References
- Khaw KT. Epidemiology of stroke. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psych.61, 333–338 (1996).
- Grau AJ, Weimar C, Buggle F et al. Risk factors, outcome, and treatment in subtypes of ischemic stroke: the German stroke data bank. Stroke32, 2559–2566 (2001).
- Adams HP Jr, Bendixen BH, Kappelle LJ et al. Classification of subtype of acute ischemic stroke. Definitions for use in a multicenter clinical trial. Toast Trial of org 10172 in acute stroke treatment. Stroke24, 35–41 (1993).
- Hacke W, Brott T, Caplan L et al. Thrombolysis in acute ischemic stroke: Controlled trials and clinical experience. Neurology53, S3–S14 (1999).
- Mayer SA, Brun NC, Begtrup K et al. Recombinant activated factor vii for acute intracerebral hemorrhage. N. Engl. J. Med.352, 777–785 (2005).
- Lawes CM, Vander Hoorn S, Law MR, Elliott P, MacMahon S, Rodgers A. Blood pressure and the global burden of disease 2000. Part II: estimates of attributable burden. J. Hypertens.24, 423–430 (2006).
- Koennecke HC. Secondary prevention of stroke: A practical guide to drug treatment. CNS Drugs18, 221–241 (2004).
- Hart RG, Halperin JL, McBride R, Benavente O, Man-Son-Hing M, Kronmal RA. Aspirin for the primary prevention of stroke and other major vascular events: Meta-analysis and hypotheses. Arch. Neurol.57, 326–332 (2000).
- Lindsberg PJ, Grau AJ. Inflammation and infections as risk factors for ischemic stroke. Stroke34, 2518–2532 (2003).
- Grau AJ, Becher H, Ziegler CM et al. Periodontal disease as a risk factor for ischemic stroke. Stroke35, 496–501 (2004).
- Preusch MR, Grau AJ, Buggle F et al. Association between cerebral ischemia and cytotoxin-associated gene-a-bearing strains of Helicobacter pylori. Stroke35, 1800–1804 (2004).
- Pussinen PJ, Alfthan G, Rissanen H, Reunanen A, Asikainen S, Knekt P. Antibodies to periodontal pathogens and stroke risk. Stroke35, 2020–2023 (2004).
- Pietroiusti A. Role of caga positive Helicobacter pylori strains in ischemic heart disease and in ischemic stroke. Ital. Heart J.3, 626–628 (2002).
- Grayston JT. Background and current knowledge of chlamydia pneumoniae and atherosclerosis. J. Infect. Dis.181(Suppl. 3), S402–S410 (2000).
- Elkind MS, Lin IF, Grayston JT, Sacco RL. Chlamydia pneumoniae and the risk of first ischemic stroke: The Northern Manhattan stroke study. Stroke31, 1521–1525 (2000).
- Apfalter P, Barousch W, Nehr M, Willinger B, Rotter M, Hirschl AM. No evidence of involvement of Chlamydia pneumoniae in severe cerebrovascular atherosclerosis by means of quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Stroke35, 2024–2028 (2004).
- Johnston SC, Messina LM, Browner WS, Lawton MT, Morris C, Dean D. C-reactive protein levels and viable Chlamydia pneumoniae in carotid artery atherosclerosis. Stroke32, 2748–2752 (2001).
- Grau AJ, Buggle F, Ziegler C et al. Association between acute cerebrovascular ischemia and chronic and recurrent infection. Stroke28, 1724–1729 (1997).
- Syrjanen J, Valtonen VV, Iivanainen M, Kaste M, Huttunen JK. Preceding infection as an important risk factor for ischaemic brain infarction in young and middle aged patients. Br. Med. J. (Clin. Res. Ed.)296, 1156–1160 (1988).
- Grau AJ, Buggle F, Heindl S et al. Recent infection as a risk factor for cerebrovascular ischemia. Stroke26, 373–379 (1995).
- Macko RF, Ameriso SF, Barndt R, Clough W, Weiner JM, Fisher M. Precipitants of brain infarction. Roles of preceding infection/inflammation and recent psychological stress. Stroke27, 1999–2004 (1996).
- Bova IY, Bornstein NM, Korczyn AD. Acute infection as a risk factor for ischemic stroke. Stroke27, 2204–2206 (1996).
- Grau AJ, Buggle F, Becher H et al. Recent bacterial and viral infection is a risk factor for cerebrovascular ischemia: clinical and biochemical studies. Neurology50, 196–203 (1998).
- Smeeth L, Thomas SL, Hall AJ, Hubbard R, Farrington P, Vallance P. Risk of myocardial infarction and stroke after acute infection or vaccination. N. Engl. J. Med.351, 2611–2618 (2004).
- Nicholson KG, Wood JM, Zambon M. Influenza. Lancet362, 1733–1745 (2003).
- Alling DW, Blackwelder WC, Stuart-Harris CH. A study of excess mortality during influenza epidemics in the United States, 1968–1976. Am. J. Epidemiol.113, 30–43 (1981).
- Housworth J, Langmuir AD. Excess mortality from epidemic influenza, 1957–1966. Am. J. Epidemiol.100, 40–48 (1974).
- Vu T, Farish S, Jenkins M, Kelly H. A meta-analysis of effectiveness of influenza vaccine in persons aged 65 years and over living in the community. Vaccine20, 1831–1836 (2002).
- Libby P. Inflammation in atherosclerosis. Nature420, 868–874 (2002).
- Ross R. Atherosclerosis – an inflammatory disease. N. Engl. J. Med.340, 115–126 (1999).
- Naghavi M, Wyde P, Litovsky S et al. Influenza infection exerts prominent inflammatory and thrombotic effects on the atherosclerotic plaques of apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Circulation107, 762–768 (2003).
- Madjid M, Naghavi M, Litovsky S, Casscells SW. Influenza and cardiovascular disease: a new opportunity for prevention and the need for further studies. Circulation108, 2730–2736 (2003).
- Madjid M, Aboshady I, Awan I, Litovsky S, Casscells SW. Influenza and cardiovascular disease: is there a causal relationship? Texas Heart Inst. J.31, 4–13 (2004).
- Siscovick DS, Raghunathan TE, Lin D et al. Influenza vaccination and the risk of primary cardiac arrest. Am. J. Epidemiol.152, 674–677 (2000).
- Naghavi M, Barlas Z, Siadaty S, Naguib S, Madjid M, Casscells W. Association of influenza vaccination and reduced risk of recurrent myocardial infarction. Circulation102, 3039–3045 (2000).
- Jackson LA, Yu O, Heckbert SR et al. Influenza vaccination is not associated with a reduction in the risk of recurrent coronary events. Am. J. Epidemiol.156, 634–640 (2002).
- Lavallee P, Perchaud V, Gautier-Bertrand M, Grabli D, Amarenco P. Association between influenza vaccination and reduced risk of brain infarction. Stroke33, 513–518 (2002).
- Grau AJ, Fischer B, Barth C, Ling P, Lichy C, Buggle F. Influenza vaccination is associated with a reduced risk of stroke. Stroke36, 1501–1506 (2005).
- Nichol KL, Nordin J, Mullooly J, Lask R, Fillbrandt K, Iwane M. Influenza vaccination and reduction in hospitalizations for cardiac disease and stroke among the elderly. N. Engl. J. Med.348, 1322–1332 (2003).
- Gurfinkel EP, Leon de la Fuente R, Mendiz O, Mautner B. Flu vaccination in acute coronary syndromes and planned percutaneous coronary interventions (FLUVACS) Study. Eur. Heart J.25, 25–31 (2004).
- Juul-Moller S, Edvardsson N, Jahnmatz B, Rosen A, Sorensen S, Omblus R. Double-blind trial of aspirin in primary prevention of myocardial infarction in patients with stable chronic angina pectoris. The swedish angina pectoris aspirin trial (SAPAT) group. Lancet.340, 1421–1425 (1992).
- Randomised trial of cholesterol lowering in 4444 patients with coronary heart disease: The scandinavian simvastatin survival study (4s). Lancet.344, 1383–1389 (1994).
- Smith SC Jr, Allen J, Blair SN et al. AHA/acc guidelines for secondary prevention for patients with coronary and other atherosclerotic vascular disease: 2006 update endorsed by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.47, 2130–2139 (2006).
- Robert Koch Institut. Empfehlungen der ständigen. Impfkommission. Epidemiologisisches Bulletin.30, 235–250 (2004).
Website
- Arbeitsgemeinschaft Influenza www.influenza.rki.de