Guillain–Barré syndrome and its treatment

References

• Guillain G, Barré JA, Strohl A. Sur un syndrome de radiculo-nevrite avec hyperalbuminose du liquide cephalorachidien sans reaction cellulaire. Remarques sur les characteres clinique et graphique des reflexes tendinaux. Bull. Soc. Med. Hop.40, 1462–1470 (1916).
   Google Scholar
• Asbury AK, Cornblath DR. Assessment of current diagnostic criteria for Guillain–Barré syndrome. Ann. Neurol.27(Suppl.), S21–S24 (1990).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oh SJ, Kurokawa K, de Almeida DF, Ryan HF Jr, Claussen GC. Subacute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy. Neurology61(11), 1507–1512 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hughes R, Sanders E, Hall S, Atkinson P, Colchester A, Payan P. Subacute idiopathic demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy. Arch. Neurol.49(6), 612–616 (1992).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ad Hoc SotAAoNATF. Research criteria for the diagnosis of chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (CIDP). Neurology41, 617–618 (1991).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asbury AK, Arnason BG, Adams RD. The inflammatory lesion in idiopathic polyneuritis. Its role in pathogenesis. Medicine48(3), 173–215 (1969).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prineas JW. Acute idiopathic polyneuritis. An electron microscope study. Lab. Invest.26(2), 133–147 (1972).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feasby TE, Gilbert JJ, Brown WF et al. An acute axonal form of Guillain–Barré polyneuropathy. Brain109(Pt 6), 1115–1126 (1986).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKhann GM, Cornblath DR, Ho T et al. Clinical and electrophysiological aspects of acute paralytic disease of children and young adults in northern China. Lancet338(8767), 593–597 (1991).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKhann GM, Cornblath DR, Griffin JW et al. Acute motor axonal neuropathy: a frequent cause of acute flaccid paralysis in China. Ann. Neurol.33(4), 333–342 (1993).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griffin JW, Li CY, Ho TW et al. Guillain–Barré syndrome in northern China. The spectrum of neuropathological changes in clinically defined cases. Brain118(Pt 3), 577–595 (1995).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griffin JW, Li CY, Ho TW et al. Pathology of the motor-sensory axonal Guillain–Barré syndrome. Ann. Neurol.39(1), 17–28 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hadden RD, Cornblath DR, Hughes RA et al. Electrophysiological classification of Guillain–Barré syndrome: clinical associations and outcome. Plasma Exchange/Sandoglobulin Guillain–Barré Syndrome Trial Group. Ann. Neurol.44(5), 780–788 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paradiso G, Tripoli J, Galicchio S, Fejerman N. Epidemiological, clinical, and electrodiagnostic findings in childhood Guillain–Barré syndrome: a reappraisal. Ann. Neurol.46(5), 701–707 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ogawara K, Kuwabara S, Mori M, Hattori T, Koga M, Yuki N. Axonal Guillain–Barré syndrome: relation to anti-ganglioside antibodies and Campylobacter jejuni infection in Japan. Ann. Neurol.48(4), 624–631 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fisher C. An unusual variant of acute idiopathic polyneuritis (syndrome of ophthalmoplegia, ataxia and areflexia). N. Eng. J. Med.225, 57–75 (1956).
   Google Scholar
• Ropper AH. Further regional variants of acute immune polyneuropathy. Bifacial weakness or sixth nerve paresis with paresthesias, lumbar polyradiculopathy, and ataxia with pharyngeal–cervical–brachial weakness. Arch. Neurol.51(7), 671–675 (1994).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Susuki K, Atsumi M, Koga M, Hirata K, Yuki N. Acute facial diplegia and hyperreflexia: A Guillain–Barré syndrome variant. Neurology62(5), 825–827 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuwabara S, Nakata M, Sung JY et al. Hyperreflexia in axonal Guillain–Barré syndrome subsequent to Campylobacter jejuni enteritis. J. Neurol. Sci.199(1–2), 89–92 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuwabara S, Ogawara K, Koga M, Mori M, Hattori T, Yuki N. Hyperreflexia in Guillain–Barré syndrome: relation with acute motor axonal neuropathy and anti-GM1 antibody. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatr.67(2), 180–184 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Podnar S, Vodusek DB. Hyperreflexia in a patient with motor axonal Guillain–Barré syndrome. Eur. J. Neurol.7(6), 727–730 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winer JB, Hughes RA, Osmond C. A prospective study of acute idiopathic neuropathy. I. Clinical features and their prognostic value. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatr.51(5), 605–612 (1988).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hughes RA, Rees JH. Clinical and epidemiologic features of Guillain–Barré syndrome. J. Infect. Dis.176(Suppl. 2), S92–S98 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blaser MJ, Olivares A, Taylor DN, Cornblath DR, McKhann GM. Campylobacter serology in patients with Chinese paralytic syndrome. Lancet338(8762), 308 (1991).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hughes RA, Hadden RD, Gregson NA, Smith KJ. Pathogenesis of Guillain–Barré syndrome. J. Neuroimmunol.100(1–2), 74–97 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winer JB. Guillain Barré syndrome. Mol. Pathol.54(6), 381–385 (2001).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Meulstee J, van der Meche FG. Electrodiagnostic studies in the Dutch multicentre Guillain–Barré study: a review. J. Peripher. Nerv. Syst.2(2), 143–150 (1997).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Van den Bergh PY, Pieret F. Electrodiagnostic criteria for acute and chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy. Muscle Nerve29(4), 565–574 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLeod JG. Electrophysiological studies in the Guillain–Barré syndrome. Ann. Neurol.9(Suppl.), 20–27 (1981).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Albers JW, Kelly JJ Jr. Acquired inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathies: clinical and electrodiagnostic features. Muscle Nerve12(6), 435–451 (1989).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olney RK, Aminoff MJ. Electrodiagnostic features of the Guillain–Barré syndrome: the relative sensitivity of different techniques. Neurology40(3 Pt 1), 471–475 (1990).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murray NM, Wade DT. The sural sensory action potential in Guillain–Barré syndrome. Muscle Nerve3(5), 444 (1980).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ledeen RW, Wu G. Ganglioside function in calcium homeostasis and signaling. Neurochem. Res.27(7–8), 637–647 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Willison HJ, Yuki N. Peripheral neuropathies and anti-glycolipid antibodies. Brain125(Pt 12), 2591–2625 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Sorge NM, van der Pol WL, Jansen MD, van den Berg LH. Pathogenicity of anti-ganglioside antibodies in the Guillain–Barré syndrome. Autoimmun. Rev.3(2), 61–68 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khalili-Shirazi A, Gregson N, Gray I, Rees J, Winer J, Hughes R. Antiganglioside antibodies in Guillain–Barré syndrome after a recent cytomegalovirus infection. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatr.66(3), 376–379 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sumner A, Said G, Idy I, Metral S. Electrophysiological and morphological effects of the injection of Guillain–Barré sera in the sciatic nerve of the rat (author's transl.). Rev. Neurol. (Paris)138(1), 17–24 (1982).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harrison BM, Hansen LA, Pollard JD, McLeod JG. Demyelination induced by serum from patients with Guillain–Barré syndrome. Ann. Neurol.15(2), 163–170 (1984).