Uric acid administration in patients with acute stroke: a novel approach to neuroprotection

References

• Wu XW, Muzny DM, Lee CC, Caskey CT. Two independent mutational events in the loss of urate oxidase during hominoid evolution. J. Mol. Evol.34(1), 78–84 (1992).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Becker BF. Towards the physiological function of uric acid. Free Radic. Biol. Med.14(6), 615–631 (1993).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garcia Puig J, Mateos FA. Clinical and biochemical aspects of uric acid overproduction. Pharm. World Sci.16(2), 40–54 (1994).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nyyssönen K, Porkkala–Sarataho E, Kaikkonen J, Salonen JT. Ascorbate and urate are the strongest determinants of plasma antioxidative capacity and serum lipid resistance to oxidation in Finnish men. Atherosclerosis130(1–2), 223–233 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watanabe S, Kang DH, Feng L et al. Uric acid, hominoid evolution, and the pathogenesis of salt-sensitivity. Hypertension40(3), 355–360 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ames BN, Cathcart R, Schwiers E, Hochstein P. Uric acid provides an antioxidant defense in humans against oxidant- and radical-caused aging and cancer: a hypothesis. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA78, 6858–6862 (1981).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bleyer AJ, Hart TC. Genetic factors associated with gout and hyperuricemia. Adv. Chronic Kidney Dis.13(2), 124–130 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hediger MA, Johnson RJ, Miyazaki H, Endou H. Molecular physiology of urate transport. Physiology20, 125–133 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doehner W, Schoene N, Rauchhaus M et al. Effects of xanthine oxidase inhibition with allopurinol on endothelial function and peripheral blood flow in hyperuricemic patients with chronic heart failure: results from 2 placebo-controlled studies. Circulation105(22), 2619–2624 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Volk KJ, Lee MS, Yost RA, Brajter-Toth A. Electrochemistry/thermospray/tandem mass spectrometry in the study of biooxidation of purines. Anal. Chem.60(7), 720–722 (1988).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leal-Pinto E, Cohen BE, Abramson RG. Functional analysis and molecular modeling of a cloned urate transporter/channel. J. Membr. Biol.169(1), 13–27 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Enomoto A, Kimura H, Chairoungdua A et al. Molecular identification of a renal urate-anion exchanger that regulates blood urate levels. Nature417(6887), 447–452 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roch-Ramel F, Guisan B, Diezi J. Effects of uricosuric and antiuricosuric agents on urate transport in human brush-border membrane vesicles. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther.280(2), 839–845 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson RJ, Titte S, Cade JR, Rideout BA Oliver WJ. Uric acid, evolution, and primitive cultures. Semin. Nephrol.25(1), 3–8 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dröge W. Free radicals in the physiological control of cell function. Physiol. Rev.82(1), 47–95 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Love S. Oxidative stress in brain ischemia. Brain Pathol.9(1), 119–131 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fabian RH, Kent TA. Superoxide anion production during reperfusion is reduced by an antineutrophil antibody after prolonged cerebral ischemia. Free Radic. Biol. Med.26(3–4), 355–361 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uemura Y, Miller JM, Matson WR, Beal MF. Neurochemical analysis of focal ischemia in rats. Stroke22(12), 1548–1553 (1991).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schneider A, Martin-Villalba A, Weih F, Vogel J, Wirth T, Schwaninger M. NF-kB is activated and promotes cell death in focal cerebral ischemia. Nat. Med.5(5), 554–559 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frijns CJ, Kappelle LJ. Inflammatory cell adhesion molecules in ischemic cerebrovascular disease. Stroke33(8), 2115–2122 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cherubini Polidori MC, Bregnocchi M et al. Antioxidant profile and early outcome in stroke patients. Stroke31(10), 2295–2300 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spranger M, Krempien S, Schwab S, Donnenberg S, Hacke W. Superoxide dismutase activity in serum of patients with acute cerebral ischemic injury: correlation with clinical course and infarct size. Stroke28(12), 2425–2428 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leinonen JS, Ahonen JP, Loennrot K et al. Plasma antioxidant capacity is associated with high lesion volume and neurological impairment in stroke. Stroke31(9), 33–39 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edaravone Acute Infarction Study Group. Effect of a novel free radical scavenger, edaravone (MCI-186), on acute brain infarction. Randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study at multicenters. Cerebrovasc. Dis.15(3), 222–229 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lees KR, Zivin JA, Ashwood T et al. Stroke-Acute Ischemic NXY Treatment (SAINT I) Trial Investigators. NXY-059 for acute ischemic stroke. N. Engl. J. Med.354, 588–600 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shuaib A, Lees KR, Lyden P et al. NXY-059 for the treatment of acute ischemic stroke. SAINT II Trial Investigators. N. Engl J. Med.357(6), 562–571 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tirilazad International Steering Committee. Tirilazad mesylate in acute ischemic stroke: a systematic review. Stroke31(9), 2257–2265 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ly JV, Zavala JA, Donnan GA. Neuroprotection and thrombolysis: combination therapy in acute ischaemic stroke. Expert Opin. Pharmacother.7(12), 1571–1581 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zweier JL, Kuppusamy P, Lutty GA. Measurement of endothelial cell free radical generation: evidence for a central mechanism of free radical injury in postischemic tissues. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA85(11), 4046–4050 (1998).
   Google Scholar
• Ashraf M, Samra ZQ. Subcellular distribution of xanthine oxidase during cardiac ischemia and reperfusion: an immunocytochemical study. J. Submicrosc. Cytol. Pathol.25(2), 193–201 (1993).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tayag EC, Nair SN, Wahhab S, Katsetos CD, Lighthall JW, Lehmann JC. Cerebral uric acid increases following experimental traumatic brain injury in rat. Brain Res.733(2), 287–291 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friedl HP, Smith DJ, Till GO, Thomson PD, Louis DS, Ward PA. Ischemia-reperfusion in humans. Appearance of xanthine oxidase activity. Am. J. Pathol.136(3), 491–495 (1990).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huizer T, de Jong JW, Nelson JA et al. Urate production by human heart. J. Mol. Cell Cardiol.21(7), 691–695 (1989).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lazzarino G, Raatikainen P, Nuutinen M et al. Myocardial release of malondialdehyde and purine compounds during coronary bypass surgery. Circulation90(1), 291–297 (1994).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leyva F, Anker S, Swan JW et al. Serum uric acid as an index of impaired oxidative metabolism in chronic heart failure. Eur. Heart J.18(5), 858–865 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akdemir H, Aik Z, Paaoqlu H, Karaküçük I, Oktem IS, Koç RK. The effect of allopurinol on focal cerebral ischaemia: an experimental study in rabbits. Neurosurg. Rev.24(2–3), 131–135 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montor SG, Thoolen MJ, Mackin WM, Timmermans PB. Effect of azapropazone and allopurinol on myocardial infarct size in rats. Eur. J. Pharmacol.140(2), 203–207 (1987).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bolli R. Oxygen-derived free radicals and postischemic myocardial dysfunction (‘stunned myocardium’). J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.12(1), 239–249 (1988).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davies KJ, Sevanian A, Muakkassah-Kelly SF, Hochstein P. Uric acid-iron ion complexes: a new aspect of the anti-oxidant functions of uric acid. Biochem. J.235(3), 747–754 (1986).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Squadrito GL, Cueto R, Splenser AE et al. Reaction of uric acid with peroxynitrite and implications for the mechanism of neuroprotection by uric acid. Arch. Biochem. Biophys.376(2), 333–337 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gürsoy-Ozdemir Y, Can A, Dalkara T. Reperfusion-induced oxidative/nitrative injury to neurovascular unit after focal cerebral ischemia. Stroke35(6), 1449–1453 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Demicheli V, Quijano C, Alvarez B, Radi R. Inactivation and nitration of human superoxide dismutase (SOD) by fluxes of nitric oxide and superoxide. Free Radic. Biol. Med.42(9), 1359–1368 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nie H, Wu JL, Zhang M, Xu J, Zou MH. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase-dependent tyrosine nitration of prostacyclin synthase in diabetes in vivo. Diabetes55(11), 3133–3141 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vadseth C, Souza JM, Thomson L et al. Pro-thrombotic state induced by post-translational modification of fibrinogen by reactive nitrogen species. J. Biol. Chem.279(10), 8820–8826 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mehdi H. Shishehbor, Ronnier J et al. Association of nitrotyrosine levels with cardiovascular disease and modulation by statin therapy. JAMA289(13), 1675–1680 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hink HU, Santanam N, Dikalov S et al. Peroxidase properties of extracellular superoxide dismutase. Role of uric acid in modulating in vivo activity. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol.22(9), 1402–1408 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kondo T, Reaume AG, Huang TT et al. Reduction of CuZn-superoxide dismutase activity exacerbates neuronal cell injury and edema formation after transient focal cerebral ischemia. J. Neurosci.17(11), 4180–4189 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keller JN, Kindy MS, Holtsberg FW et al. Mitochondrial manganese superoxide dismutase prevents neural apoptosis and reduces ischemic brain injury: suppression of peroxynitrite production, lipid peroxidation, and mitochondrial dysfunction. J. Neurosci.18(2), 687–697 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abuja PM. Ascorbate prevents prooxidant effects of urate in oxidation of human low density lipoprotein. FEBS Lett.446(2–3), 305–308 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maples KR, Mason RP. Free radical metabolite of uric acid. J. Biol. Chem.263(4), 1709–1712 (1988).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sevanian A, Davies KJ, Hochstein P. Serum urate as an antioxidant for ascorbic acid. Am. J. Clin. Nutr.54(6), 1129–1134 (1991).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu ZF, Bruce-Keller AJ, Goodman Y, Mattson MP. Uric acid protects neurons against excitotoxic and metabolic insults in cell culture, and against focal ischemic brain injury in vivo. J. Neurosci. Res.53(5), 613–625 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romanos E, Planas AM, Amaro S, Chamorro A. Uric acid reduces brain damage and improves the benefits of rt-PA in a rat model of thromboembolic stroke. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab.27(1), 14–20 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amaro S, Soy D, Obach V, Cervera A, Planas AM, Chamorro A. A pilot study of dual treatment with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator and uric acid in acute ischemic stroke. Stroke38(7), 2173–2175 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patschan D, Patschan S, Gobe GG, Chintala S, Goligorsky MS. Uric acid heralds ischemic tissue injury to mobilize endothelial progenitor cells. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol.18(5), 1516–1524 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sobrino T, Hurtado O, Moro MA et al. The increase of circulating endothelial progenitor cells after acute ischemic stroke is associated with good outcome. Stroke38(10), 2759–2764 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zare F, Magnusson M, Bergström T et al. Uric acid, a nucleic acid degradation product, down-regulates dsRNA-triggered arthritis. J. Leukoc. Biol.79(3), 482–488 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ginsberg MH, Kozin F, O’Malley M, McCarty DJ. Release of platelet constituents by monosodium urate crystals. J. Clin. Invest.60(5), 999–1007 (1977).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kanellis J, Watanabe S, Li JH et al. Uric acid stimulates MCP-1 production in vascular smooth muscle cells via MAPK and COX-2. Hypertension41(6), 1287–1293 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Netea MG, Kullberg BJ, Block WL, Netea RT, van der Meer JW. The role of hyperuricemia in the increased cytokine production after lipopolysaccharide challenge in neutropenic mice. Blood89(2), 577–582 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rao GN, Corson MA, Berk BC. Uric acid stimulates vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation by increasing platelet-derived growth factor A-chain expression. J. Biol. Chem.266(13), 8604–8608 (1991).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson RJ, Kang DH, Feig D et al. Is there a pathogenetic role for uric acid in hypertension and cardiovascular and renal disease? Hypertension41(6), 1183–1190 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khosla U, Zharikov S, Finch J et al. Hyperuricemia induces endothelial dysfunction. Kidney Int.67(5), 1739–1742 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mazzali M, Kanellis J, Han L et al. Hyperuricemia induces a primary renal arteriolopathy in rats by a blood pressure-independent mechanism. Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol.282(6), 991–997 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brand FN, McGee DL, Kannel WB, Stokes J 3rd, Castelli WP. Hyperuricemia as a risk factor of coronary heart disease: the Framingham Study. Am. J. Epidemiol.121(1), 11–18 (1985).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levine W, Dyer AR, Shekelle RB, Schoenberger JA, Stamler J. Serum uric acid and 11.5-year mortality of middle-aged women: findings of the Chicago Heart Association Detection Project in Industry. J. Clin. Epidemiol.42(3), 257–267 (1989).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freedman DS, Williamson DF, Gunter EW, Byers T. Relation of serum uric acid to mortality and ischemic heart disease. The NHANES I Epidemiologic Follow-up Study. Am. J. Epidemiol.141(7), 637–644 (1995).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mazza A, Pessina AC, Pavei A, Scarpa R, Tikhonoff V, Casiglia E. Predictors of stroke mortality in elderly people from the general population. Eur. J. Epidemiol.17(12), 1097–1104 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bengtsson C, Lapidus L, Stendahl C, Waldenström J. Hyperuricaemia and risk of cardiovascular disease and overall death. A 12-year follow-up of participants in the population study of women in Gothenburg, Sweden. Acta Med. Scand.224(6), 549–555 (1988).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kannel WB. Metabolic risk factors for coronary heart disease in women: perspective from the Framingham Study. Am. Heart J.114(2), 413–419 (1987).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iribarren C, Sharp DS, Curb JD, Yano K. High uric acid: a metabolic marker of coronary heart disease among alcohol abstainers. J. Clin. Epidemiol.49(6), 673–678 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang JG, Staessen JA, Fagard RH, Birkenhager WH, Gong L, Liu L. Prognostic significance of serum creatinine and uric acid in older Chinese patients with isolated systolic hypertension. Hypertension37(4), 1069–1074 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verdecchia P, Schillaci G, Reboldi GP, Santeusanio F, Porcellati C, Brunetti P. Relation between serum uric acid and risk of cardiovascular disease in essential hypertension: the PIUMA Study. Hypertension36(6), 1072–1078 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alderman MH, Cohen H, Madhavan S, Kivlighn S. Serum uric acid and cardiovascular events in successfully treated hypertensive patients. Hypertension34(1), 144–150 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lehto S, Niskanen L, Ronnemaa T, Laakso M. Serum uric acid is a strong predictor of stroke in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Stroke29(3), 635–639 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weir CJ, Muir SW, Walters MR, Lees KR. Serum urate as an independent predictor of poor outcome and future vascular events after acute stroke. Stroke34(8), 1951–1956 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anker SD, Doehner W, Rauchhaus M et al. Uric acid and survival in chronic heart failure: validation and application in metabolic, functional, and hemodynamic staging. Circulation107(15), 1991–1997 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Culleton BF, Larson MG, Kannel WB, Levy D. Serum uric acid and risk for cardiovascular disease and death: the Framingham Heart Study. Ann. Intern. Med.131(1), 7–13 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reunanen A, Takkunen H, Knekt P, Aromaa A. Hyperuricemia as a risk factor for cardiovascular mortality. Acta. Med. Scand. Suppl.668, 49–59 (1982).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Moriarity JT, Folsom AR, Iribarren C, Nieto FJ, Rosamond WD. Serum uric acid and risk of coronary heart disease: Atherosclerosis Risk In Communities (ARIC) Study. Ann. Epidemiol.10(3), 136–143 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoo TW, Sung KC, Shin HS et al. Relationship between serum uric acid concentration and insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome. Circ. J.69(8), 928–933 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bos MJ, Koudstaal PJ, Hofman A, Witteman JC, Breteler MM. Uric acid is a risk factor for myocardial infarction and stroke: the Rotterdam study. Stroke37(6), 1503–1507 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hozawa A, Folsom AR, Ibrahim H, Javier Nieto F, Rosamond WD, Shahar E. Serum uric acid and risk of ischemic stroke: the ARIC Study. Atherosclerosis187(2), 401–407 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nieto FJ, Iribarren C, Gross MD, Comstock GW, Cutler RG. Uric acid and serum antioxidant capacity: a reaction to atherosclerosis? Atherosclerosis148(1), 131–139 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iuliano L. The oxidant stress hypothesis of atherogenesis. Lipids36(Suppl.), S41–S44 (2001).
   Google Scholar
• Sakamoto A, Ohnishi ST, Ohnishi T, Ogawa R. Relationship between free radical production and lipid peroxidation during ischemia-reperfusion injury in the rat brain. Brain Res.554(1–2), 186–192 (1991).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• White BC, Daya A, DeGracia DJ et al. Fluorescent histochemical localization of lipid peroxidation during brain reperfusion following cardiac arrest. Acta Neuropathol.86(1), 1–9 (1993).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kidwell CS, Liebeskind DS, Starkman S, Saver JL. Trends in acute ischemic stroke trials through the 20th century. Stroke32(6), 1349–1359 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng YD, Al-Khoury L, Zivin JA. Neuroprotection for ischemic stroke: two decades of success and failure. NeuroRx1(1), 36–45 (2004).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chamorro A, Planas AM, Soy D, Deulofeu R. Uric acid administration for neuroprotection in patients with acute brain ischemia. Med. Hypotheses62(2), 173–176 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hooper DC, Scott GS, Zborek A et al. Uric acid, a peroxynitrite scavenger, inhibits CNS inflammation, blood–CNS barrier permeability changes, and tissue damage in a mouse model of multiple sclerosis. FASEB J.14(5), 691–698 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scott GS, Cuzzocrea S, Genovese T, Koprowski H, Hooper DC. Uric acid protects against secondary damage after spinal cord injury. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA102(9), 3483–3488 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong KY, MacWalter RS, Fraser HW, Crombie I, Ogston SA, Struthers AD. Urate predicts subsequent cardiac death0 in stroke survivors. Eur. Heart J.23(10), 788–793 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karagiannis A, Mikhailidis DP, Tziomalos K et al. Serum uric acid as an independent predictor of early death after acute stroke. Circ. J.71(7), 1120–1127 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chamorro A, Planas AM. Yin and yang of uric acid in patients with stroke. Stroke35(1), E11–E12; author reply E11–E12 (2004).
   Google Scholar
• Newman EJ, Rahman FS, Lees KR, Weir CJ, Walters MR. Elevated serum urate concentration independently predicts poor outcome following stroke in patients with diabetes. Diabetes Metab. Res. Rev.22(1), 79–82 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chamorro A, Obach V, Cervera A, Revilla M, Deulofeu R, Aponte JH. Prognostic significance of uric acid serum concentration in patients with acute ischaemic stroke. Stroke33(4), 1048–1052 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waring WS, Webb DJ, Maxwell RJ. Systemic uric acid administration increases serum antioxidant capacity in healthy volunteers. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol.38(3), 365–371 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waring WS, Convery AA, Mishra V, Shenkin A, Webb DJ, Maxwell SR. Uric acid reduces exercise-induced oxidative stress in healthy adults. Clin. Sci.105(4), 425–430 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waring WS, Adwani SH, Breukels O, Webb DJ, Maxwell SR. Hyperuricaemia does not impair cardiovascular function in healthy adults. Heart90(2), 155–159 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waring WS, McKnight JA, Webb DJ, Maxwell SR. Uric acid restores endothelial function in patients with type 1 diabetes and regular smokers. Diabetes55(11), 3127–3132 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mori T, Asano T, Matsui T et al. Intraluminal increase of superoxide anion following transient focal cerebral ischemia in rats. Brain Res.816(2), 350–357 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar