419
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sacco RL, Benjamin EJ, Broderick JP, et al. Risk factors. Stroke 1997;28(7):1507-17
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amarenco P, Labreuche J. Lipid management in the prevention of stroke: review and updated meta-analysis of statins for stroke prevention. Lancet Neurol 2009;8(5):453-63
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarti C, Kaarisalo M, Tuomilehto J. The relationship between cholesterol and stroke. Implications for antihyperlipidaemic therapy in older patients. Drugs and Aging 2000;17(1):33-51
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tanizaki Y, Kiyohara Y, Kato I, et al. Incidence and risk factors for subtypes of cerebral infarction in a general population: the Hisayama study. Stroke 2000;31(11):2616-22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baigent C, Keech A, Kearney PM, et al. Efficacy and safety of cholesterol-lowering treatment: prospective meta-analysis of data from 90,056 participants in 14 randomised trials of statins. Lancet 2005;366(9493):1267-78
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amarenco P, Goldstein LB, Callahan A III, et al. Baseline blood pressure, low- and high-density lipoproteins, and triglycerides and the risk of vascular events in the Stroke Prevention by Aggressive Reduction in Cholesterol Levels (SPARCL) trial. Atherosclerosis 2009;204(2):515-20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacDougall NJ, S, Amarasinghe KW, Muir Secondary prevention of stroke. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2009;7(9):1103-15
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ockene JK, Schneider KL, Lemon SC, Ockene IS. Can we improve adherence to preventive therapies for cardiovascular health? Circulation 2011;124(11):1276-82
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• ADVANCE Collaborative Group. Patel A, MacMahon S, Chalmers J, et al. Intensive blood glucose control and vascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2008;358(24):2560-72
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerstein H.C, et al. Effects of intensive glucose lowering in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2008;358(24):2545-59
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duckworth W, Abraira C, Moritz T, et al. Glucose control and vascular complications in veterans with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2009;360(2):129-39
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu G, Tuomilehto J, Silventoinen K, et al. Body mass index, waist circumference, and waist-hip ratio on the risk of total and type-specific stroke. Arch Intern Med 2007;167(13):1420-7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Troiano RP, Berrigan D, Dodd KW, et al. Physical activity in the United States measured by accelerometer. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2008;40(1):181-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rand D, Eng JJ, Tang PF, et al. How active are people with stroke?: use of accelerometers to assess physical activity. Stroke 2009;40(1):163-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Field M.J, Gebruers N, Sundaram TS, et al. Physical Activity after Stroke: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. ISRN Stroke 2013;13:2013
   Google Scholar
• Pang MY, Charlesworth SA, Lau RW, et al. Using aerobic exercise to improve health outcomes and quality of life in stroke: evidence-based exercise prescription recommendations. Cerebrovasc Dis 2013;35(1):7-22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tudor-Locke C, Craig CL, Brown WJ, et al. How many steps/day are enough? For adults. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2011;8:79
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fagan SC, Morgenstern LB, Petitta A, et al. Cost-effectiveness of tissue plasminogen activator for acute ischemic stroke. Neurology 1998;50(4):883-90
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wardlaw JM, Murray V, Berge E, et al. Recombinant tissue plasminogen activator for acute ischaemic stroke: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet 2012;379(9834):2364-72
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schellinger PD, Kohrmann M. 4.5-hour time window for intravenous thrombolysis with recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator is established firmly. Stroke 2014;45:912-3
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wechsler LR. The 4.5-hour time window for intravenous thrombolysis with intravenous tissue-type plasminogen activator is not firmly established. Stroke 2014;45:914-5
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Penaloza-Ramos MC, Sheppard JP, Jowett S, et al. Cost-effectiveness of optimizing acute stroke care services for thrombolysis. Stroke 2014;45(2):553-62
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tissue plasminogen activator for acute ischemic stroke. The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke rt-PA Stroke Study Group. N Engl J Med 1995;333(24):1581-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Minnerup J, Sutherland BA, Buchan AM, et al. Neuroprotection for stroke: current status and future perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2012;13(9):11753-72
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Xu XL, Yi F, Pan HZ, et al. Progress and prospects in stem cell therapy. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2013;34(6):741-6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tymianski M. Novel approaches to neuroprotection trials in acute ischemic stroke. Stroke 2013;44(10):2942-50
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ginsberg MD. Current status of neuroprotection for cerebral ischemia: synoptic overview. Stroke 2009;40(3 Suppl):S111-14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feigin VL, Lawes CM, Bennett DA, et al. Worldwide stroke incidence and early case fatality reported in 56 population-based studies: a systematic review. Lancet Neurol 2009;8(4):355-69
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carandang R, Seshadri S, Beiser A, et al. Trends in incidence, lifetime risk, severity, and 30-day mortality of stroke over the past 50 years. Jama 2006;296(24):2939-46
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rothwell PM, Coull AJ, Giles MF, et al. Change in stroke incidence, mortality, case-fatality, severity, and risk factors in Oxfordshire, UK from 1981 to 2004 (Oxford Vascular Study). Lancet 2004;363(9425):1925-33
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindsay MP, Gubitz G, Bayley M, et al. Canadian best practice recommendations for stroke care (update). Canadian stroke strategy best practices and standards writing Group; Ottawa(ON), Canada: 2010
   Google Scholar
• Liu X, Ye R, Yan T, et al. Cell based therapies for ischemic stroke: From basic science to bedside. Prog Neurobiol 2014;115:92-115
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosado-de-Castro PH, Pimentel-Coelho PM, da Fonseca LM, et al. The rise of cell therapy trials for stroke: review of published and registered studies. Stem Cells Dev 2013;22(15):2095-111
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fargen KM, J, Mocco BL, Hoh Can we rebuild the human brain? The exciting promise and early evidence that stem cells may provide a real clinical cure for stroke in humans. World Neurosurg 2013;80(5):e69-72
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lees JS, Sena ES, Egan KJ, et al. Stem cell-based therapy for experimental stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Stroke 2012;7(7):582-8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Teasell R, Richardson M, Allen L, Hussein N. Evidence-based review of stroke rehabilitation. 16th edition. 2014. Available from: www.ebrsr.com
   Google Scholar
• How do stroke units improve patient outcomes? A collaborative systematic review of the randomized trials. Stroke Unit Trialists Collaboration. Stroke 1997;28(11):2139-44
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foley N, Salter K, Teasell R. Specialized stroke services: a meta-analysis comparing three models of care. Cerebrovascular Diseases 2007;23(2-3):194-202
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rønning OM, Guldvog B. Outcome of subacute stroke rehabilitation: a randomized controlled trial. Stroke 1998;29(4):779-84
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leys D, et al. Facilities available in European hospitals treating stroke patients. Stroke 2007;38(11):2985-91
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gagnon D, Nadeau S, Tam V. Ideal timing to transfer from an acute care hospital to an interdisciplinary inpatient rehabilitation program following a stroke: An exploratory study. BMC Health Serv Res 2006. 6:151
   Google Scholar
• Biernaskie J, Chernenko G, Corbett D. Efficacy of rehabilitative experience declines with time after focal ischemic brain injury. J Neurosci 2004;24(5):1245-54
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bai Y, Hu Y, Wu Y, et al. A prospective, randomized, single-blinded trial on the effect of early rehabilitation on daily activities and motor function of patients with hemorrhagic stroke. J Clin Neurosci 2012;19(10):1376-9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Paolucci S, Antonucci G, Grasso MG, et al. Early versus delayed inpatient stroke rehabilitation: a matched comparison conducted in Italy. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2000;81(6):695-700
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salter K, Jutai J, Hartley M, et al. Impact of early vs delayed admission to rehabilitation on functional outcomes in persons with stroke. J Rehabil Med 2006;38(2):113-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernhardt J, Dewey H, Thrift A, et al. A very early rehabilitation trial for stroke (AVERT): phase II safety and feasibility. Stroke 2008;39(2):390-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cumming TB, Thrift AG, Collier JM, et al. Very early mobilization after stroke fast-tracks return to walking: further results from the phase II AVERT randomized controlled trial. Stroke 2011;42(1):153-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foley N, McClure JA, Meyer M, et al. Inpatient rehabilitation following stroke: amount of therapy received and associations with functional recovery. Disabil Rehabil 2012;34(25):2132-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scrivener K, Sherrington C, Schurr K. Exercise dose and mobility outcome in a comprehensive stroke unit: description and prediction from a prospective cohort study. J Rehabil Med 2012;44(10):824-9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• English C, Hillier SL. Circuit class therapy for improving mobility after stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010(7):CD007513
   Google Scholar
• French B, Thomas LH, Leathley MJ, et al. Repetitive task training for improving functional ability after stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007(4):CD006073
   Google Scholar
• van de Port IG, Wood-Dauphinee S, Lindeman E, Kwakkel G. Effects of exercise training programs on walking competency after stroke: a systematic review. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2007;86(11):935-51
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dromerick AW, Lang CE, Birkenmeier RL, et al. Very early constraint-induced movement during stroke rehabilitation (VECTORS): a single-center RCT. Neurology 2009;73(3):195-201
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duncan PW, Sullivan KJ, Behrman AL, et al. Body-weight – Supported treadmill rehabilitation after stroke. N Engl J Med 2011;364(21):2026-36
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lo AC, Guarino PD, Richards LG, et al. Robot-assisted therapy for long-term upper-limb impairment after stroke. N Engl J Med 2010;362(19):1772-83
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Page SJ, Hill V, White S. Portable upper extremity robotics is as efficacious as upper extremity rehabilitative therapy: a randomized controlled pilot trial. Clin Rehabil 2013;27(6):494-503
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cumming TB, Marshall RS, Lazar RM. Stroke, cognitive deficits, and rehabilitation: still an incomplete picture. Int J Stroke 2013;8(1):38-45
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruno-Petrina A. Motor recovery in stroke. Medscape 2014. Available from: http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/324386
   Google Scholar
• Srikanth VK, Thrift AG, Saling MM, et al. Increased risk of cognitive impairment 3 months after mild to moderate first-ever stroke: a community-based prospective study of nonaphasic english-speaking survivors. Stroke 2003;34(5):1136-43
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ballard C, Rowan E, Stephens S, et al. Prospective follow-up study between 3 and 15 months after stroke: Improvements and decline in cognitive function among dementia-free stroke survivors >75 years of age. Stroke 2003;34(10):2440-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hurford R, Charidimou A, Fox Z, et al. Domain-specific trends in cognitive impairment after acute ischaemic stroke. J Neurol 2013;260(1):237-41
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brady MC, Kelly H, Godwin J, Enderby P. Speech and language therapy for aphasia following stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012;5:Cd000425
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diamond PT, Holroyd S, Macciocchi SN, Felsenthal G. Prevalence of depression and outcome on the geriatric rehabilitation unit. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 1995;74(3):214-17
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van De Weg FB, Kuik DJ, Lankhorst GJ. Post-stroke depression and functional outcome: a cohort study investigating the influence of depression on functional recovery from stroke. Clin Rehabil 1999;13(3):268-72
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gainotti G, Antonucci G, Marra C, Paolucci S. Relation between depression after stroke, antidepressant therapy, and functional recovery. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2001;71(2):258-61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mead GE, Hsieh CF, Lee R, et al. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors for stroke recovery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Stroke 2013;44(3):844-50
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teasell R, et al. Stroke: more than a ‘brain attack’. Int J Stroke 2014;9(2):188-90
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Korner-Bitensky N. When does stroke rehabilitation end? Int J Stroke 2013;8(1):8-10
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Page SJ, Sisto S, Levine P, McGrath RE. Efficacy of modified constraint-induced movement therapy in chronic stroke: a single-blinded randomized controlled trial. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2004;85(1):14-18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee MJ, Kilbreath SL, Singh MF. Comparison of effect of aerobic cycle training and progressive resistance training on walking ability after stroke: a randomized sham exercise-controlled study. J Am Geriatr Soc 2008;56(6):976-85
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chu KS, Eng JJ, Dawson AS, et al. Water-based exercise for cardiovascular fitness in people with chronic stroke: a randomized controlled trial. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2004;85(6):870-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pang MY, Eng JJ, Dawson AS, et al. A community-based fitness and mobility exercise program for older adults with chronic stroke: a randomized, controlled trial. J Am Geriatr Soc 2005;53(10):1667-74
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolf SL, Thompson PA, Winstein CJ, et al. The EXCITE stroke trial: comparing early and delayed constraint-induced movement therapy. Stroke 2010;41(10):2309-15
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu CY, Chuang LL, Lin KC, et al. Randomized trial of distributed constraint-induced therapy versus bilateral arm training for the rehabilitation of upper-limb motor control and function after stroke. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 2011;25(2):130-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meinzer M, Streiftau S, Rockstroh B. Intensive language training in the rehabilitation of chronic aphasia: efficient training by laypersons. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2007;13(5):846-53
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nudo RJ, Wise BM, SiFuentes F, Milliken GW. Neural substrates for the effects of rehabilitative training on motor recovery after ischemic infarct. Science 1996;272(5269):1791-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dobkin BH, Dorsch A. New evidence for therapies in stroke rehabilitation. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2013;15(6):331
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Canadian Stroke Network. The quality of stroke care in Canada. 2011
   Google Scholar
• Gilligan AK, Thrift AG, Sturm JW, et al. Stroke units, tissue plasminogen activator, aspirin and neuroprotection: which stroke intervention could provide the greatest community benefit? Cerebrovascular Diseases 2005;20(4):239-44
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Donnan GA, Howells DW, Markus R, et al. Can the time window for administration of thrombolytics in stroke be increased? CNS Drugs 2003;17(14):995-1011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saposnik G, Johnston SC, Raptis S, et al. Stroke journal: what is being published to advance the field? Stroke 2013;44(9):2644-9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar