Sheep-associated malignant catarrhal fever virus: prospects for vaccine development

References

• Plowright W. Malignant catarrhal fever virus. In: Virus Infections of Ruminants. 3rd Ed. Dinter Z, Morein B (Eds). Elsevier Science Publishers BV, NY, USA, 123–150 (1990).
   Google Scholar
• Crawford T, O’Toole DT, Li H. Malignant Catarrhal Fever. In: Current Veterinary Therapy 4: Food Animal Practice. 4th Ed. Howell J, Smith RA (Eds). W.B. Saunders Company, OK, USA 306–309 (1999).
   Google Scholar
• •More recent update review of , in particular, sheep-associated MCF.
   Google Scholar
• Reid HW. Malignant catarrhal fever. In: Manual of Standards for Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals. 5th Ed. Office International Des Epizooties, Paris, France, 570–579 (2004).
   Google Scholar
• Li H, Dyer N, Keller J et al. Newly recognized herpesvirus causing malignant catarrhal fever in white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). J. Clin. Microbiol. 38, 1313–1318 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crawford TB, Li H, Rosenberg SR et al. Mural folliculitis and alopecia caused by infection with goat-associated malignant catarrhal fever virus in two sika deer. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 221, 843–847 (2001).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li H, Wunschmann A, Keller J et al. Caprine herpesvirus-2 associated malignant catarrhal fever in white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. 15, 46–49 (2002).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plowright W, Ferris RD, Scott GR. Blue Wildebeest and the aetiological agent of bovine malignant catarrhal fever virus. Nature 188, 1167–1169 (1960).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reid HW, Buxton D. Malignant catarrhal fever and the γ-herpesvirinae of Bovidae. In: Herpesvirus Diseases of Cattle, Horses, and Pigs. Wittmann G (Ed.) Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston, MA, USA 116–162 (1989).
   Google Scholar
• Li H, Shen DT, O’Toole DT et al. Investigation of sheep-associated malignant catarrhal fever virus infection in ruminants by PCR and competitive inhibition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. J. Clin. Microbiol. 33, 2048–2053 (1995).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plowright W. Malignant catarrhal fever in East Africa. Res. Vet. Sci. 6, 57–83 (1965).
   Google Scholar
• Cleaveland S, Kusiluka L, Kuwai JO et al. Assessing the impact of malignant catarrhal fever in Ngorongoro district, Tanzania. In: www.eldis.org/fulltext/cape_new/MCF_Maasai_Tanzania.pdf 1–68 (2004).
   Google Scholar
• Mackintosh C. Importance of infectious diseases of New Zealand farmed deer. Surveillance Wellington 20, 24–26 (1993).
   Google Scholar
• Mackintosh CG. Diseases of farmed deer in New Zealand. Veterinary Annual 30, (1990).
   Google Scholar
• Daniels PW, Sudarisman, Wyono A et al. Epidemiological aspects of malignant catarrhal fever in Indonesia. In: Malignant Catarrhal Fever in Asian Livestock. Daniels PW, Sudarisman, Ronohardjo P (Eds). Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, Canberra, Australia 21–31 (1988).
   Google Scholar
• Wiyono A, Damayanti R. Studies on the transmission of malignant catarrhal fever in experimental animals: Bali cattle in close contact with sheep. Jurnal. Ilmu. Ternak. dan. Veteriner. 4, 128–135 (1999).
   Google Scholar
• Schultheiss PC, Collins JK, Spraker TR et al. Epizootic malignant catarrhal fever in three bison herds: differences from cattle and association with ovine herpesvirus-2. J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. 12, 497–502 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berezowski JA, Appleyard GD, Crawford TB et al. An outbreak of sheep-associated malignant catarrhal fever in bison (Bison bison) after exposure to sheep at a public auction sale. J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. 17, 55–58 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •Lack of MCF transmission between bison.
   Google Scholar
• O’Toole D, Li H, Sourk C et al. Malignant catarrhal fever in a bison feedlot, 1994–2000. J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. 14, 183–193 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •Relatively comprehensive studies on sheep-associated MCF in bison.
   Google Scholar
• Li H, Taus NS, Jones c et al. A devastating outbreak of malignant catarrhal fever in a bison feedlot. J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. 18, 118–122 (2006).
   Google Scholar
• Liggitt HD, DeMartini JC, McChesney AE et al. Experimental transmission of malignant catarrhal fever in cattle: gross and histopathologic changes. Am. J. Vet. Res. 39, 1249–1257 (1978).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liggitt HD, DeMartini JC. The pathomorphology of malignant catarrhal fever. I. Generalized lymphoid vasculitis. Vet. Pathol. 17, 58–72 (1980).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liggitt HD, DeMartini JC. The pathomorphology of malignant catarrhal fever. II. Multisystemic epithelial lesions. Vet. Pathol. 17, 73–83 (1980).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li H, Shen DT, Knowles DP et al. Competitive inhibition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for antibody in sheep and other ruminants to a conserved epitope of malignant catarrhal fever virus. J. Clin. Microbiol. 32, 1674–1679 (1994).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li H, McGuire TC, Muller-Doblies UU et al. A simpler, more sensitive competitive inhibition ELISA for detection of antibody to malignant catarrhal fever viruses. J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. 13, 361–364 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •Development of serologic assay for MCF viral antibody.
   Google Scholar
• Baxter SIF, Pow I, Bridgen A et al. PCR detection of the sheep-associated agent of malignant catarrhal fever. Arch. Virol. 132, 145–159 (1993).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •Initial development of OvHV-2-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR).
   Google Scholar
• Hua Y, Li H, Crawford TB. Quantitation of sheep-associated malignant catarrhal fever viral DNA by competitive polymerase chain reaction. J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. 11, 117–121 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li H, Snowder G, O’Toole DT et al. Transmission of ovine herpesvirus 2 in lambs. J. Clin. Microbiol. 36, 223–226 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li H, Snowder G, O’Toole DT et al. Transmission of ovine herpesvirus 2 among adult sheep. Vet Microbiol. 71, 27–35 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li H, Hua Y, Snowder G et al. Levels of ovine herpesvirus 2 DNA in nasal secretions and blood of sheep: implications for transmission. Vet. Microbiol. 79, 301–310 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li H, Snowder G, Crawford TB. Effect of passive transfer of maternal immune components on infection with ovine herpesvirus 2 in lambs. Am. J. Vet. Res. 63, 631–633 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hussy D, Stauber N, Leutenegger CM et al. Quantitative Fluorogenic PCR Assay for Measuring Ovine Herpesvirus 2 Replication in Sheep. Clin. Diagn. Lab Immunol. 8, 123–128 (2001).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• •Development of real-time PCR specific for OvHV-2.
   Google Scholar
• Li H, Taus NS, Lewis GS et al. Shedding of ovine herpesvirus 2 in sheep nasal secretions: the predominant mode for transmission. J. Clin. Microbiol. 42, 5558–5564 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ••Definition of OvHV-2 shedding in sheep.
   Google Scholar
• Taus NS, Traul DL, Oaks JL et al. Experimental infection of sheep with ovine herpesvirus 2 via aerosolization of nasal secretions. J. Gen. Virol. 86, 575–579 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •Establishment of a sheep model for OvHV-2 infection.
   Google Scholar
• Reid HW, Buxton D, Pow I et al. Isolation and characterisation of lymphoblastoid cells from cattle and deer affected with ‘sheep-associated’ malignant catarrhal fever. Res. Vet. Sci. 47, 90–96 (1989).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosbottom J, Dalziel RG, Reid HW et al. Ovine herpesvirus 2 lytic cycle replication and capsid production. J. Gen. Virol. 83, 2999–3002 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hussy D, Janett F, Albini S et al. Analysis of the pathogenetic basis for shedding and transmission of ovine γ-herpesvirus 2. J. Clin. Microbiol. 40, 4700–4704 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pierson RE, Hamdy FM, Dardiri AH et al. Comparison of African and American forms of malignant catarrhal fever: transmission and clinical signs. Am. J. Vet. Res. 40, 1091–1095 (1979).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liggitt HD, McChesney AE, DeMartini JC. Experimental transmission of bovine malignant catarrhal fever to a bison (Bison bison). J. Wildl. Dis. 16, 299–304 (1980).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoffmann D, Sobironingsih S, Clarke BC et al. Transmission and virological studies of a malignant catarrhal fever syndrome in the Indonesian swamp buffalo (Bubalus bubalis). Aust. Vet. J. 61, 113–116 (1984).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reid HW, Buxton D, Pow I et al. Malignant catarrhal fever: experimental transmission of the ‘sheep-associated’ form of the disease from cattle and deer to cattle, deer, rabbits and hamsters. Res. Vet. Sci. 41, 76–81 (1986).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li H, Snowder G, Crawford TB. Production of malignant catarrhal fever virus-free sheep. Vet. Microbiol. 65, 167–172 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Götze R, Liess J. Erfolgreiche Übertragungsversuche des bösartigen Katarrhalfieber von Rind zu Rind. Identität mit dem Sudafrikanischen Snotsiekte. Dtsch. Tierärztl. Wochenschr. 37, 433–437 (1929).
   Google Scholar
• Reid HW. The biology of a fatal herpesvirus infection of deer (malignant catarrhal fever). In:The Biology of Deer. Brown RD (Ed.) Springer-Verlag, New York, NY, USA 93–100 (1992).
   Google Scholar
• Ellis JA, O’Toole DT, Haven TR et al. Predominance of BoCD8-positive T-lymphocytes in vascular lesions in a 1-year-old cow with concurrent malignant catarrhal fever and bovine viral diarrhea virus infection. Vet. Pathol. 29, 545–547 (1992).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lagourette P, Delverdier M, Bourges AN et al. Immunohistochemical study of lymphoid cell reactions in four cattle affected with malignant catarrhal fever. Eur. J. Vet. Pathol. 3, 73–78 (1997).
   Google Scholar
• Nakajima Y, Momotani E, Ishikawa Y et al. Phenotyping of lymphocyte subsets in the vascular and epithelial lesions of a cow with malignant catarrhal fever. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 33, 279–284 (1992).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakajima Y, Ishikawa Y, Kadota K et al. Surface marker analysis of the vascular and epithelia lesions in cattle with sheep-associated malignant catarrhal fever. J. Vet. Med. Sci. 56, 1065–1068 (1994).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simon S, Li H, O’Toole D et al. The vascular lesions of a cow and bison with sheep-associated malignant catarrhal fever contain ovine herpesvirus 2-infected CD8(+) T-lymphocytes. J. Gen. Virol. 84, 2009–2013 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burrells C, Reid HW. Phenotypic analysis of lymphoblastoid cell lines derived from cattle and deer affected with ‘sheep-associated’ malignant catarrhal fever. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 29, 151–161 (1991).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swa S, Wright H, Thomson J et al. Constitutive activation of Lck and Fyn tyrosine kinases in large granular lymphocytes infected with the gamma-herpesvirus agents of malignant catarrhal fever. Immunology 102, 44–52 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schock A, Collins RA, Reid HW. Phenotype, growth regulation and cytokine transcription in ovine herpesvirus-2 (OHV-2)-infected bovine T-cell lines. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 66, 67–81 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bridgen A, Munro R, Reid HW. The detection of Alcelaphine herpesvirus-1 DNA by in situ hybridization of tissues from rabbits affected with malignant catarrhal fever. J. Comp. Pathol. 106, 351–359 (1992).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rossiter PB. A lack of readily demonstrable virus antigens in the tissues of rabbits and cattle infected with malignant catarrhal fever virus. Br. Vet. J. 136, 478–483 (1980).
   Google Scholar
• Edington N, Patel J, Russell PH et al. The nature of the acute lymphoid proliferation in rabbits infected with the herpes virus of bovine malignant catarrhal fever. Eur. J. Cancer 15, 1515–1522 (1979).
   Google Scholar
• Rossiter PB. Immunology and immunopathology of malignant catarrhal fever. Prog. Vet. Microbiol. Immunol. 1, 121–144 (1985).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schock A, Reid HW. Characterisation of the lymphoproliferation in rabbits experimentally affected with malignant catarrhal fever. Vet. Microbiol. 53, 111–119 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buxton D, Reid HW, Finlayson J et al. Pathogenesis of ‘sheep-associated’ malignant catarrhal fever in rabbits. Res. Vet. Sci. 36, 205–211 (1984).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buxton D, Reid HW. Transmission of malignant catarrhal fever to rabbits. Vet. Rec. 106, 243–245 (1980).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bennett NJ, May JS, Stevenson PG. γ-herpesvirus latency requires T-cell evasion during episome maintenance. PLoS. Biol. 3, e120 (2005).
   Google Scholar
• Moore PS, Chang Y. Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus immunoevasion and tumorigenesis: two sides of the same coin? Ann. Rev. Microbiol. 57, 609–639 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stevenson PG. Immune evasion by g-herpesviruses. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 16, 456–462 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arico E, Robertson KA, Belardelli F et al. Vaccination with inactivated murine gammaherpesvirus 68 strongly limits viral replication and latency and protects Type I IFN receptor knockout mice from a lethal infection. Vaccine 22, 1433–1440 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boname JM, Coleman HM, May JS et al. Protection against wild type murine gammaherpesvirus-68 latency by a latency-deficient mutant. J. Gen. Virol. 85, 131–135 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fowler P, Efstathiou S. Vaccine potential of a murine gammaherpesvirus-68 mutant deficient for ORF73. J. Gen. Virol. 85, 609–613 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rickabaugh TM, Brown HJ, Martinez-Guzman D et al. Generation of a latency-deficient γ-herpesvirus that is protective against secondary infection. J. Virol. 78, 9215–9223 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stewart JP, Micali N, Usherwood EJ et al. Murine γ-herpesvirus 68 glycoprotein 150 protects against virus-induced mononucleosis: a model system for γ-herpesvirus vaccination. Vaccine 17, 152–157 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tibbetts SA, McClellan JS, Gangappa S et al. Effective vaccination against long-term γ-herpesvirus latency. J. Virol. 77, 2522–2529 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edington N, Plowright W. The protection of rabbits against the herpesvirus of malignant catarrhal fever by inactivated vaccines. Res. Vet. Sci. 28, 384–386 (1980).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plowright W, Herniman KAJ, Jessett DM et al. Immunisation of cattle against the herpesvirus of malignant catarrhal fever: failure of inactivated culture vaccines with adjuvant. Res. Vet. Sci. 19, 159–166 (1975).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rossiter PB. Attempts to protect rabbits against challenge with virulent, cell-associated, malignant catarrhal fever virus. Vet. Microbiol. 7, 419–425 (1982).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russell PH. Malignant catarrhal fever virus in rabbits. Reproduction of clinical disease by cell-free virus and partial protection against such disease by vaccination with inactivated virus. Vet. Microbiol. 5, 161–163 (1980).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Callan MF. The immune response to Epstein-Barr virus. Microbes. Infect. 6, 937–945 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim IJ, Flano E, Woodland DL et al. Antibody-mediated control of persistent gamma-herpesvirus infection. J. Immunol. 168, 3958–3964 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sparks-Thissen RL, Braaten DC, Hildner K et al. CD4 T-cell control of acute and latent murine γ-herpesvirus infection requires IFN-γ. Virology 338, 201–208 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spear PG, Longnecker R. Herpesvirus entry: an update. J. Virol. 77, 10179–10185 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patel JR, Heldens J. Equine herpesviruses 1 (EHV-1) and 4 (EHV-4)-epidemiology, disease and immunoprophylaxis: a brief review. Vet. J. 170, 14–23 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baaten BJ, Butter C, Davison TF. Study of host-pathogen interactions to identify sustainable vaccine strategies to Marek’s disease. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 100, 165–177 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patel JR. Relative efficacy of inactivated bovine herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1) vaccines. Vaccine 23, 4054–4061 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patel JR. Characteristics of live bovine herpesvirus-1 vaccines. Vet. J. 169, 404–416 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Rooij EM, de Bruin MG, de Visser YE et al. Vaccine-induced T-cell-mediated immunity plays a critical role in early protection against pseudorabies virus (suid herpes virus Type 1) infection in pigs. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 99, 113–125 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Babiuk LA, Pontarollo R, Babiuk S et al. Induction of immune responses by DNA vaccines in large animals. Vaccine 21, 649–658 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Drunen Littel-VanDen Hurk, Loehr BI, Babiuk LA. Immunization of livestock with DNA vaccines: current studies and future prospects. Vaccine 19, 2474–2479 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toussaint JF, Letellier C, Paquet D et al. Prime–boost strategies combining DNA and inactivated vaccines confer high immunity and protection in cattle against bovine herpesvirus-1. Vaccine (2005).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Derrick SC, Yang AL, Morris SL. A polyvalent DNA vaccine expressing an ESAT6-Ag85B fusion protein protects mice against a primary infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis and boosts BCG-induced protective immunity. Vaccine 23, 780–788 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solis CF, Ostoa-Saloma P, Lugo-Martinez VH et al. Genetic vaccination against murine cysticercosis by using a plasmid vector carrying Taenia solium paramyosin. Infect. Immun. 73, 1895–1897 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liang R, van den Hurk JV, Zheng C et al. Immunization with plasmid DNA encoding a truncated, secreted form of the bovine viral diarrhea virus E2 protein elicits strong humoral and cellular immune responses. Vaccine 23, 5252–5262 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mwangi W, Brown WC, Splitter GA et al. Enhancement of antigen acquisition by dendritic cells and MHC class II-restricted epitope presentation to CD4+ T-cells using VP22 DNA vaccine vectors that promote intercellular spreading following initial transfection. J. Leukoc. Biol. 78, 401–411 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Drunen Littel-VanDen Hurk, Babiuk SL, Babiuk LA. Strategies for improved formulation and delivery of DNA vaccines to veterinary target species. Immunol. Rev. 199, 113–125 (2004).
   Google Scholar
• Tischer BK, Schumacher D, Beer M et al. A DNA vaccine containing an infectious Marek’s disease virus genome can confer protection against tumorigenic Marek’s disease in chickens. J. Gen. Virol. 83, 2367–2376 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheevers WP, Snekvik KR, Trujillo JD et al. Prime-boost vaccination with plasmid DNA encoding caprine-arthritis encephalitis lentivirus env and viral SU suppresses challenge virus and development of arthritis. Virology 306, 116–125 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adler H, Messerle M, Koszinowski UH. Cloning of herpesviral genomes as bacterial artificial chromosomes. Rev. Med. Virol. 13, 111–121 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ••Review of generating infectious herpesviral bacterial artificial chromosome clones.
   Google Scholar
• Delecluse HJ, Hilsendegen T, Pich D et al. Propagation and recovery of intact, infectious Epstein-Barr virus from prokaryotic to human cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95, 8245–8250 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li H, O’Toole D, Kim O et al. Malignant catarrhal fever-like disease in sheep after intranasal inoculation with ovine herpesvirus-2. J. Vet. Diagn. Invest.17, 171–175 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar