Vascular dementia may be easier to treat than diagnose

References

• Pohjasvaara T, Mantyla R, Ylikoski R, Kaste M, Erkinjuntti T. Comparison of different clinical criteria (DSM-III, ADDTC, ICD-10, NINDS–AIREN, DSM-IV) for the diagnosis of vascular dementia. National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke–Association Internationale pour la Recherche et l’Enseignement en Neurosciences. Stroke 31, 2952–2957 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Snowdon DA, Greiner LH, Mortimer JA, Riley KP, Greiner PA, Markesbery WR. Brain infarction and the clinical expression of Alzheimer’s disease. The nun study. JAMA 277, 813–817 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MRC CFAS. Pathological correlates of late-onset dementia in a multicentre, community-based population in England and Wales. Neuropathology Group of the Medical Research Council Cognitive Function and Ageing Study (MRC CFAS). Lancet 357, 169–175 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sicras A, Rejas J, Arco S et al. Prevalence, resource utilization and costs of vascular dementia compared to Alzheimer’s dementia in a population setting. Dement. Geriatr. Cogn. Disord. 19, 305–315 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prencipe M, Ferretti C, Casini AR, Santini M, Giubilei F, Culasso F. Stroke, disability, and dementia: results of a population survey. Stroke 28, 531–536 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu L, Fratiglioni L, Guo Z, Aguero-Torres H, Winblad B, Viitanen M. Association of stroke with dementia, cognitive impairment, and functional disability in the very old: a population-based study. Stroke 29, 2094–2099 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kokmen E, Whisnant JP, O’Fallon WM, Chu CP, Beard CM. Dementia after ischemic stroke: a population-based study in Rochester, Minnesota (1960–1984). Neurology 46, 154–159 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ivan CS, Seshadri S, Beiser A et al. Dementia after stroke: the Framingham Study. Stroke 35, 1264–1268 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leys D, Henon H, Mackowiak-Cordoliani MA, Pasquier F. Poststroke dementia. Lancet Neurol. 4, 752–759 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Censori B, Manara O, Agostinis C et al. Dementia after first stroke. Stroke 27, 1205–1210 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barba R, Martinez-Espinosa S, Rodriguez-Garcia E, Pondal M, Vivancos J, Del Ser T. Poststroke dementia: clinical features and risk factors. Stroke 31, 1494–1501 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin JH, Lin RT, Tai CT, Hsieh CL, Hsiao SF, Liu CK. Prediction of poststroke dementia. Neurology 61, 343–348 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jellinger KA. Understanding the pathology of vascular cognitive impairment. J. Neurol. Sci. 229–230, 57–63 (2005).
   Google Scholar
• Roman GC, Tatemichi TK, Erkinjuntti T et al. Vascular dementia: diagnostic criteria for research studies. Report of the NINDS–AIREN International Workshop. Neurology 43, 250–260 (1993).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chui HC, Victoroff JI, Margolin D, Jagust W, Shankle R, Katzman R. Criteria for the diagnosis of ischemic vascular dementia proposed by the State of California Alzheimer’s disease Diagnostic and Treatment Centers. Neurology 42, 473–480 (1992).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erkinjuntti T, Ostbye T, Steenhuis R, Hachinski V. The effect of different diagnostic criteria on the prevalence of dementia. N. Engl. J. Med. 337, 1667–1674 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lopez OL, Kuller LH, Becker JT et al. Classification of vascular dementia in the Cardiovascular Health Study Cognition Study. Neurology 64, 1539–1547 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowler JV. Vascular cognitive impairment. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psych. 76, (Suppl. 5) v35–v44 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knopman DS, Rocca WA, Cha RH, Edland SD, Kokmen E. Incidence of vascular dementia in Rochester, Minn, 1985–1989. Arch. Neurol. 59, 1605–1610 (2002).
   Google Scholar
• van Straaten EC, Scheltens P, Knol DL et al. Operational definitions for the NINDS–AIREN criteria for vascular dementia: an interobserver study. Stroke 34, 1907–1912 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ballard CG, Burton EJ, Barber R et al. NINDS AIREN neuroimaging criteria do not distinguish stroke patients with and without dementia. Neurology 63, 983–988 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hogervorst E, Bandelow S, Combrinck M, Irani SR, Smith AD. The validity and reliability of 6 sets of clinical criteria to classify Alzheimer’s disease and vascular dementia in cases confirmed post-mortem: added value of a decision tree approach. Dement. Geriatr. Cogn. Disord. 16, 170–180 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Folstein MF, Folstein SE, McHugh PR. ‘Mini-mental state’. A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. J. Psychiatr. Res. 12, 189–198 (1975).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stokholm J, Vogel A, Gade A, Waldemar G. The executive interview as a screening test for executive dysfunction in patients with mild dementia. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 53, 1577–1581 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Royall DR, Cordes JA, Polk M. CLOX: an executive clock drawing task. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psych. 64, 588–594 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Royall DR, Mahurin RK, Gray KF. Bedside assessment of executive cognitive impairment, the executive interview. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 40, 1221–1226 (1992).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Sullivan M, Morris RG, Markus HS. Brief cognitive assessment for patients with cerebral small vessel disease. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psych. 76, 1140–1145 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong A, Mok VC, Yim P et al. The executive clock drawing task (CLOX) is a poor screening test for executive dysfunction in Chinese elderly patients with subcortical ischemic vascular disease. J. Clin. Neurosci. 11, 493–497 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Price CC, Jefferson AL, Merino JG, Heilman KM, Libon DJ. Subcortical vascular dementia: integrating neuropsychological and neuroradiologic data. Neurology 65, 376–382 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Desmond DW, Bagiella E, Moroney JT, Stern Y. The effect of patient attrition on estimates of the frequency of dementia following stroke. Arch. Neurol. 55, 390–394 (1998).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jorm AF, Jacomb PA. The Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline in the Elderly (IQCODE): socio-demographic correlates, reliability, validity and some norms. Psychol. Med. 19, 1015–1022 (1989).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilkinson D, Doody R, Helme R et al. Donepezil in vascular dementia: a randomized, placebo-controlled study. Neurology 61, 479–486 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Black S, Roman GC, Geldmacher DS et al. Efficacy and tolerability of donepezil in vascular dementia: positive results of a 24-week, multicenter, international, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Stroke 34, 2323–2330 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosen WG, Mohs RC, Davis KL. A new rating scale for Alzheimer’s disease. Am. J. Psych. 141, 1356–1364 (1984).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schneider LS, Olin JT, Doody RS et al. Validity and reliability of the Alzheimer’s disease Co-operative Study–Clinical Global Impression of Change. The Alzheimer’s disease Co-operative Study. Alzheimer Dis. Assoc. Disord. 11(Suppl. 2), S22–S32 (1997).
   Google Scholar
• Roman GC, Wilkinson DG, Doody RS, Black SE, Salloway SP, Schindler RJ. Donepezil in vascular dementia: combined analysis of two large-scale clinical trials. Dement. Geriatr. Cogn. Disord. 20, 338–344 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erkinjuntti T, Kurz A, Gauthier S, Bullock R, Lilienfeld S, Damaraju CV. Efficacy of galantamine in probable vascular dementia and Alzheimer’s disease combined with cerebrovascular disease: a randomised trial. Lancet 359, 1283–1290 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orgogozo JM, Rigaud AS, Stoffler A, Mobius HJ, Forette F. Efficacy and safety of memantine in patients with mild to moderate vascular dementia: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial (MMM 300). Stroke 33, 1834–1839 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilcock G, Mobius HJ, Stoffler A. A double-blind, placebo-controlled multicentre study of memantine in mild to moderate vascular dementia (MMM500). Int. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 17, 297–305 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosen WG, Terry RD, Fuld PA, Katzman R, Peck A. Pathological verification of ischemic score in differentiation of dementias. Ann. Neurol. 7, 486–488 (1980).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar