Regulation of adult hippocampal neurogenesis: relevance to depression

References

• Nestler EJ, Barrot M, DiLeone RJ, Eisch AJ, Gold SJ, Monteggia LM. Neurobiology of depression. Neuron34, 13–25 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D’Sa C, Duman RS. Antidepressants and neuroplasticity. Bipolar Disord.4, 183–194 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kempermann G, Kronenberg G. Depressed new neurons – adult hippocampal neurogenesis and a cellular plasticity hypothesis of major depression. Biol. Psychiatry54(5), 499–503 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobs BL, Praag H, Gage FH. Adult brain neurogenesis and psychiatry: a novel theory of depression. Mol. Psychiatry5(3), 262–269 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ming GL, Song H. Adult neurogenesis in the mammalian central nervous system. Annu. Rev. Neuroscience28, 223–250 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abrous DN, Koehl M, Le Moal M. Adult neurogenesis: from precursors to network and physiology. Physiol. Rev.85(2), 523–569 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kempermann G, Jessberger S, Steiner B, Kronenberg G. Milestones of neuronal development in the adult hippocampus. Trends Neurosci.27(8), 447–452 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cameron HA, McKay RD. Adult neurogenesis produces a large pool of new granule cells in the dentate gyrus. J. Comp. Neurol.435(4), 406–417 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ge S, Pradhan DA, Ming GL, Song H. GABA sets the tempo for activity-dependent adult neurogenesis. Trends Neurosci.30(1), 1–8 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kempermann G, Kuhn HG, Gage FH. More hippocampal neurons in adult mice living in an enriched environment. Nature386(6624), 493–495 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Philippe T. BrdU immunohistochemistry for studying adult neurogenesis: paradigms, pitfalls, limitations, and validation. Brain Res. Rev.53(1), 198–214 (2007).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kempermann G, Wiskott L, Gage FH. Functional significance of adult neurogenesis. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol.14(2), 186–191 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prickaerts J, Koopmans G, Blokland A, Scheepens A. Learning and adult neurogenesis: survival with or without proliferation? Neurobiol. Learn. Mem.81(1), 1–11 (2004).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Malberg JE, Eisch AJ, Nestler EJ, Duman RS. Chronic antidepressant treatment increases neurogenesis in adult rat hippocampus. J. Neurosci.20(24), 9104–9110 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warner-Schmidt JL, Duman RS. Hippocampal neurogenesis: opposing effects of stress and antidepressant treatment. Hippocampus16(3), 239–249 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitchell PJ, Redfern PH. Animal models of depressive illness: the importance of chronic drug treatment. Curr. Pharm. Des.11, 171–203 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gould E, Tanapat P. Stress and hippocampal neurogenesis. Biol. Psychiatry46(11), 1472–1479 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luo C, Xu H, Li XM. Quetiapine reverses the suppression of hippocampal neurogenesis caused by repeated restraint stress. Brain Res.1063(1), 32–39 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dong H, Goico B, Martin M, Csernansky CA, Bertchume A, Csernansky JG. Modulation of hippocampal cell proliferation, memory, and amyloid plaque deposition in APPsw (Tg2576) mutant mice by isolation stress. Neuroscience127(3), 601–609 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitra R, Sundlass K, Parker KJ, Schatzberg AF, Lyons DM. Social stress-related behavior affects hippocampal cell proliferation in mice. Physiol. Behav.89(2), 123–127 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mirescu C, Peters JD, Noiman L, Gould E. Sleep deprivation inhibits adult neurogenesis in the hippocampus by elevating glucocorticoids. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA103(50), 19170–19175 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jayatissa MN, Bisgaard C, Tingstrom A, Papp M, Wiborg O. Hippocampal cytogenesis correlates to escitalopram-mediated recovery in a chronic mild stress rat model of depression. Neuropsychopharmacology31(11), 2395–2404 (2006).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Thomas RM, Hotsenpiller G, Peterson DA. Acute psychosocial stress reduces cell survival in adult hippocampal neurogenesis without altering proliferation. J. Neurosci.27(11), 2734–2743 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beauquis J, Roig P, Homo-Delarche F, De Nicola A, Saravia F. Reduced hippocampal neurogenesis and number of hilar neurones in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice: reversion by antidepressant treatment. Eur. J. Neurosci.23(6), 1539–1546 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bland ST, Schmid MJ, Greenwood BN, Watkins LR, Maier SF. Behavioral control of the stressor modulates stress-induced changes in neurogenesis and fibroblast growth factor-2. Neuroreport17(6), 593–597 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bain MJ, Dwyer SM, Rusak B. Restraint stress affects hippocampal cell proliferation differently in rats and mice. Neurosci. Lett.368(1), 7–10 (2004).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schmitz C, Rhodes ME, Bludau M et al. Depression: reduced number of granule cells in the hippocampus of female, but not male rats due to prenatal restraint stress. Mol. Psychiatry7(7), 810–813 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simon M, Czeh B, Fuchs E. Age-dependent susceptibility of adult hippocampal cell proliferation to chronic psychosocial stress. Brain Res.1049(2), 244–248 (2005).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vollmayr B, Simonis C, Weber S, Gass P, Henn F. Reduced cell proliferation in the dentate gyrus is not correlated with the development of learned helplessness. Biol. Psychiatry54(10), 1035–1040 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keilhoff G, Becker A, Grecksch G, Bernstein HG, Wolf G. Cell proliferation is influenced by bulbectomy and normalized by imipramine treatment in a region-specific manner. Neuropsychopharmacology31(6), 1165–1176 (2006).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Coe CL, Kramer M, Czeh B et al. Prenatal stress diminishes neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus of juvenile rhesus monkeys. Biol. Psychiatry54(10), 1025–1034 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nair A, Vadodaria KC, Banerjee SB et al. Stressor-specific regulation of distinct brain-derived neurotrophic factor transcripts and cyclic AMP response element-binding protein expression in the postnatal and adult rat hippocampus Neuropsychopharmacology (2007) (Epub ahead of print).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mirescu C, Peters JD, Gould E. Early life experience alters response of adult neurogenesis to stress. Nat. Neurosci.7(8), 841–846 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santarelli L, Saxe M, Gross C et al. Requirement of hippocampal neurogenesis for the behavioral effects of antidepressants. Science301(5634), 805–809 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reif A, Fritzen S, Finger M et al. Neural stem cell proliferation is decreased in schizophrenia, but not in depression. Mol. Psychiatry11(5), 514–522 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spalding KL, Bhardwaj RD, Buchholz BA, Druid H, Frisen J. Retrospective birth dating of cells in humans. Cell122(1), 133–143 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Videbech P, Ravnkilde B. Hippocampal volume and depression: a meta-analysis of MRI studies. Am. J. Psychiatry161(11), 1957–1966 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geuze E, Vermetten E, Bremner JD. MR-based in vivo hippocampal volumetrics: 2. Findings in neuropsychiatric disorders. Mol. Psychiatry10(2), 160–184 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muller MB, Lucassen PJ, Yassouridis A, Hoogendijk WJ, Holsboer F, Swaab DF. Neither major depression nor glucocorticoid treatment affects the cellular integrity of the human hippocampus. Eur. J. Neurosci.14(10), 1603–1612 (2001).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Czeh B, Lucassen PJ. What causes the hippocampal volume decrease in depression? Are neurogenesis, glial changes and apoptosis implicated? Eur. Arch. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci. (2007) (Epub ahead of print).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Frodl T, Schaub A, Banac S et al. Reduced hippocampal volume correlates with executive dysfunctioning in major depression. J. Psychiatry Neurosci.31(5), 316–323 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Starkman MN, Giordani B, Gebarski SS, Berent S, Schork MA, Schteingart DE. Decrease in cortisol reverses human hippocampal atrophy following treatment of Cushing’s disease. Biol. Psychiatry46(12), 1595–1602 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larsen MH, Rosenbrock H, Sams-Dodd F, Mikkelsen JD. Expression of brain derived neurotrophic factor, activity-regulated cytoskeleton protein mRNA, and enhancement of adult hippocampal neurogenesis in rats after sub-chronic and chronic treatment with the triple monoamine re-uptake inhibitor tesofensine. Eur. J. Pharmacol.555(2–3), 115–121 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alonso R, Griebel G, Pavone G, Stemmelin J, Le Fur G, Soubrie P. Blockade of CRF(1) or V(1b) receptors reverses stress-induced suppression of neurogenesis in a mouse model of depression. Mol. Psychiatry9(3), 278–286, 224 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen G, Rajkowska G, Du F, Seraji-Bozorgzad N, Manji HK. Enhancement of hippocampal neurogenesis by lithium. J. Neurochem.75(4), 1729–1734 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mayer JL, Klumpers L, Maslam S, de Kloet ER, Joels M, Lucassen PJ. Brief treatment with the glucocorticoid receptor antagonist mifepristone normalises the corticosterone-induced reduction of adult hippocampal neurogenesis. J. Neuroendocrinol.18(8), 629–631 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bjornebekk A, Mathe AA, Brene S. The antidepressant effect of running is associated with increased hippocampal cell proliferation. Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol.8(3), 357–368 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grassi Zucconi G, Cipriani S, Balgkouranidou I, Scattoni R. ‘One night’ sleep deprivation stimulates hippocampal neurogenesis. Brain Res. Bull.69(4), 375–381 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Encinas JM, Vaahtokari A, Enikolopov G. Fluoxetine targets early progenitor cells in the adult brain. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA103(21), 8233–8238 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malberg JE, Duman RS. Cell proliferation in adult hippocampus is decreased by inescapable stress: reversal by fluoxetine treatment. Neuropsychopharmacology28(9), 1562–1571 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark S, Schwalbe J, Stasko MR, Yarowsky PJ, Costa AC. Fluoxetine rescues deficient neurogenesis in hippocampus of the Ts65Dn mouse model for Down syndrome. Exp. Neurol.200(1), 256–261 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grote HE, Bull ND, Howard ML et al. Cognitive disorders and neurogenesis deficits in Huntington’s disease mice are rescued by fluoxetine. Eur. J. Neurosci.22(8), 2081–2088 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Czeh B, Welt T, Fischer AK et al. Chronic psychosocial stress and concomitant repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation: effects on stress hormone levels and adult hippocampal neurogenesis. Biol. Psychiatry52(11), 1057–1065 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meshi D, Drew MR, Saxe M et al. Hippocampal neurogenesis is not required for behavioral effects of environmental enrichment. Nat. Neurosci.9(6), 729–731 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Becker S, Wojtowicz JM. A model of hippocampal neurogenesis in memory and mood disorders. Trends Cogn. Sci.11(2), 70–76 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• He J, Crews FT. Neurogenesis decreases during brain maturation from adolescence to adulthood. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav.86(2), 327–333 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vermetten E, Vythilingam M, Southwick SM, Charney DS, Bremner JD. Long-term treatment with paroxetine increases verbal declarative memory and hippocampal volume in posttraumatic stress disorder. Biol. Psychiatry54(7), 693–702 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vythilingam M, Vermetten E, Anderson GM et al. Hippocampal volume, memory, and cortisol status in major depressive disorder: effects of treatment. Biol. Psychiatry56(2), 101–112 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castren E, Voikar V, Rantamaki T. Role of neurotrophic factors in depression. Curr. Opin. Pharmacol.7(1), 18–21 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cameron HA, Hazel TG, McKay RDG. Regulation of neurogenesis by growth factors and neurotransmitters. J. Neurobiol.36, 287–306 (1998).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Duman RS, Monteggia LM. A neurotrophic model of stress related mood disorders. Biol. Psychiatry59(12), 1116–1127 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brezun JM, Daszuta A. Serotonin may stimulate granule cell proliferation in the adult hippocampus, as observed in rats grafted with foetal raphe neurons. Eur. J. Neurosci.12(1), 391–396 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kulkarni VA, Jha S, Vaidya VA. Depletion of norepinephrine decreases the proliferation, but does not influence the survival and differentiation, of granule cell progenitors in the adult rat hippocampus. Eur. J. Neurosci.16(10), 2008–2012 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deisseroth K, Singla S, Toda H, Monje M, Palmer TD, Malenka RC. Excitation-neurogenesis coupling in adult neural stem/progenitor cells. Neuron42, 535–552 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howell OW, Doyle K, Goodman JH et al. Neuropeptide Y stimulates neuronal precursor proliferation in the post-natal and adult dentate gyrus. J. Neurochem.93(3), 560–570 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morceunde S, Gadd CA, Peters M et al. Increased neurogenesis and brain-derived neurotrophic factor in neurokinin-1 receptor gene knockout mice. Eur. J. Neurosci.18, 1828–1836 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aguado T, Monory K, Palazuelos J et al. The endocannabinoid system drives neural progenitor proliferation. FASEB J.19(12), 1704–1706 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Banasr M, Hery M, Printemps R, Daszuta A. Serotonin-induced increases in adult cell proliferation and neurogenesis are mediated through different and common 5-HT receptor subtypes in the dentate gyrus and the subventricular zone. Neuropsychopharmacology29(3), 450–460 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rizk P, Salazar J, Raisman-Vozari R et al. The α2-adrenoceptor antagonist dexefaroxan enhances hippocampal neurogenesis by increasing the survival and differentiation of new granule cells. Neuropsychopharmacology31, 1146–1157 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schlett K. Glutamate as a modulator of embryonic and adult neurogenesis. Curr. Top. Med. Chem.6(10), 949–960 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kendell SF, Krystal JH, Sanacora G. GABA and glutamate systems as therapeutic targets in depression and mood disorders. Expert Opin. Ther. Targets9(1), 153–168 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoshimizu T, Shimazaki T, Ito A, Chaki S. An mGluR2/3 antagonist, MGS0039, exerts antidepressant and anxiolytic effects in behavioral models in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl.)186(4), 587–593 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoshimizu T, Chaki S. Increased cell proliferation in the adult mouse hippocampus following chronic administration of group II metabotropic glutamate receptor antagonist, MGS0039. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.315(2), 493–496 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bai F, Bergeron M, Nelson DL. Chronic AMPA receptor potentiator (LY451646) treatment increases cell proliferation in adult rat hippocampus. Neuropharmacology44, 1013–1021 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Altar CA, Laeng P, Jurata LW et al. Electroconvulsive seizures regulate gene expression of distinct neurotrophic signaling pathways. J. Neurosci.24(11), 2667–2677 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farmer J, Zhao X, van Praag H, Wodtke K, Gage FH, Christie BR. Effects of voluntary exercise on synaptic plasticity and gene expression in the dentate gyrus of adult male Sprague-Dawley rats in vivo. Neuroscience124(1), 71–79 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kitamura T, Mishina M, Sugiyama H. Enhancement of neurogenesis by running wheel exercises is suppressed in mice lacking NMDA receptor ε1 subunit. Neurosci. Res.(47), 55–63 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Earnheart JC, Schweizer C, Crestani F et al. GABAergic control of adult hippocampal neurogenesis in relation to behavior indicative of trait anxiety and depression states. J. Neurosci.27(14), 3845–3854 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sergeyev V, Fetissov S, Mathe AA et al. Neuropeptide expression in rats exposed to chronic mild stresses. Psychopharmacology (Berl.)178(2–3), 115–124 (2005).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Husum H, Mikkelsen JD, Hogg S, Mathe AA, Mork A. Involvement of hippocampal neuropeptide Y in mediating the chronic actions of lithium, electroconvulsive stimulation and citalopram. Neuropharmcology39(8), 1463–1473 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ishida H, Shirayama Y, Iwata M et al. Infusion of neuropeptide Y into CA3 region of hippocampus produces antidepressant-like effect via Y1 receptor. Hippocampus17(4), 271–280 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berton O, Nestler EJ. New approaches to antidepressant drug discovery: beyond monoamines. Nat. Rev. Neurosci.7(2), 137–151 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jiang W, Zhang Y, Xiao L et al. Cannabinoids promote embryonic and adult hippocampus neurogenesis and produce anxiolytic- and antidepressant-like effects. J. Clin. Invest.115(11), 3104–3116 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hill MN, Kambo JS, Sun JC, Gorzalka BB, Galea LA. Endocannabinoids modulate stress-induced suppression of hippocampal cell proliferation and activation of defensive behaviours. Eur. J. Neurosci.24(7), 1845–1849 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas RM, Urban JH, Peterson DA. Acute exposure to predator odor elicits a robust increase in corticosterone and a decrease in activity without altering proliferation in the adult hippocampus. Exp. Neurol.201(2), 308–315 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown ES, Rush AJ, McEwen BS. Hippocampal remodeling and damage by corticosteroids: implications for mood disorders. Neuropsychopharmacology21(4), 474–484 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong EY, Herbert J. The corticoid environment: a determining factor for neural progenitors survival in the adult hippocampus. Eur. J. Neurosci.20, 2491–2498 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang GJ, Herbert J. Stimulation of neurogenesis in the hippocampus of the adult rat by fluoxetine requires rhythmic change in corticosterone. Biol. Psychiatry59(7), 619–624 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walf AA, Frye CA. A review and update of mechanisms of estrogen in the hippocampus and amygdala for anxiety and depression behavior. Neuropsychopharmacology31(6), 1097–1111 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galea LA, Spritzer MD, Barker JM, Pawluski JL. Gonadal hormone modulation of hippocampal neurogenesis in the adult. Hippocampus16(3), 225–232 (2006).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Banasr M, Hery M, Brezun JM, Daszuta A. Serotonin mediates oestrogen stimulation of cell proliferation in the adult dentate gyrus. Eur. J. Neurosci.14(9), 1417–1424 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackson IM. The thyroid axis and depression. Thyroid8(10), 951–956 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Desouza LA, Ladiwala U, Daniel SM, Agashe S, Vaidya RA, Vaidya VA. Thyroid hormone regulates hippocampal neurogenesis in the adult rat brain. Mol. Cell Neurosci.29(3), 414–426 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montero-Pedrazuela A, Venero C, Lavado-Autric R et al. Modulation of adult hippocampal neurogenesis by thyroid hormones: implications in depressive-like behavior. Mol. Psychiatry11(4), 361–371 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sairanen M, Lucas G, Ernfors P, Castren M, Castren E. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor and antidepressant drugs have different but coordinated effects on neuronal turnover, proliferation, and survival in the adult dentate gyrus. J. Neurosci.25(5), 1089–1094 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warner-Schmidt JL, Duman RS. VEGF is an essential mediator of the neurogenic and behavioral actions of antidepressants. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA104(11), 4647–4652 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malberg JE, Platt B, Rizzo SJ et al. Increasing the levels of insulin-like growth factor-I by an IGF binding protein inhibitor produces anxiolytic and antidepressant-like effects. Neuropsychopharmacology (2007) (Epub ahead of print).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cheng Y, Black IB, DiCicco-Bloom E. Hippocampal granule neuron production and population size are regulated by levels of bFGF. Eur. J. Neurosci.15(1), 3–12 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mallei A, Shi B, Mocchetti I. Antidepressant treatments induce the expression of basic fibroblast growth factor in cortical and hippocampal neurons. Mol. Pharmacol.61(5), 1017–1024 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nibuya M, Morinobu S, Duman RS. Regulation of BDNF and trkB mRNA in rat brain by chronic electroconvulsive seizure and antidepressant drug treatments. J. Neurosci.15(11), 7539–7547 (1995).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rossi C, Angelucci A, Costantin L et al. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is required for the enhancement of hippocampal neurogenesis following environmental enrichment. Eur. J. Neurosci.24(7), 1850–1856 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson RA, Rhodes JS, Jeffrey SL, Garland T Jr, Mitchell GS. Hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor but not neurotrophin-3 increases more in mice selected for increased voluntary wheel running. Neuroscience121(1), 1–7 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoshaw BA, Malberg JE, Lucki I. Central administration of IGF-I and BDNF leads to long-lasting antidepressant-like effects. Brain Res.1037(1–2), 204–208 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heine VM, Zareno J, Maslam S, Joels M, Lucassen PJ. Chronic stress in the adult dentate gyrus reduces cell proliferation near the vasculature and VEGF and Flk-1 protein expression. Eur. J. Neurosci.21(5), 1304–1314 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fabel K, Fabel K, Tam B et al. VEGF is necessary for exercise-induced adult hippocampal neurogenesis. Eur. J. Neurosci.18(10), 2803–2812 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Machold R, Hayashi S, Rutlin M. Sonic hedgehog is required for progenitor cell maintenance in telencephalic stem cell niches. Neuron39(6), 937–950 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Banerjee SB, Rajendran R, Dias BG, Ladiwala U, Tole S, Vaidya VA. Recruitment of the Sonic hedgehog signalling cascade in electroconvulsive seizure-mediated regulation of adult rat hippocampal neurogenesis. Eur. J. Neurosci.22(7), 1570–1580 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blendy JA. The role of CREB in depression and antidepressant treatment. Biol. Psychiatry59(12), 1144–1150 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nibuya M, Nestler EJ, Duman RS. Chronic antidepressant administration increases the expression of cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) in rat hippocampus. J. Neurosci.16(7), 2365–2372 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen AC, Shirayama Y, Shin KH, Neve RL, Duman RS. Expression of the cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) in hippocampus produces an antidepressant effect. Biol. Psychiatry49(9), 753–762 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakagawa S, Kim JE, Lee R et al. Regulation of neurogenesis in adult mouse hippocampus by cAMP and the cAMP response element-binding protein. J. Neurosci.22(9), 3673–3682 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laifenfeld D, Karry R, Grauer E, Klein E, Ben-Shachar D. ATF2, a member of the CREB/ATF family of transcription factors, in chronic stress and consequent to antidepressant treatment: animal models and human post-mortem brains. Neuropsychopharmacology29(3), 589–597 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lemaire V, Aurousseau C, Le Moal M, Abrous DN. Behavioural trait of reactivity to novelty is related to hippocampal neurogenesis. Eur. J. Neurosci.(11), 4006–4014 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar