Advanced search
Publication Cover
Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics Volume 6, 2006 - Issue 4
Submit an article Journal homepage
233
Views
10
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Long-term outcomes of stimulant medication in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder

Alison Poulton Clinical Senior Lecturer, Western Clinical School, Nepean Campus, University of Sydney, Australia. [email protected]
Pages 551-561 | Published online: 09 Jan 2014

References

  • Salmelainen P.Trends in the Prescribing of Stimulant Medication for the Treatment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Children and Adolescents in NSW.NSW Department of Health, Sydney, Australia (2002).
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Mental health in the United States. Prevalence of diagnosis and medication treatment for attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder–United States, 2003.Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep.54(34), 842–847 (2005).
  • Olfson M, Gameroff MJ, Marcus SC, Jensen PS. National trends in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.Am. J. Psychiatry160(6), 1071–1077 (2003).
  • Jick H, Kaye JA, Black C. Incidence and prevalence of drug-treated attention deficit disorder among boys in the UK.Br. J. Gen. Pract.54(502), 345–347 (2004).
  • American Psychiatric Association.Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition (DSM-IV).American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC, USA (1994).
  • World Health Organization.The International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision.World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland (1992).
  • Munsten LM, Firestone P, Pisterman S, Bennett S, Mercer J. Effects of methylphenidate on preschool children with ADHD: cognitive and behavioral functions.J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry36(10), 1407–1415 (1997).
  • Spencer T, Biederman J, Wilens T et al. A large, double-blind, randomized clinical trial of methylphenidate in the treatment of adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.Biol. Psychiatry57(5), 456–463 (2005).
  • Zito JM, Safer DJ, dosReis S, Gardner JF, Boles M, Lynch F. Trends in the prescribing of psychotropic medications to preschoolers.JAMA283(8), 1059–1060 (2000).
  • Klein-Schwarz W, McGrath J. Poison centres’ experience with methylphenidate abuse in pre-teens and adolescents.J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry42(3), 288–294 (2003).
  • Thompson PM, Hayashi KM, Simon SL et al. Structural abnormalities in the brains of human subjects who use metamphetamine.J. Neurosci.24(26), 6028–6036 (2004).
  • Moszczynski A, Fitzmaurice P, Ang L et al. Why is Parkinsonism not a feature of human metamphetamine users?Brain127(2), 363–370 (2004).
  • Mehta H, Murray B, Loiudice TA. Hepatic dysfunction due to intravenous abuse of methylphenidate hydrochloride.J. Clin. Gastroenterol.6(2), 149–151 (1984).
  • Stecyk O, Loludice TA, Demeter S, Jacobs J. Multiple organ failure resulting from intravenous abuse of methylphenidate hydrochloride.Ann. Emerg. Med.14(6), 597–599 (1985).
  • No authors listed. The amphetamine appetite suppressant saga.Prescrire. Int.13(69), 26–29 (2004).
  • Volkow ND, Wang GJ, Fowler JS et al. Dopamine transporter occupancies in the human brain induced by therapeutic doses of methylphenidate.Am. J. Psychiatry155, 1325–1331 (1998).
  • Weiss G, Kruger E, Danielson U, Elman M. Effect of long term treatment of hyperactive children with methylphenidate.CMAJ112, 159–165 (1975).
  • Beck L, Langford WS, Mackay M, Sum G. Childhood chemotherapy and later drug abuse and growth curve: a follow up study of 30 adolescents.Am. J. Psychiatry132(4), 436–438 (1972).
  • The MTA Cooperative Group. A 14-month randomized clinical trial of treatment strategies for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.Arch. Gen. Psychiatry56, 1073–1086 (1999).
  • Brehaut JC, Miller A, Raina P, McGrail KM. Childhood behavior disorders and injuries among children and youth: a population-based study.Pediatrics111(2), 262–269 (2003).
  • Barkley RA, Murphy KR, Dupaul GI, Bush T. Driving in young adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: knowledge, performance, adverse outcomes, and the role of executive functioning.J. Int. Neuropsychol. Soc.8(5), 655–672 (2002).
  • Gillberg C, Melander H, von Knorring A-L et al. Long-term stimulant treatment of children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.Arch. Gen. Psychiatry54, 857–864 (1997).
  • Charach A, Ickowicz A, Schachar R. Stimulant treatment over five years: adherence, effectiveness, and adverse effects.J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry43(5), 559–567 (2004).
  • Weiss G, Hechtman L, Milroy T, Perlman T. Psychiatric status of hyperactives as adults: a controlled prospective 15-year follow-up of 63 hyperactive children.J. Am. Acad. Child Psychiatry24, 211–220 (1985).
  • Manuzza S, Klein RG, Bessler A, Malloy P, LaPadula M. Adult psychiatric status of hyperactive boys grown up.Am. J. Psychiatry155,493–498 (1998).
  • Manuzza S, Klein RG, Bessler A, Malloy P, Hynes ME. Educational and occupational outcome of hyperactive boys grown up.J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry36(9), 1222–1227 (1997).
  • Yan WW. An investigation of adult outcome of hyperactive children in Shanghai.Psych. Clin. Neurosci.52(Suppl.), S303–S305 (1998).
  • Fischer M, Barkley R, Smallish L, Fletcher K. Young adult follow-up of hyperactive children: self reported psychiatric disorders, comorbidity, and the role of childhood conduct problems and teen CD.J. Abnorm. Child Psychol.30(5), 463–475 (2002).
  • Barkley RA, Fischer M, Smallish L, Fletcher K. Young adult follow-up of hyperactive children: antisocial activities and drug use.J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry45(2), 195–211 (2004).
  • MTA Cooperative Group. National Institute of Mental Health Multimodal Treatment Study of ADHD follow-up: changes in effectiveness and growth after the end of treatment.Pediatrics113, 762–769 (2004).
  • Findling RL, Biederman J, Wilens TE et al. Short- and long-term cardiovascular effects of mixed amphetamine salts extended release in children.J. Pediatr.147, 348–354 (2005).
  • Thiruchelvam D, Charach A, Schachar RJ. Moderators and mediators of long-term adherence to stimulant treatment in children with ADHD.J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry40(8), 922–928 (2001).
  • Paternite CE, Loney J, Salisbury H, Whaley MA. Childhood inattention-overactivity, aggression, and stimulant medication history as predictors of young adult outcomes.J. Child Adolesc. Psychopharmacology9(3), 169–184 (1999).
  • Fischer M, Barkley RA, Fletcher KE, Smallish L. The adolescent outcome of hyperactive children: predictors of psychiatric, academic, social and emotional adjustment.J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry32(2), 324–332 (1993).
  • Wilens TE, Faraone SV, Biederman J, Gunawardene S. Does stimulant therapy of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder beget later substance abuse? A meta-analytic review of the literature.Pediatrics111(1), 179–185 (2003).
  • Cassidy S. Union calls for the expulsion of violent and disruptive pupils to halt class abuse. Independent 30 March 2005.
  • Satterfield JH, Schell AM, Barb SD. Potential risk of prolonged administration of stimulant medication for hyperactive children.Develop. Behav. Pediatrics1(3), 102–107 (1980).
  • Wilens TE, Biederman J, Lerner M. Effects of once-daily osmotic-release methylphenidate on blood pressure and heart rate in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: results from a one-year follow-up study.J. Clin. Psychopharmacol.24(1), 36–41 (2004).
  • Wilens TE, Hammerness PG, Biederman J et al. Blood pressure changes associated with medication treatment of adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.J. Clin. Psychiatry66(2), 253–259 (2005).
  • Gross-Tsur V, Manor O, van der Meere J, Joseph A, Shalev RS. Epilepsy and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: is methylphenidate safe and effective?J. Pediatr.130(4), 670–674 (1997).
  • Gucuyener K, Erdemoglu AK, Senol S, Serdaroglu A, Soysal S, Kockar AI. Use of methylphenidate for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in patients with epilepsy or electroencephalographic abnormalities.J. Child Neurol.18(2), 109–112 (2003).
  • Schmidt JK, Pluck J, von Gontard A. Waived EEG diagnosis before administration and during drug therapy with methylphenidate: dangerous or justifiable?J. Kinder Jugendpsychiatr. Psychother.30(4), 295–302 (2002).
  • Hemmer SA, Pasternak JF, Zecker SG, Trommer BL. Stimulant therapy and seizure risk in children with ADHD.Pediatr. Neurol.24(2), 99–102 (2001).
  • Safer DJ, Allen RP, Barr E. Depression of growth in hyperactive children on stimulant drugs.N. Engl. J. Med.287(5), 217–220 (1972).
  • Safer DJ, Allen RP. Factors influencing the suppressant effects of two stimulant drugs on the growth of hyperactive children.Pediatrics51(4), 660–667 (1973).
  • Safer DJ, Allen RP, Barr E. Growth rebound after termination of stimulant drugs.J. Pediatr.86(1), 113–116 (1975).
  • Quinn PO, Rapoport JL. One year follow up of hyperactive boys treated with imipramine or methylphenidate.Am. J. Psychiatry132(3), 241–245 (1975).
  • Kaffman M, Sher A, Bar-Sinai N. MBD children – variability in developmental patterns or growth inhibitory effect of stimulants?Israel Ann. Psych. Related Disciplines17, 58–66 (1979).
  • Kalachnik JE, Sprague RL, Sleator EK, Cohen MN, Ullmann RK. Effect of methylphenidate hydrochloride on stature of hyperactive children. Dev. Med. Child Neurol.24(5), 586–595 (1982).
  • Sund AM, Zeiner P. Does extended medication with amphetamine or methylphenidate reduce growth in hyperactive children?Nordic J. Psychiatry56(1), 53–57 (2002).
  • Biederman J, Faraone SV, Monuteaux MC, Plunkett EA, Gifford J, Spencer T. Growth deficits and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder revisited: impact of gender, development and treatment.Pediatrics111(5), 1010–1016 (2003).
  • Gross MD. Growth of hyperkinetic children taking methylphenidate, dextroamphetamine, or imipramine/desipramine.Pediatrics58(3), 423–431 (1976).
  • Spencer TJ, Biederman J, Harding M, O’Donnell D, Faraone SV, Wilens TE. Growth deficits in ADHD children revisited: evidence for disorder-associated growth delays?J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry35(11), 1460–1469 (1996).
  • Spencer T, Biederman J, Wilens T. Growth deficits in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.Pediatrics102, 501–506 (1998).
  • Poulton A. Growth on stimulant medication; clarifying the confusion: a review.Arch. Dis. Child90, 801–806 (2005).
  • Spencer T, Biederman J, Wright V, Danon M. Growth deficits in children treated with desipramine: a controlled study.J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry31(2), 235–243 (1992).
  • Lisska MC, Rivkees SA. Daily methylphenidate use slows the growth of children: a community based study.J. Pediatr. Endocrinol. Metab.16(5), 711–718 (2003).
  • Greenhill LL, Puig-Antich J, Chambers W, Rubinstein B, Halpern F, Sachar EJ. Growth hormone, prolactin, and growth responses in hyperkinetic males treated with D-amphetamine.J. Am. Acad. Child Psychiatry20, 84–103 (1981).
  • Mattes JA, Gittelman R. Growth of hyperactive children on maintenance regimen of methylphenidate.Arch. Gen. Psychiatry40(3), 317–321 (1983).
  • Poulton A, Cowell CT. Slowing of growth in height and weight on stimulants: a characteristic pattern.J. Paediatr. Child Health39, 180–185 (2003).
  • Lowe TL, Cohen DJ, Detlor J, Kremenitzer MW, Shaywitz BA. Stimulant medications precipitate Tourette's syndrome.JAMA 247(12), 1729–1731 (1982).
  • Gadow KD, Sverd J, Sprafkin J, Nolan EE, Grossman S. Long-term methylphenidate therapy in children with comorbid attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and chronic multiple tic disorder.Arch. Gen. Psychiatry56(4), 330–336 (1999).
  • Spencer T, Biederman J, Coffey B, Geller D, Wilens T, Faraone S. The 4-year course of tic disorders in boys with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.Arch. General Psych.56(9), 842–847 (1999).
  • Marotta PJ, Roberts EA. Pemoline hepatotoxicity in children.J. Pediatr.132(5), 894–897 (1998).
  • Popper CW. Combining methylphenidate and clonidine: pharmacologic questions and news reports about sudden death.J. Child Adolesc. Psychopharmacology5(3), 157–166 (1995).

Website

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Order Reprints Request Corporate Permissions

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

Request Academic Permissions

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.

Related research

People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read.

Recommended articles lists articles that we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine.

Cited by lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations.
Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new tab.