The impact of epidemics of vaccine-preventable disease on vaccine uptake: lessons from the 2011–2012 US pertussis epidemic

References

• Roush SW, Murphy TV. Historical comparisons of morbidity and mortality for vaccine-preventable diseases in the United States. JAMA 2007;298(18):2155-63
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cherry JD. Epidemic pertussis in 2012 — the resurgence of a vaccine-preventable disease. N Engl J Med 2012;367(9):785-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orenstein WA, Papania MJ, Wharton ME. Measles elimination in the United States. J Infect Dis 2004;189(Suppl 1):S1-3
   Google Scholar
• Jansen VA, Stollenwerk N, Jensen HJ, et al. Measles outbreaks in a population with declining vaccine uptake. Science 2003;301(5634):804
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• 2012 Final Pertussis Surveillance Report. 2013. August 23 2013. Available from: www.cdc.gov/pertussis/downloads/pertussis-surveillance-report.pdf [Cited 4 November 2013]
   Google Scholar
• CDC. Increased transmission and outbreaks of measles — European region 2011. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep (MMWR) 2011;60(47):1605-10
   Google Scholar
• Atwell JE, Van Otterloo J, Zipprich J, et al. Nonmedical vaccine exemptions and pertussis in California 2010. Pediatrics 2013;132(4):624-30
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gangarosa EJ, Galazka AM, Wolfe CR, et al. Impact of anti-vaccine movements on pertussis control: the untold story. The Lancet 1998;351(9099):356-61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• May T, Silverman RD. ‘Clustering of exemptions’ as a collective action threat to herd immunity. Vaccine 2003;21(11-12):1048
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Offit PA, DeStefano F. Vaccine Safety. In: Plotkin S, Orenstein WA, Offit PA, editors. Vaccines. Elsevier, New York, NY; 2013
   Google Scholar
• Brewer NT, Chapman GB, Gibbons FX, et al. Meta-analysis of the relationship between risk perception and health behavior: the example of vaccination. Health Psychol 2007;26(2):136-45
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salmon DA, Moulton LH, Omer SB, Chace LM. Knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs of school nurses and personnel and associations with nonmedical immunization exemptions. Pediatrics 2004;113(6):e552-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolf ER, Opel D, DeHart MP, et al. Impact of a pertussis epidemic on infant vaccination in Washington state. Pediatrics 2014;134(3):456-64
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Pertussis (Whooping Cough) Fast Facts. 2014. Available from: www.cdc.gov/pertussis/fast-facts.html [Cited 4 December 2014]
   Google Scholar
• Washington State Department of Health. 2012 Pertussis Summary for Washington State 2013. Available from: www.doh.wa.gov/Portals/1/Documents/Pubs/348-253-PertussisAnnualSummary.pdf [Cited 1 December 2014]
   Google Scholar
• US Department of Health and Human Services. 2020 Topics and Objectives: Immunizations and Infectious Diseases. 2012. Available from: http://healthypeople.gov/2020/topicsobjectives2020/objectiveslist.aspx?topicId=23 [Cited 22 January 2015]
   Google Scholar
• Recommended immunization schedules for persons aged 0 through 18 Years – United States 2012. MMWR 2012;61:05
   Google Scholar
• Dicker R, Coronado F, Koo D, Parrish RG. Principles of Epidemiology. In: Public health practice. 3rd edition. Public Health Foundation, Atlanta, GA; 2006
   Google Scholar
• Mokdad AH, Serdula MK, Dietz WH, et al. The spread of the obesity epidemic in the United States, 1991-1998. JAMA 1999;282(16):1519-22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parker MA, Anthony JC. Should anyone be riding to glory on the now-descending limb of the crack-cocaine epidemic curve in the United States? Drug Alcohol Depend 2014;138:225-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koehler J, Duchin J. Outbreak Investigation. In: Koepsell T, Weiss NS, editors. Epidemiologic Methods. Oxford University Press; New York: NY: 2003
   Google Scholar
• Durbach N. ‘They might as well brand us’: working-class resistance to compulsory vaccination in Victorian England. Soc Hist Med 2000;13(1):45-62
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolfe RM, Sharp LK. Anti-vaccinationists past and present. BMJ 2002;325(7361):430-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooper LZ, Larson HJ, Katz SL. Protecting Public Trust in Immunization. Pediatrics 2008;122(1):149-53
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davies P, Chapman S, Leask J. Antivaccination activists on the world wide web. Arch Dis Child 2002;87(1):22-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilles I, Bangerter A, Clemence A, et al. Trust in medical organizations predicts pandemic (H1N1) 2009 vaccination behavior and perceived efficacy of protection measures in the Swiss public. Eur J Epidemiol 2011;26(3):203-210
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wheeler J, Tran TC, North P, et al. Barriers to public health management of a pertussis outbreak in Arkansas. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2004;158(2):146-52
   Google Scholar
• Jefferson T, Di Pietrantonj C, Debalini MG, et al. Relation of study quality, concordance, take home message, funding, and impact in studies of influenza vaccines: systematic review. BMJ 2009;338:b354
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poland GA. Vaccidents and adversomics. Vaccine 2010;28(40):6549-50
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis RL, Kolczak M, Lewis E, et al. Active surveillance of vaccine safety: a system to detect early signs of adverse events. Epidemiology 2005;16(3):336-41
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nguyen M, Ball R, Midthun K, Lieu TA. The Food and Drug Administration’s Post-Licensure Rapid Immunization Safety Monitoring program: strengthening the federal vaccine safety enterprise. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2012;21(Suppl 1):291-7
   Google Scholar
• Salmon DA, Moulton LH, Halsey NA. Enhancing public confidence in vaccines through independent oversight of postlicensure vaccine safety. Am J Public Health 2004;94(6):947-50
   Google Scholar
• Larson HJ, Heymann DL. Public health response to influenza A(H1N1) as an opportunity to build public trust. JAMA 2010;303(3):271-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mc Neil DGJr. C.I.A. Vaccine Ruse May Have Harmed the War on Polio. 2012. Available from: www.nytimes.com/2012/07/10/health/cia-vaccine-ruse-in-pakistan-may-have-harmed-polio-fight.html?pagewanted=all [Cited 3 December 2014]
   Google Scholar
• Final report of the tuskegee syphilis study legacy committee 2007. Available from: http://exhibits.hsl.virginia.edu/badblood/report/ [Cited 4 October 2014]
   Google Scholar
• Baker R. The human radiation experiments: final report of the President’s advisory committee on human radiation experiments. Med Hist 1997;41(2):256-7
   Google Scholar
• Payne DC, Humiston S, Opel D, et al. A multi-center, qualitative assessment of pediatrician and maternal perspectives on rotavirus vaccines and the detection of Porcine circovirus. BMC Pediatr 2011;11:83
   Google Scholar
• Offit P. Deadly choices: how the anti-vaccine movement threatens us all. Basic Books; New York, NY: 2011
   Google Scholar
• Poland GA, Jacobson RM. Understanding those who do not understand: a brief review of the anti-vaccine movement. Vaccine 2001;19(17-19):2440-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slovic P, Fischhoff B, Lichtenstein S. Facts and Fears: understanding perceived risk. In: Schwing R, Albers WJr, editors. Societal Risk Assessment. Springer; USA: 1980. p. 181-216
   Google Scholar
• Jenni K, Loewenstein G. Explaining the Identifiable Victim Effect. J Risk Uncertain 1997;14(3):235-57
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Genevsky A, Västfjäll D, Slovic P, Knutson B. Neural underpinnings of the identifiable victim effect: affect shifts preferences for giving. J Neurosci 2013;33(43):17188-96
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freed GL, Katz SL, Clark SJ. Safety of vaccinations. Miss America, the media, and public health. JAMA 1996;276(23):1869-72
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Poland C, Jacobson RM, Opel DJ, et al. Political, ethical, social, and psychological aspects of vaccinology. In: Milligan G, Barrett DT, editors. Vaccinology: an essential guide. First edition. In Press John Wiley & Sons, Ltd; Hoboken, NJ: 2015
   Google Scholar
• Anderson C, Lepper MR, Ross L. Perseverance of social theories: The role of explanation in the persistence of discredited information. J Pers Soc Psychol 1980;39:1037-49
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wakefield AJ, Murch SH, Anthony A, et al. Retracted: Ileal-lymphoid-nodular hyperplasia, non-specific colitis, and pervasive developmental disorder in children. The Lancet 1998;351(9103):637-41
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Speers T, Lewis J. Journalists and jabs: media coverage of the MMR vaccine. Commun Med 2004;1(2):171-81
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Public Health England. Completed primary courses at two years of age: england and wales, 1966–1977, England only 1978 onwards. 2011. Available from: http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20140629102627/http://www.hpa.org.uk/Topics/InfectiousDiseases/InfectionsAZ/VaccineCoverageAndCOVER/EpidemiologicalData/coverVaccineUptakeData/ [Cited 10 December 2014]
   Google Scholar
• Public Health England. Confirmed cases of measles by region and age: 1996-2013. 2014. Available from: http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20140629102627/http://www.hpa.org.uk/web/HPAweb&HPAwebStandard/HPAweb_C/1195733778332 [Cited 10 December 2014]
   Google Scholar
• Public Health England. Measles deaths by Age Group: 1980 - 2013 (ONS data). 2014. Available from: http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20140629102627/http://www.hpa.org.uk/web/HPAweb&HPAwebStandard/HPAweb_C/1195733811885 [Cited 10 December 2014]
   Google Scholar
• Smith MJ, Ellenberg SS, Bell LM, Rubin DM. Media coverage of the measles-mumps-rubella vaccine and autism controversy and its relationship to MMR immunization rates in the United States. Pediatrics 2008;121(4):e836-43
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Casiday R, Cresswell T, Wilson D, Panter-Brick C. A survey of UK parental attitudes to the MMR vaccine and trust in medical authority. Vaccine 2006;24(2):177-84
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans M, Stoddart H, Condon L, et al. Parents’ perspectives on the MMR immunisation: a focus group study. Br J Gen Pract 2001;51(472):904-10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith A, Yarwood J, Salisbury DM. Tracking mothers’ attitudes to MMR immunisation 1996-2006. Vaccine 2007;25(20):3996-4002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lever A-M. MMR vaccine uptake reaches 14-year high. 2012. Available from: www.bbc.com/news/health-20510525 [Cited 4 December 2014]
   Google Scholar
• Godlee F, Smith J, Marcovitch H. Wakefield’s article linking MMR vaccine and autism was fraudulent. BMJ 2011;342:c7452
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CNN Wire Staff. 2010. Available from: www.cnn.com/2010/HEALTH/05/24/autism.vaccine.doctor.banned/ [Accessed April 8, 2015]
   Google Scholar
• Dales L, Hammer SJ, Smith NJ. Time trends in autism and in MMR immunization coverage in California. JAMA 2001;285(9):1183-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaye JA, del Mar Melero-Montes M, Jick H. Mumps, measles, and rubella vaccine and the incidence of autism recorded by general practitioners: a time trend analysis. BMJ 2001;322(7284):460-3
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Madsen KM, Hviid A, Vestergaard M, et al. A population-based study of measles, mumps, and rubella vaccination and autism. N Engl J Med 2002;347(19):1477-82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor B, Miller E, Lingham R, et al. Measles, mumps, and rubella vaccination and bowel problems or developmental regression in children with autism: population study. BMJ 2002;324(7334):393-6
   Google Scholar
• Nyhan B, Reifler J, Richey S, Freed GL. Effective messages in vaccine promotion: a randomized trial. Pediatrics 2014;133(4):e835-42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolff ER, Madlon-Kay DJ. Childhood vaccine beliefs reported by Somali and non-Somali parents. J Am Board Fam Med 2014;27(4):458-64
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slovic P, Fischhoff B, Lichtenstein S. Characterizing Perceived Risk. In: Kates R, Hohenemser C, Kasperson JX, editors. Perilous progress: Managing the Hazards of Technology. Westview, Boulder, CO; 1985
   Google Scholar
• Slovic P, Peters E. Risk Perception and Affect. Curr Dir Psychol Sci 2006;15(6):322-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ofri D. The emotional epidemiology of H1N1 influenza vaccination. N Engl J Med 2009;361(27):2594-5
   Google Scholar
• Leach M. Time to put Ebola in context. Interview with Dr Melissa Leach. Bull World Health Organ 2010;88(7):488-9
   Google Scholar
• WHO Ebola Response Team. Ebola virus disease in West Africa — the first 9 months of the epidemic and forward projections. N Engl J Med 2014;371(16):1481-95
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slovic P, Finucane ML, Peters E, MacGregor DG. Risk as analysis and risk as feelings: some thoughts about affect, reason, risk, and rationality. Risk Anal 2004;24(2):311-22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Redelmeier DA, Rozin P, Kahneman D. Understanding patients’ decisions: Cognitive and emotional perspectives. JAMA 1993;270(1):72-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silence Whooping Cough. 2012. Available from: www.silencewhoopingcough.org/ [Cited 21 January 2014]
   Google Scholar
• Cunningham R, Boom JA, Baker CJ. Vaccine-Preventable Disease: The Forgotten Story. Texas Children’s Hospital; 2010
   Google Scholar
• Gigerenzer G, Edwards A. Simple tools for understanding risks: from innumeracy to insight. BMJ 2003;327(7417):741-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peters E, Hibbard J, Slovic P, Dieckmann N. Numeracy Skill And The Communication, Comprehension, And Use Of Risk-Benefit Information. Health Aff 2007;26(3):741-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woloshin S, Schwartz LM. Communicating data about the benefits and harms of treatment: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 2011;155(2):87-96
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lipkus IM, Hollands JG. The visual communication of risk. J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr 1999;25:149-63
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fisher C, Attwell K, Wise MJ. New campaign: ‘Vaccination is a vital part of an ethical lifestyle’. 2014. Available from: www.essentialbaby.com.au/baby/baby-health/new-campaign-vaccination-is-a-vital-part-of-an-ethical-lifestyle-20140203-31w9t.html [Cited 14 August 2014]
   Google Scholar
• Hendrix KS, Finnell SM, Zimet GD, et al. Vaccine message framing and parents’ intent to immunize their infants for MMR. Pediatrics 2014;134(3):e675-83
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Young DG. Sacrifice, consumption, and the american way of life: advertising and domestic propaganda during world war II. The Communication Review 2005;8(1):27-52
   Google Scholar
• SteelFisher GK, Blendon RJ, Ward JR, et al. Public response to the 2009 influenza A H1N1 pandemic: a polling study in five countries. Lancet Infect Dis 2012;12(11):845-50
   Google Scholar
• Hawkins RP, Kreuter M, Resnicow K, et al. Understanding tailoring in communicating about health. Health Educ Res 2008;23(3):454-66
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dempsey A. Vaccine hesitancy and what to do about it (presentation). in Colorado Children’s Immunization Coalition, Coaltition Meeting, Denver, CO, Nov 7 2013
   Google Scholar
• Guidelines for measles and rubella outbreak investigation and response in the WHO European Region. 2013. Available from: www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/217164/OutbreakGuidelines-updated.pdf [Cited 5 September 2014]
   Google Scholar
• Nichol KL, Nordin JD, Nelson DB, et al. Effectiveness of influenza vaccine in the community-dwelling elderly. N Engl J Med 2007;357(14):1373-81
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hutin YJ, Bell BP, Marshall KL, et al. Identifying target groups for a potential vaccination program during a hepatitis A communitywide outbreak. Am J Public Health 1999;89(6):918-21
   Google Scholar
• Carman WF, Elder AG, Wallace LA, et al. Effects of influenza vaccination of health-care workers on mortality of elderly people in long-term care: a randomised controlled trial. The Lancet 2000;355(9198):93-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zimmerman L, Rogalska J, Wannemuehler KA, et al. Toward rubella elimination in Poland: need for supplemental immunization activities, enhanced surveillance, and further integration with measles elimination efforts. J Infect Dis 2011;204(Suppl 1):S389-95
   Google Scholar
• Poletti P, Ajelli M, Merler S. Risk perception and effectiveness of uncoordinated behavioral responses in an emerging epidemic. Math Biosci 2012;238(2):80-9
   Google Scholar
• Gidengil CA, Parker AM, Zikmund-Fisher BJ. Trends in risk perceptions and vaccination intentions: a longitudinal study of the first year of the H1N1 Pandemic. Am J Public Health 2012;102(4):672-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris KM, Maurer J, Kellermann AL. Influenza vaccine–safe, effective, and mistrusted. N Engl J Med 2010;363(23):2183-5
   Google Scholar
• Merchant RM, Elmer S, Lurie N. Integrating Social Media into Emergency-Preparedness Efforts. N Engl J Med 2011;365(4):289-91
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanofi Pasteur. Sounds of Pertussis. Available from: www.soundsofpertussis.com [Cited 21 January 2015]
   Google Scholar
• Bish A, Yardley L, Nicoll A, Michie S. Factors associated with uptake of vaccination against pandemic influenza: a systematic review. Vaccine 2011;29(38):6472-84
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oraby T, Thampi V, Bauch CT. The influence of social norms on the dynamics of vaccinating behaviour for paediatric infectious diseases. Proc Biol Sci 2014;281:1780
   Google Scholar
• Petts J, Niemeyer S. Health risk communication and amplification: learning from the MMR vaccination controversy. Health, Risk & Society 2004;6(1):7-23
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Centola D. Social Media and the Science of Health Behavior. Circulation 2013;127(21):2135-44
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koepsell TD, Weiss NS. Epidemiologic Methods. Oxford University Press; New York, NY: 2003
   Google Scholar
• Penfold RB, Zhang F. Use of interrupted time series analysis in evaluating health care quality improvements. Acad Pediatr 2013;13(6 Suppl):S38-44
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cashmore AW, Muscatello DJ, Merrifield A, et al. Relationship between the population incidence of pertussis in children in New South Wales, Australia and emergency department visits with cough: a time series analysis. BMC Med Inform Decis Mak 2013;13:40
   Google Scholar
• Simpson DM, Ezzati-Rice TM, Zell ER. Forty years and four surveys: How does our measuring measure up? Am J Preventive Medicine 2001;20(4 Suppl 1):6-14
   Google Scholar
• Progress in immunization information systems - United States 2012. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2013;62(49):1005-8
   Google Scholar
• Wearing HJ, Rohani P. Estimating the duration of pertussis immunity using epidemiological signatures. PLoS Pathog 2009;5(10):e1000647
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woods CW, Armstrong G, Sackey SO, et al. Emergency vaccination against epidemic meningitis in Ghana: implications for the control of meningococcal disease in West Africa. Lancet 2000;355(9197):30-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McIntosh EDG, Conway P, Willingham J, et al. Pneumococcal pneumonia in the UK–how herd immunity affects the cost-effectiveness of 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV). Vaccine 2005;23(14):1739-45
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Omer SB, Enger KS, Moulton LH, et al. Geographic clustering of nonmedical exemptions to school immunization requirements and associations with geographic clustering of pertussis. Am J Epidemiol 2008;168(12):1389-96
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen RT, Rastogi SC, Mullen JR, et al. The vaccine adverse event reporting system (VAERS). Vaccine 1994;12(6):542-50
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Centers for disease control and prevention. national immunization survey. 2014. Available from: www.cdc.gov/vaccines/imz-managers/coverage/nis/child/index.html
   Google Scholar
• Klein NP, Fireman B, Yih WK, et al. Measles-mumps-rubella-varicella combination vaccine and the risk of febrile seizures. Pediatrics 2010;126(1):e1-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rowhani-Rahbar A, Fireman B, Lewis E, et al. Effect of age on the risk of Fever and seizures following immunization with measles-containing vaccines in children. JAMA Pediatr 2013;167(12):1111-17
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar