275
Views
64
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Functional neuroimaging in post-traumatic stress disorder

Pages 393-405 | Published online: 09 Jan 2014

References

  • Kessler RC, Sonnega A, Bromet E, Hughes M, Nelson CB. Posttraumatic stress disorder in the national comorbidity survey. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry52, 1048–1060 (1995).
  • Saigh PA, Bremner JD. Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Comprehensive Text. Allyn & Bacon, Needham Heights, MA, USA (1999).
  • Bremner JD. Brain Imaging Handbook, WW Norton, NY, USA (2005).
  • Vermetten E, Bremner JD. Circuits and systems in stress. II. Applications to neurobiology and treatment of PTSD. Depress. Anxiety16, 14–38 (2002).
  • Bremner JD. Does Stress Damage the Brain? Understanding Trauma-related Disorders from a Mind-Body Perspective. WW Norton, NY, USA (2002).
  • Pitman RK. Investigating the pathogenesis of posttraumatic stress disorder with neuroimaging. J. Clin. Psychiatry62, 47–54 (2001).
  • Vermetten E, Bremner JD. Circuits and systems in stress. I. Preclinical studies. Depress. Anxiety15, 126–147 (2002).
  • Elzinga BM, Bremner JD. Are the neural substrates of memory the final common pathway in PTSD? J. Affect. Disord.70, 1–17 (2002).
  • Bremner JD. Functional neuroanatomical correlates of traumatic stress revisited 7 years later, this time with data. Psychopharmacol. Bull.37(2), 6–25 (2003).
  • Gould E, Tanapat P, McEwen BS, Flugge G, Fuchs E. Proliferation of granule cell precursors in the dentate gyrus of adult monkeys is diminished by stress. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA95, 3168–3171 (1998).
  • Magarinos AM, McEwen BS, Flugge G, Fluchs E. Chronic psychosocial stress causes apical dendritic atrophy of hippocampal CA3 pyramidal neurons in subordinate tree shrews. J. Neurosci.16, 3534–3540 (1996).
  • McEwen BS, Angulo J, Cameron H et al. Paradoxical effects of adrenal steroids on the brain: protection versus degeneration. Biol. Psychiatry31, 177–199 (1992).
  • Nibuya M, Morinobu S, Duman RS. Regulation of BDNF and trkB mRNA in rat brain by chronic electroconvulsive seizure and antidepressant drug treatments. J. Neurosci.15, 7539–7547 (1995).
  • Sapolsky RM, Uno H, Rebert CS, Finch CE. Hippocampal damage associated with prolonged glucocorticoid exposure in primates. J. Neurosci.10, 2897–2902 (1990).
  • Sapolsky RM. Why stress is bad for your brain. Science273, 749–750 (1996).
  • Malberg JE, Eisch AJ, Nestler EJ, Duman RS. Chronic antidepressant treatment increases neurogenesis in adult rat hippocampus. J. Neurosci.20, 9104–9110 (2000).
  • Czeh B, Michaelis T, Watanabe T et al. Stress-induced changes in cerebral metabolites, hippocampal volume, and cell proliferation are prevented by antidepressant treatment with tianeptine. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA98, 12796–12801 (2001).
  • Santarelli L, Saxe M, Gross C et al. Requirement of hippocampal neurogenesis for the behavioral effects of antidepressants. Science301(5634), 805–809 (2003).
  • Lucassen PJ, Fuchs E, Czeh B. Antidepressant treatment with tianeptine reduces apoptosis in the hippocampal dentate gyrus and temporal cortex. Eur. J. Neurosci.14, 161–166 (2004).
  • Watanabe YE, Gould H, Cameron D, Daniels D, McEwen BS. Phenytoin prevents stress and corticosterone induced atrophy of CA3 pyramidal neurons. Hippocampus2, 431–436 (1992).
  • Garcia R. Stress, metaplasticity, and antidepressants. Curr. Mol. Med.2, 629–638 (2002).
  • D’Sa C, Duman RS. Antidepressants and neuroplasticity. Bipolar Disorder4, 183–194 (2002).
  • Duman RS, Heninger GR, Nestler EJ. A molecular and cellular theory of depression. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry54, 597–606 (1997).
  • Duman RS, Malberg JE, Nakagawa S. Regulation of adult neurogenesis by psychotropic drugs and stress. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther.299, 401–407 (2001).
  • Duman RS. Depression: a case of neuronal life and death? Biol. Psychiatry56, 140–145 (2004).
  • McEwen BS, Chattarji S. Molecular mechanisms of neuroplasticity and pharmacological implications: the example of tianeptine. Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol.14(Suppl. 5), S497–S502 (2004).
  • Santarelli L, Saxe M, Gross C et al. Requirement of hippocampal neurogenesis for the behavioral effects of antidepressants. Science301, 805–809 (2003).
  • Watanabe Y, Gould E, Daniels DC, Cameron H, McEwen BS. Tianeptine attenuates stress-induced morphological changes in the hippocampus. Eur. J. Pharmacol.222, 157–162 (1992).
  • Henn FA, Vollmayr B. Neurogenesis and depression: etiology or epiphenomenon? Biol. Psychiatry56, 146–150 (2004).
  • Davis M. The role of the amygdala in fear and anxiety. Annu. Rev. Neurosci.15, 353–375 (1992).
  • Morgan CA, Romanski LM, LeDoux JE. Extinction of emotional learning: contribution of medial prefrontal cortex. Neurosci. Lett.163, 109–113 (1993).
  • Milad MR, Quirk GJ. Neurons in medial prefrontal cortex signal memory for fear extinction. Nature420, 70–73 (2002).
  • Milad MR, Rauch SL, Pitman RK, Quirk GJ. Fear extinction in rats: implications for human brain imaging and anxiety disorders. Biol. Psychol.73(1), 61–71 (2006).
  • Radley JJ, Sisti HM, Hao J et al. Chronic behavioral stress induces apical dendritic reorganization in pyramidal neurons of the medial prefrontal cortex. Neuroscience125(1), 1–6 (2004).
  • Meadows EA, Foa EB. Cognitive-behavioral treatment of traumatized adults. In: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Comprehensive Text. Saigh, PA, Bremner JD (Eds). Allyn & Bacon, Needham Heights, MA, USA 376–390 (1999).
  • Frank JB, Kosten TR, Giller EL, Dan E. A randomized clinical trial of phenelzine and imipramine for posttraumatic stress disorder. Am. J. Psychiatry145, 1289–1291 (1988).
  • Davidson J, Kudler H, Smith R et al. Treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder with amitriptyline and placebo. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry47(3), 259–266 (1990).
  • Baker DG, Diamond BI, Gillette G et al. A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, multi-center study of brofaromine in the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder. Psychopharmacology122, 386–389 (1995).
  • Tucker P, Zaninelli R, Yehuda R et al. Paroxetine in the treatment of chronic posttraumatic stress disorder: results of a placebo-controlled flexible-dosage trial. J. Clin. Psychiatry62(11), 860–868 (2001).
  • Marshall RD, Beebe KL, Oldham M, Zaninelli R. Efficacy and safety of paroxetine treatment for chronic PTSD: a fixed-dose, placebo-controlled study. Am. J. Psychiatry158(12), 1982–1988 (2001).
  • Brady KT, Pearlstein T, Asnis GM et al. Efficacy and safety of sertraline treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA283, 1837–1844 (2000).
  • Foa EB, Davidson JRT, Frances A et al. The expert consensus guideline series: treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder. J. Clin. Psychiatry60, 4–76 (1999).
  • Ballenger JC, Davidson JR, Lecrubier Y et al. Consensus statement on posttraumatic stress disorder from the International Consensus Group on Depression and Anxiety. J. Clin. Psychiatry61, 60–66 (2000).
  • Davidson JR. Pharmacotherapy of posttraumatic stress disorder: treatment options, long-term follow-up, and predictors of outcome. J. Clin. Psychiatry61, 52–56 (2000).
  • Stein DJ, Seedat S, van der Linden GJ, Zungu-Dirwayi N. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Int. Clin. Psychopharmacol.15, S31–S39 (2000).
  • Davidson JR. Long-term treatment and prevention of posttraumatic stress disorder. J. Clin. Psychiatry65(Suppl. 1), 44–48 (2004).
  • Davis LL, English BA, Ambrose SM, Petty F. Pharmacotherapy for post-traumatic stress disorder: a comprehensive review. Expert Opin. Pharmacother.2(10), 1583–1595 (2001).
  • Sherman AD, Petty F. Additivity of neurochemical changes in learned helplessness and imipramine. Behav. Neurol. Biol.35, 344–353 (1982).
  • Petty F, Kramer G, Wilson L. Prevention of learned helplessness: in vivo correlation with cortical serotonin. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav.43, 361–367 (1992).
  • Lee H, Kim JW, Yim SV et al. Fluoxetine enhances cell proliferation and prevents apoptosis in dentate gyrus of maternally separated rats. Mol. Psychiatry6, 725–728 (2001).
  • Liberzon I, Phan KL. Brain-imaging studies of posttraumatic stress disorder. CNS Spectr.8(9), 641–650 (2003).
  • Liberzon I, Martis B. Neuroimaging studies of emotional responses in PTSD. Ann. NY Acad. Sci.1071, 87–109 (2006).
  • Liberzon I, Britton JC, Phan KL. Neural correlates of traumatic recall in posttraumatic stress disorder. Stress6(3), 151–156 (2003).
  • Bremner JD. Neuroimaging of posttraumatic stress disorder. Psych. Annal.28, 445–450 (1998).
  • Bremner JD. Neuroimaging of childhood trauma. Semin. Clin. Neuropsych.7, 104–112 (2002).
  • Rauch SL, Shin LM, Phelps EA. Neurocircuitry models of posttraumatic stress disorder and extinction: human neuroimaging research – past, present, and future. Biol. Psychiatry60(4), 376–382 (2006).
  • Cannistraro PA, Rauch SL. Neural circuitry of anxiety: evidence from structural and functional neuroimaging studies. Psychopharmacol. Bull.37(4), 8–25 (2003).
  • Bonne O, Gilboa A, Louzoun Y et al. Resting regional cerebral perfusion in recent posttraumatic stress disorder. Biol. Psychiatry54(10), 1077–1086 (2003).
  • Chung YA, Kim SH, Chung SK et al. Alterations in cerebral perfusion in posttraumatic stress disorder patients without re-exposure to accident-related stimuli. Clin. Neurophysiol.117(3), 637–642 (2006).
  • Bremner JD, Innis RB, Ng CK et al. PET measurement of cerebral metabolic correlates of yohimbine administration in posttraumatic stress disorder. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry54, 246–256 (1997).
  • Britton JC, Phan KL, Taylor SF, Fig LM, Liberzon I. Corticolimbic blood flow in posttraumatic stress disorder during script-driven imagery. Biol. Psychiatry57(8), 832–840 (2005).
  • Yang P, Wu MT, Hsu CC, Ker JH. Evidence of early neurobiological alternations in adolescents with posttraumatic stress disorder: a functional MRI study. Neurosci. Lett.370(1), 13–18 (2004).
  • Bremner JD, Staib L, Kaloupek D et al. Neural correlates of exposure to traumatic pictures and sound in Vietnam combat veterans with and without posttraumatic stress disorder: a positron emission tomography study. Biol. Psychiatry45, 806–816 (1999).
  • Lanius RA, Williamson PC, Hopper J et al. Recall of emotional states in posttraumatic stress disorder: an fMRI investigation. Biol. Psychiatry53(3), 204–210 (2003).
  • Bremner JD, Narayan M, Staib LH et al. Neural correlates of memories of childhood sexual abuse in women with and without posttraumatic stress disorder. Am. J. Psychiatry156, 1787–1795 (1999).
  • Lanius RA, Williamson PC, Densmore M et al. Neural correlates of traumatic memories in posttraumatic stress disorder: a functional MRI investigation. Am. J. Psychiatry158, 1920–1922 (2001).
  • Liberzon I, Taylor SF, Amdur R et al. Brain activation in PTSD in response to trauma-related stimuli. Biol. Psychiatry45, 817–826 (1999).
  • Shin LH, McNally RJ, Kosslyn SM et al. Regional cerebral blood flow during script-driven imagery in childhood sexual abuse-related PTSD: a PET investigation. Am. J. Psychiatry156, 575–584 (1999).
  • Shin LM, Kosslyn SM, McNally RJ et al. Visual imagery and perception in posttraumatic stress disorder: a positron emission tomographic investigation. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry54, 233–237 (1997).
  • Shin LM, Orr SP, Carson MA et al. Regional cerebral blood flow in the amygdala and medial prefrontal cortex during traumatic imagery in male and female Vietnam veterans with PTSD. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry61(2), 168–176 (2004).
  • Semple WE, Goyer P, McCormick R et al. Higher brain blood flow at amygdala and lower frontal cortex blood flow in PTSD patients with comorbid cocaine and alcohol abuse compared to controls. Psychiatry63, 65–74 (2000).
  • Shin LM, Wright CI, Cannistraro PA et al. A functional magnetic resonance imaging study of amygdala and medial prefrontal cortex responses to overtly presented fearful faces in posttraumatic stress disorder. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry62(3), 273–281 (2005).
  • Shin LM, Whalen PJ, Pitman RK et al. An fMRI study of anterior cingulate function in posttraumatic stress disorder. Biol. Psychiatry50, 932–942 (2001).
  • Lindauer RJ, Booij J, Habraken JB et al. Cerebral blood flow changes during script-driven imagery in police officers with posttraumatic stress disorder. Biol. Psychiatry56(11), 853–861 (2004).
  • Phan KL, Britton JC, Taylor SF, Fig LM, Liberzon I. Corticolimbic blood flow during nontraumatic emotional processing in posttraumatic stress disorder. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry63(2), 184–192 (2006).
  • Rauch SL, van der Kolk BA, Fisler RE et al. A symptom provocation study of posttraumatic stress disorder using positron emission tomography and script driven imagery. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry53, 380–387 (1996).
  • Sakamoto H, Fukuda R, Okuaki T et al. Parahippocampal activation evoked by masked traumatic images in posttraumatic stress disorder: a functional MRI study. Neuroimage26(3), 813–821 (2005).
  • Bryant RA, Felmingham KL, Kemp AH et al. Neural networks of information processing in posttraumatic stress disorder: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Biol. Psychiatry58(2), 111–118 (2005).
  • Protopopescu X, Pan H, Tuescher O et al. Differential time courses and specificity of amygdala activity in posttraumatic stress disorder subjects and normal control subjects. Biol. Psychiatry57(5), 464–473 (2005).
  • Rauch SL, Whalen PJ, Shin LM et al. Exaggerated amygdala response to masked facial stimuli in posttraumatic stress disorder: a functional MRI study. Biol. Psychiatry47(9), 769–776 (2000).
  • Armony JL, Corbo V, Clement MH, Brunet A. Amygdala response in patients with acute PTSD to masked and unmasked emotional facial expressions.Am. J. Psychiatry162(10), 1961–1963 (2005).
  • Pissiota A, Frans O, Fernandez M et al. Neurofunctional correlates of posttraumatic stress disorder: a PET symptom provocation study. Eur. Arch. Psych. Clin. Neurosci.252, 68–75 (2002).
  • Clark CR, McFarlane AC, Morris P et al. Cerebral function in posttraumatic stress disorder during verbal working memory updating: a positron emission tomography study. Biol. Psychiatry53, 474–481 (2003).
  • Bremner JD, Soufer R, McCarthy G et al. Gender differences in cognitive and neural correlates of remembrance of emotional words. Psychopharmacol. Bull.35, 55–87 (2001).
  • Bremner JD, Vythilingam M, Vermetten E et al. Neural correlates of declarative memory for emotionally valenced words in women with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) related to early childhood sexual abuse. Biol. Psychiatry53, 289–299 (2003).
  • Bremner JD, Vermetten E, Vythilingam M et al. Neural correlates of the classical color and emotional Stroop in women with abuse-related posttraumatic stress disorder. Biol. Psych.55(6), 612–620 (2004).
  • Bremner JD, Vythilingam M, Vermetten E et al. MRI and PET study of deficits in hippocampal structure and function in women with childhood sexual abuse and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Am. J. Psychiatry160, 924–932 (2003).
  • Shin LM, Shin PS, Heckers S et al. Hippocampal function in posttraumatic stress disorder. Hippocampus14(3), 292–300 (2004).
  • Bremner JD, Vermetten E, Schmahl C et al. Positron emission tomographic imaging of neural correlates of a fear acquisition and extinction paradigm in women with childhood sexual abuse-related posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychol. Med.35(6), 791–806 (2005).
  • Schmahl CG, Elzinga BM, Vermetten E et al. Neural correlates of memories of abandonment in women with and without borderline personality disorder. Biol. Psychiatry54, 42–51 (2003).
  • Schmahl CG, Elzinga BM, Bremner JD. Individual differences in psychophysiological reactivity in adults with childhood abuse. Clin. Psychol. Psychother.9, 271–276 (2002).
  • Bremner JD, Randall PR, Vermetten E et al. MRI-based measurement of hippocampal volume in posttraumatic stress disorder related to childhood physical and sexual abuse: a preliminary report. Biol. Psychiatry41, 23–32 (1997).
  • Vermetten E, Schmahl C, Lindner S, Loewenstein RJ, Bremner JD. Hippocampal and amygdalar volumes in dissociative identity disorder. Am. J. Psychiatry163, 1–8 (2006).
  • Schmahl CG, Vermetten E, Elzinga BM, Bremner JD. Magnetic resonance imaging of hippocampal and amygdala volume in women with childhood abuse and borderline personality disorder. Psych. Res. Neuroimag.122, 193–198 (2003).
  • Vythilingam M, Heim C, Newport CD et al. Childhood trauma associated with smaller hippocampal volume in women with major depression. Am. J. Psychiatry159, 2072–2080 (2002).
  • Bremner JD, Vermetten E. Neuroanatomical changes associated with pharmacotherapy in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Ann. NY Acad. Sci.1032, 154–157 (2004).
  • Bremner JD, Mletzko T, Welter S et al. Treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder with phenytoin: an open label pilot study. J. Clin. Psychiatry65(11), 1559–1564 (2004).
  • Bremner JD, Mletzko T, Welter S et al. Effects of phenytoin on memory, cognition and brain structure in posttraumatic stress disorder: a pilot study. J. Psychopharmacol.19(2), 159–165 (2005).
  • Vermetten E, Vythilingam M, Southwick SM, Charney DS, Bremner JD. Long-term treatment with paroxetine increases verbal declarative memory and hippocampal volume in posttraumatic stress disorder. Biol. Psychiatry54(7), 693–702 (2003).
  • Vermetten E, Vythilingam M, Schmahl C et al. Alterations in stress reactivity after long-term treatment with paroxetine in women with posttraumatic stress disorder. Ann. NY Acad. Sci.1071, 184–202 (2006).
  • Fernandez M, Pissiota A, Frans O et al. Brain function in a patient with torture related post-traumatic stress disorder before and after fluoxetine treatment: a positron emission tomography provocation study. Neurosci. Lett.297, 101–104 (2001).
  • Seedat S, Warwick J, van Heerden B et al. Single photon emission computed tomography in posttraumatic stress disorder before and after treatment with a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor. J. Affect. Disord.80, 45–53 (2003).
  • Astur RS, St Germain SA, Tolin D, Ford J, Russell D, Stevens M. Hippocampus function predicts severity of post-traumatic stress disorder. Cyberpsychol. Behav.9(2), 234–240 (2006).
  • Semple WE, Goyer PF, McCormick R et al. Attention and regional cerebral blood flow in posttraumatic stress disorder patients with substance abuse histories. Psychiatry Res. Neuroimaging67, 17–28 (1996).
  • Zubieta J-K, Chinitz JA, Lombardi U, Fig LM, Cameron OG, Liberzon I. Medial frontal cortex involvement in PTSD symptoms: A SPECT study. J. Psychiatry Res.33, 259–264 (1999).

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.