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saida T, Saida K, Lisak RP, Brown MJ, Silberberg DH, Asbury AK. In vivo demyelinating activity of sera from patients with Guillain–Barré syndrome. Ann. Neurol.11(1), 69–75 (1982).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winer JB, Gray IA, Gregson NA et al. A prospective study of acute idiopathic neuropathy. III. Immunological studies. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatr.51(5), 619–625 (1988).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oomes PG, van der Meche FG, Markus-Silvis L, Meulstee J, Kleyweg RP. In vivo effects of sera from Guillain–Barré subgroups: an electrophysiological and histological study on rat nerves. Muscle Nerve14(10), 1013–1020 (1991).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harvey GK, Toyka KV, Zielasek J, Kiefer R, Simonis C, Hartung HP. Failure of anti-GM1 IgG or IgM to induce conduction block following intraneural transfer. Muscle Nerve18(4), 388–394 (1995).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buchwald B, Toyka KV, Zielasek J, Weishaupt A, Schweiger S, Dudel J. Neuromuscular blockade by IgG antibodies from patients with Guillain–Barré syndrome: a macro-patch-clamp study. Ann. Neurol.44(6), 913–922 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buchwald B, de Baets M, Luijckx GJ, Toyka KV. Neonatal Guillain–Barré syndrome: blocking antibodies transmitted from mother to child. Neurology53(6), 1246–1253 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirota N, Kaji R, Bostock H et al. The physiological effect of anti-GM1 antibodies on saltatory conduction and transmembrane currents in single motor axons. Brain120(Pt 12), 2159–2169 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paparounas K, O’Hanlon GM, O’Leary CP, Rowan EG, Willison HJ. Anti-ganglioside antibodies can bind peripheral nerve nodes of Ranvier and activate the complement cascade without inducing acute conduction block in vitro. Brain122(Pt 5), 807–816 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kusunoki S, Shimizu J, Chiba A, Ugawa Y, Hitoshi S, Kanazawa I. Experimental sensory neuropathy induced by sensitization with ganglioside GD1b. Ann. Neurol.39(4), 424–431 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yuki N, Yamada M, Koga M et al. Animal model of axonal Guillain–Barré syndrome induced by sensitization with GM1 ganglioside. Ann. Neurol.49(6), 712–720 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Hanlon GM, Paterson GJ, Veitch J, Wilson G, Willison HJ. Mapping immunoreactive epitopes in the human peripheral nervous system using human monoclonal anti-GM1 ganglioside antibodies. Acta Neuropathol.95(6), 605–616 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takigawa T, Yasuda H, Kikkawa R, Shigeta Y, Saida T, Kitasato H. Antibodies against GM1 ganglioside affect K+ and Na+ currents in isolated rat myelinated nerve fibers. Ann. Neurol.37(4), 436–442 (1995).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Westland KW, Pollard JD, Sander S, Bonner JG, Linington C, McLeod JG. Activated non-neural specific T cells open the blood–brain barrier to circulating antibodies. Brain122(Pt 7), 1283–1291 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dykstra M, Cherukuri A, Sohn HW, Tzeng SJ, Pierce SK. Location is everything: lipid rafts and immune cell signaling. Ann. Rev. Immunol.21, 457–481 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Sorge NM, van den Berg LH, Geleijns K et al. Anti-GM1 IgG antibodies induce leukocyte effector functions via Fcγ receptors. Ann. Neurol.53(5), 570–579 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Hanlon GM, Plomp JJ, Chakrabarti M, et al. Anti-GQ1b ganglioside antibodies mediate complement-dependent destruction of the motor nerve terminal. Brain124(Pt 5), 893–906 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plomp JJ, Molenaar PC, O’Hanlon GM et al. Miller Fisher anti-GQ1b antibodies: a-latrotoxin-like effects on motor end plates. Ann. Neurol.45(2), 189–199 (1999). Published erratum appears in Ann. Neurol.45(6), 823 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pritchard J, Gray IA, Idrissova ZR et al. A randomized controlled trial of recombinant interferon-b 1a in Guillain–Barré syndrome. Neurology61(9), 1282–1284 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hughes RA, Swan AV, van Koningsveld R, van Doorn PA. Corticosteroids for Gullian–Barré syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev.2, CD001446 (2006).
   Google Scholar
• Swick HM, McQuillen MP. The use of steroids in the treatment of idiopathic polyneuritis. Neurology26(3), 205–212 (1976).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shukla SK, Agarwal R, Gupta OP, Pande G, Singh M. Double blind controlled trial of prednisolone in Guillain–Barré syndrome – a clinical study. Clinician (India)52(5), 128–134 (1988).
   Google Scholar
• Singh NK, Gupta A. Do corticosteroids influence the disease course or mortality in Guillain–Barré syndrome? J. Assoc. Physicians India44(1), 22–24 (1996).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bansal BC, Sood AK, Gupta AK, Yadav P. Role of steroids in the treatment of Guillain Barré syndrome – a controlled trial. Neurology (India)34(5), 329–335 (1986).
   Google Scholar
• Hughes RAC, Newsom-Davis JM, Perkin GD, Pierce JM. Controlled trial of prednisolone in acute polyneuropathy. Lancet2(8093), 750–753 (1978).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garcia AC, Vidal BE, Rebolledo FA, Texeira F, Ordaz FA, Futran YJ. Treatment of the acute phase of Guillain–Barré–Strohl syndrome with megadoses of methylprednisolone. Rev. Invest. Clin. (Mexico City)37, 119–124 (1985).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Guillain–Barré Syndrome Steroid Trial Group. Double-blind trial of intravenous methylprednisolone in Guillain–Barré syndrome. Lancet341(8845), 586–590 (1993).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Koningsveld R, Schmitz PIM, Van der Meché FGA, Visser VH, Meulstee J, Van Doorn PA. Effect of methylprednisolone when added to standard treatment with intravenous immunoglobulin for Guillain–Barré syndrome. Randomised trial. Lancet363(9404), 192–196 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farkkila M, Kinnunen E, Haapanen E, Iivanainen M. Guillain–Barré syndrome: quantitative measurement of plasma exchange therapy. Neurology37(5), 837–840 (1987).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenwood R, Newsom-Davis J, Hughes RA et al. British multicentre trial of plasma exchange in acute inflammatory polyradiculoneuropathy (AIP). Prog. Clin. Biol. Res.106, 189–196 (1982).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Anonymous. Plasmapheresis and acute Guillain–Barré syndrome. The Guillain–Barré syndrome Study Group. Neurology35(8), 1096–1104 (1985).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osterman PO, Fagius J, Lundemo G et al. Beneficial effects of plasma exchange in acute inflammatory polyradiculoneuropathy. Lancet2(8415), 1296–1299 (1984).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anonymous. Efficiency of plasma exchange in Guillain–Barré syndrome: role of replacement fluids. French Cooperative Group on Plasma Exchange in Guillain–Barré syndrome. Ann. Neurol.22(6), 753–761 (1987).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anonymous. Appropriate number of plasma exchanges in Guillain–Barré syndrome. The French Cooperative Group on Plasma Exchange in Guillain–Barré Syndrome. Ann. Neurol.41(3), 298–306 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wollinsky K, Hulser P, Brinkmeier H et al. CSF filtration is an effective treatment of Guillain–Barré syndrome: a randomized clinical trial. Neurology57(5), 774–780 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hughes RAC, Raphael JC, Swan AV, van Doorn PA. Intravenous immunoglobulin for Guillain–Barré syndrome. Cochrane Review: Oxford: Update Software Edition(2002).
   Google Scholar
• Rees JH, Thompson RD, Smeeton NC, Hughes RA. Epidemiological study of Guillain–Barré syndrome in South East England. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatr.64(1), 74–77 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merkies I, Schmitz P, Samijn J, van der Meche FG, van Doom PE. Fatigue in immune-mediated polyneuropathies. European Inflammatory Neuropathy Cause and Treatment (INCAT) Group. Neurology53(8), 1648–1654 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Willison HJ, Townson K, Veitch J et al. Synthetic disialylgalactose immunoadsorbents deplete anti-GQ1b antibodies from autoimmune neuropathy sera. Brain127(Pt 3), 680–691 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar