Advanced search
Publication Cover
Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy Volume 1, 2003 - Issue 1
Submit an article Journal homepage
29
Views
17
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Cytokine therapies in HIV-1 infection: present and future

Sarah L Pett University of New South Wales, National Centre in HIV Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Level 2, 376, Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia. [email protected]
&
Anthony D Kelleher University of New South Wales, National Centre in HIV Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Level 2, 376, Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia. [email protected]
Pages 83-96 | Published online: 10 Jan 2014

References

  • Mohri H, Perelson AS, Tung K, etal. Increased turnover of T lymphocytes in HIV-1 infection and its reduction by antiretroviral therapy. I Exp. Med. 194(9), 1277–1287 (2001).
  • Hellerstein M, Hanley MB, Cesar D, etal Directly measured kinetics of circulating T lymphocytes in normal and HIV-1 infected humans. Nature Med. 5, 83–89 (1999).
  • Wolthers KC, Noest AJ, Otto SA, et al Normal telomere lengths in naive and memory CD4+ T-cells in HIV type 1 infection: a mathematical interpretation. AIDS Res. Hum Retmviruses15, 1053–1062 (1999).
  • McMichael AJ, Rowland-Jones SL. Cellular immune responses to HIV Nature 410, 980–987 (2001).
  • Connors M, Kovacs JA, Krevath S, etal. HIV infection induces changes in CD4+ T-cell phenotype and depletions within the CD4+ T-cell repertoire that are not immediately restored by antiviral or immune-based therapies. Nature Merl 3, 533–540 (1997).
  • Gandhi RT, Walker BD. Immunologic control of HIV-1. Ann. Rev Merl 53, 149–172 (2002).
  • Berger EA, Murphy PM, Farber FM. Chemokine receptors as HIV-1 coreceptors. Roles in viral entry, tropism, and disease. Ann. Rev Immunol 17, 657–700 (1999).
  • Zhang L, Wenjie Y, Tian, etal Contribution of human (a)-defensin 1, 2, and 3 to the anti-HIV-1 activity of CD8 antiviral factor. Science298 (5595), 995–1000 (2002).
  • Soumelis V, Scott I, Liu Y-J, etal. Natural type 1 interferon producing cells in HIV infection. Human Immund 63, 1206–1212 (2002).
  • Allen TM, Kelleher AD, Zaunders J, Walker BD. STI and beyond: the prospects of boosting anti-HIV immune responses. Trends Immunol 23(9), 456–460 (2002).
  • ••Review of immunological control mechanisms in HIV-infection.
  • Peters BS. The basis for HIV immunotherapeutic vaccines. Vaccine 20, 688–705 (2002).
  • ••Provides a summary of current and future vaccine strategies in HIV infection.
  • Schooley RT. Longer term immunologic effects and side effects of successful antiretroviral therapy. Gun. Infect Dis. 29(1), 12–18 (1999).
  • Panda FJ Jr, Delaney KM, Moorman AC, etal. Declining morbidity and mortality among patients with advanced humanimmunodeficiency virus infection. N Engl. J. Merl 338,853–860 (1998).
  • Jacobsen MA, French M. Altered naturalhistory of AIDS-related opportunistic infections in the era of potent combination therapy. AIDS 12 (Suppl. A), S157—S163 (1998).
  • Hogg RS, Heath KV, Yip B, etal. Improved survival among HIV-infected individuals following initiation of antiretroviral therapy. JAIVIA 279,45–54 (1998).
  • Kelleher AD, Carr A, Zaunders J, Cooper DA. Alterations in the immune response of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected subjects treated with an HIV-specific protease inhibitor, ritonavir. J. Infect. Dis. 173(2), 321–329 (1996).
  • Autran B, Carcelain G, Li TS, et al Positive effects of combined antiretroviral therapy on CD4+ T-cell homeostasis and function in advanced HIV disease. Science 277, 112–116 (1997).
  • Zaunders JJ, Cunningham PH, Kelleher AD, etal Potent antiretroviral therapy of primary human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-infection: partial normalization of T lymphocyte subsets and a limited reduction of HIV-1 DNA despite clearance of plasma viremia. j Infect. Dis. 180,320–309 (1999).
  • Lempicki RA, Kovacs JA, Baseler M, et al. Impact of HIV-1 infection and highly active antiretroviral therapy on the kinetics of CD4 + and CD8+ T-cell turnover in HIV-infected patients. Proc. Natl Acad Sc]. USA 97,13778–13783 (2000).
  • ••Provides crucial insights into the centralrole of increased T-cell turnover in HIV infection.
  • Kovacs JA, Lempicki RA, Sidorov IA, etal.Identification of dynamically distinct subpopulations of T lymphocytes that are differentially affected by HIV. J. Exp. Merl 194,1731–1741 (2001).
  • Ribeiro RM, Mohri H, Ho DD, etal. Invivo dynamics of T-cell activation, proliferation and death in HIV-1 infection: why are CD4 + but not CD8+ T-cells depleted? Proc. Natl Acad. Sc]. USA 99, 15572–15577 (2002).
  • Oxenius A, Price DA, Easterbrook PJ, etal. Early highly active antiretroviral therapy for acute HIV-1 infection preserves immune function of CD8+ and CD4 + T lymphocytes. Proc. Natl Acad Sc]. USA 97(7), 3382–3387 (2000).
  • Finzi D, Hermankova M, Pierson T, et al. Identification of a reservoir for HIV-1 in patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy. Science 278,1295–300 (1997).
  • Wong JK, Hezareh M, Gunthard HF, etal. Recovery of replication competent HIV despite prolonged suppression of plasma viremia. Science 278,1291–1295 (1997).
  • John M, Nolan D, Mallal S. Antiretroviral therapy and the lipodystrophy syndrome. Antiviral Thec 6,9–20 (2001).
  • •Comprehensive review of the HIV-lipodystrophy syndrome.
  • Yeni PG, Hammer SM, Carpenter CCJ, et al Antiretroviral treatment for adult HIV infection in 2002. Updated recommendations of the International AIDS Society-USA panel. JAIVIA 288, 222–235 (2002).
  • ••Current ART guidelines of the IAS-USA.
  • Mellors JW, Rinaldo CR, Gupta P, et al. Prognosis in HIV-1 infection predicted by the quantity of virus in plasma. Science 272, 1167–1171 (1996).
  • •Provides the first evidence that HIV plasma virus load predicted clinical outcomes.
  • Mellors JW, Munoz A, Giorgi JV, etal Plasma viral load and CD4 + lymphocytes as prognostic markers of HIV-1 infection. Ann. Int. Merl 126,946–954 (1997).
  • Hammer SM, Squires KE, Hughes MD, et al A controlled trial of two nucleoside analogues plus indinavir in persons with human immunodeficiency virus infection and CD4 cell counts of 200 per cubic millimeter or less. N Engl. J. Merl 337, 543–549 (1997).
  • US Department of Health and HumanServices Panel on Clinical Practice for Treatment of HIV Infection. Guidelines for the use of antiretroviral agents in HIV-1 infected adults and adolescents. MMWR Morb. Mortal Wkly Rep. 47, 42–82 (1998).
  • Carpenter CCJ, Cooper DA, Fischl MA, etal Antiretroviral therapy in adults. Updated recommendations of the International AIDS Society-USA panel. JA/V/A 283,381–390 (2000).
  • Hogg RS, Yip B, Chan KJ, et al. Rates of disease progression by baseline CD4 cell count and viral load after initiating triple-drug therapy. JAMA 286, 2568–2577 (2001).
  • Watson JD, Mochizuki DY, Gillis S. Molecular characterisation of interleukin-2. Fed. Proc. 42,2747–2752 (1983).
  • Rook AH, Hooks JJ, Quinnan GV, etal. Interleukin-2 enhances the natural killer cell activity of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome patients through a y-interferon-independent mechanism. Immunol 134,1503–1507 (1985).
  • Smith KA. Interleukin-2: inception, impact and implications. Science 240,1169–1177 (1988).
  • Allende MC, Lane HC. Cytokine therapies for HIV infection. AIDS15(Suppl.), S183—S1912001. A review of cytoldne therapy in HIV.
  • Levy Y, Gahery-Segard H, Durier C, etal. Immunological and virological efficacy of ALVAC-VIH 1433 and HIV lipopetides (Lipo 6T) combined with SC IL-2 in chronically HIV-infected patients — results of the ANRS 093 randomized study. 10th CROI Boston, USA, (2003) (Abstract 62).
  • Barouch DH, Craiu A, Kuroda MJ, etal. Augmentation of immune responses to HIV-1 and simian immunodeficiency virus DNA vaccines by IL-2/Ig plasmid administration in rhesus monkeys. Proc. Natl Acad Sc]. USA 97,4192–7 (2000).
  • Napolitano LA, Grant RM, Deeks SG, etal Increased production of IL-7 accompanies HIV-1-mediated T-cell depletion: implications for T-cell homeostasis. Nature Merl 7(1), 73–79 (2001).
  • Fry TJ, Mackall Cl. Interleukin-7: from bench to clinic. B/ooc/99,3892–3904 (2002).
  • Fry TJ, Moniuszko M, Creekmore S, et al. IL-7 dramatically alters peripheral T-cell homeostasis in normal and SW infected non-human primates. B/ooc/ (2002) (In Press).
  • ••First published work on IL-7 in healthyand SW-infected primates.
  • Trincheri G. Interleukin-12: a cytokine at the interface of inflammation and immunity. Adv. Immunol 70,83–243 (1998).
  • Jacobsen MA, Hardy D, Connick E, etal. Phase I trial of a single dose of recombinant human interleukin-12 in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients with 100-500 CD4 cells/R1. J. Infect. Dis. 182,1070–1076 (2000).
  • •First published work exploring the safety of IL-12 in HIV-infected humans.
  • Jacobsen MA, Spritzler J, Landay A, etal A phase I, placebo-controlled trial of multi-dose recombinant human interleukin-12 in patients with HIV infection. AIDS16, 1147–1154 (2002).
  • Little RF, Aleman K, Merced, et al. Preliminary results of combination liposomal doxorubicin and interleukin-12 followed by chronic IL-12 maintenance therapy in advanced AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma. 10th CROI Boston, USA, (2003) (Abstract 816).
  • Van der Meide PH, Villinger F, Ansari AA, etal. Stimulation of both humoral and cellular immune responses to HIV-1 gp120 by interleukin-12 in rhesus macaques. Vaccine 20,2296–2302 (2002).
  • Fehniger TA, Caligiuri MA. Interleukin-15: biology and relevance to human disease. B/ooc/97,14-32 (2001).
  • •A comprehensive summary of the molecular effects of IL-15.
  • Mueller YM, Bojczuk PM, Halstead ES, etal IL-15 enhances survival and function of HIV-specific CD8+ T-cells. Blood 101(3), 1024–1029 (2003).
  • d'Ettorre G, Forcina G, Lichtner M, etal Interleukin-15 in HIV infection: immunological and virological interactions in anti-retroviral naive and treated patients. AIDS16, 181–188 (2002).
  • Center DM, Kornfield H, Ryan TC, etal Interleukin 16: implications for CD4 functions and HIV-1 progression. Immunal Today21 (6), 273–280 (2000).
  • Truong MJ, Darcissac E, Hermann E, etal Interleukin-16 inhibits human immunodeficiency virus type-1 entry and replication in macrophages and dendritic cells. Viral. 73,7008–7013 (1999).
  • Amiel C, Darcissac E, Truong MJ, etal Interleukin-16 (IL-16) inhibits human immunodeficiency virus replication in cells from infected subjects and serum IL-16 levels drop with disease progression. Infect. Dis. 179,83–91 (1999).
  • •Provides insights into the potential role for IL-16 in HIV-infection.
  • Bisset LR, Rothen M, Joller-Jemelka I, etal. Changes in circulating levels of the chemokines macrophage inflammatory proteins 1-a and 11–0, RANTES, monocyte chemotactic protein-1 and interleukin-16 following treatment of severely immunodeficient HIV-infected individuals with indinavir. AIDS ii, 485–491 (1997).
  • Haas DW, Lavelle J, Nadler JP, etal. A randomized trial of interferon CL—therapy for HIV type 1 infection. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 16,183–190 (2000).
  • Reynes J, Rouzier-Panis R, Laughlin M, etal Antiretroviral activity and tolerability of PEG-Interferon-a-213 in patients on stable background therapy: results of a phase I/II study. 7th CROI San Francisco, USA, (2000) (Abstract 542).
  • Emilie D, Burgard M, Lascoux-Combe C, etal Early control of HIV replication in primary HIV-1 infection treated with antiretroviral drugs and pegylated IFNa: results from the Primoferon A (ANRS 086) Study. AIDS15, 1435–1445 (2001).
  • Schugt I, Kreuter A, Schlottmann R, etal. Pegylated interferon a-2b: a new therapeutic option in the treatment of early-stage HIV infection. 10th CROI Boston, USA, (2003) (Abstract 59).
  • •First data on PEG-IFN monotherapy in antiretroviral naive asymptomatic HIV-infected individuals.
  • Shearer WT, Kline MW, Abramson SL, etal Recombinant y-interferon in human immunodeficiency virus-infected children: safety, CD4 ()-lymphocyte count, viral load and neutrophil function (AIDS Clinical Trials Group Protocol 211). Clin. Diagnosis Lab. Immunal 6,311–315 (1999).
  • Riddell LA, Pinching AJ, Hill S, etal. A phase III study of recombinant human interferon gamma to prevent opportunistic infections in advanced HIV disease. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses17(9), 789–797 (2001).
  • Brites C, Gilbert MJ, Pedral-Sampaio D, etal A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and nucleoside analogue therapy in AIDS. j Infect. Dis. 182(5), 1531–1535 (2000).
  • Angel JB, High K, Rhame F, etal. Phase III study of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in advanced HIV disease: effect on infections, CD4 cell counts and HIV suppression. AIDS14,387-395 (2000).
  • •A large Phase III study of GM-CSF in HIV-infected individuals with advanced immunodeficiency.
  • Aladdin H, Ullum H, Dam Nielson S, etal. Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor increases CD4+ T-cell counts of human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients receiving stable highly active antiretroviral therapy: results from a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. j Infect. Dis 181, 1148–1152 (2000).
  • Aladdin H, Ullum H, Katzenstein J, et al. Immunological and virological changes in antiretroviral naive human immunodeficiency virus infected patients randomized to G-CSF or placebo simultaneously with initiation of HAART. Scand.J.Immunol. 51520–525 (2000).
  • Chiron Corporation Investigator's brochure: Aldesleukin, Chiron's recombinant human interleukin-2 (rhIL-2) for use in HIV disease. Aug 2002.
  • ••Summarizes all trial and safety data ofrhIL-2 in HIV-infection to date.
  • Kovacs JA, Vogel S, Albert JM, etal controlled trial of interleukin-2 infusions in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. N Engl. I Med335,1350–1356 (1996).
  • Saravolatz L, Mitsuyasu R, Sneller MN, et al. Duration of Proleukin IL-2 therapy is more important than total dose in achieving CD4 expansion. 36th Intersciences Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. New Orleans, Louisiana, USA. Am. Soc. Microbial Washington DC, USA, (1996) (Abstract 149).
  • Carr A, Emery S, Lloyd A, et al Outpatient continuous intravenous interleukin-2 or subcutaneous, polyethylene glycol modified interleukin-2 in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients: a randomized, controlled, multicenter study. I Infect. Dis. 178,992–999 (1998).
  • Levy Y, Capitant C, Houhou S, etal. Comparison of subcutaneous and intravenous interleukin-2 in asymptomatic HIV-1 infection: a randomized controlled trial. ANRS 048 study group. Lancet 353,1923–1929 (1999).
  • Davey RT, Chaitt RT, Piscitelli SC, et al. Subcutaneous administration of interleukin-2 in human immunodeficiency virus type-1 infected persons. j Infect. Dis. 175,781–789 (1997).
  • Miller KD, Spooner K, Herpin BR, etal. Immunotherapy of HIV-infected patients with intermittent interleukin-2: effects of cycle frequency and cycle duration on degree of CD4 + T-lymphocyte expansion. Clin. Immunal 99(1), 30–42 (2001).
  • Davey RT, Chaitt D, Albert JM, etal. A randomized trial of high-versus low-dose subcutaneous interleukin-2 outpatient therapy for early human immunodeficiency virus type-1 infection.1 Infect. Dis. 179, 849–858 (1999).
  • Ruxrungtham K, Suwanagool S, Tavel JA, et al. A randomized controlled 24-week study of intermittent subcutaneous interleukin-2 in HIV-1 infected patients in Thailand. AIDS14,2509-2513 (2000).
  • Abrams DI, Bebchuk JD, Denning ET, et al. Randomized, open-label study of the impact of two doses of subcutaneous recombinant interleukin-2 on viral burden in patients with HIV-1 infection and CD4 + cells counts >300/mm3: CPCRA 059.1 AID529, 221–231 (2002).
  • ••The largest Phase 11 study of SC IL-2 inHIV reported to date.
  • Chun TW, Engel D, Mizell SB, etal Effect of interleukin-2 on the pool of latently infected, resting CD4 + T-cells in HIV-1 infected patients receiving highly active anti-retroviral therapy. Nature Med. 5(6), 651–655 (1999).
  • Davey RT, Murphy RL, Graziano FM, etal. Immunologic and virologic effects of subcutaneous interleukin-2 in combination with antiretroviral therapy: a randomized controlled trial. JAIVIA 284,183–189 (2000).
  • Pandolfi F, Pierdominici M, Marziali, etal. Low dose IL-2 reduces lymphocyte apoptosis and increases naive CD4 cells in HIV-1 patients treated with HAART. Clin. Immunol 94 (3), 153–159 (2000)
  • Marchetti G, Meroni L, Varchetta S, etal. Low-dose prolonged intermittent interleukin-2 adjuvant therapy: results of a randomized trial among human immunodeficiency virus-positive patients with advanced immune impairment. J. Infect. Dis. 186,606–616 (2002).
  • Lalezari JP, Beal JA, Ruane PJ, et al Low-dose daily subcutaneous interleukin-2 in combination with highly active antiretroviral therapy in HIV+ patients: a randomized controlled trial. HIV Clin. Trials 1,1–15 (2000).
  • Katlama C, Carcelain G, Duvivier C, etal. Interleukin-2 accelerates CD4 cell reconstitution in HIV-infected patients with severe immunosuppression despite highly active antiretroviral therapy: the ILSTIM study-ANRS 082. AIDS16, 2027-2034 (2002).
  • ••A important study exploring the potentialrole of IL-2 in advanced immunodeficiency.
  • Kelleher AD, Roggensack M, Emery S, etal. Effects of IL-2 therapy in asymptomatic HIV-infected individuals on proliferative responses to mitogens, recall antigens and HIV-related antigens. Clin. Exp. Immund 113,85–91 (1998).
  • Valdez H, Mitsuyasu R, Landay A, et al Interleukin-2 increases CD4 + lymphocyte numbers but does not enhance responses to immunisation: results of A5046s. j Infect. Dis. 187,32–35 (2003).
  • Dybul M, Hidalgo B, Chun T-W, etal. Pilot study of the effects of intermittent interleukin-2 on human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-specific immune responses in patients treated during recently acquired HIV infection. j Infect. Dis. 185,61–68 (2002).
  • Levy Y, Durier C, Krzysiek R, et al Effects of interleukin-2 therapy combined with highly active antiretroviral therapy on immune restoration in HIV-1 infection: a randomized controlled trial. AIDS17, 343–351 (2003).
  • Emery S, Capra WB, Cooper DA, etal. Pooled analysis of 3 randomized, controlled trials of interleukin-2 therapy in adult human immunodeficiency virus type 1 disease. j Infect. Dis. 182, 428–434 (2000).
  • •Summarizes pooled IL-2 data from three large IL-2 studies.
  • Sereti I, Martinez-Wilson H, Metcalf JA, et al Long-term effects of intermittent interleukin-2 therapy in patients with HIV infection: characteristion of a novel subset of CD4/CD25+ T-cells. Blood100(6), 2159–2167 (2002).
  • ••Provides critical insights into themechanism of action of IL-2 at a molecular level and expands on the effects of IL-2 on T-cell homeostasis.
  • Natarajan V, Lempicki RA, Sereti I, etal. Increased peripheral expansion of naive CD4 + T-cells in vivo after IL-2 treatment of patients with HIV infection. PNAS99(16), 10712–10717 (2002).
  • •• Provides critical insights into the mechanism of action of IL-2 at a molecular level and expands on the effects of IL-2 on T-cell homeostasis.
  • Kovacs JA, Imamichi H, Vogel S, etal. Effects of intermittent interleukin-2 therapy on plasma and tissue human immunodeficiency virus levels and quasi-species expression. J. Infect. Dis. 182, 1063–1069 (2000).
  • •Explores the effects of IL-2 on viral resistance.
  • Stellbrink H-J, van Lunzen J, Westby M, et al Effects of interleukin-2 plus highly active antiretroviral therapy on HIV-1 replication and proviral DNA (COSMIC AIDS16,1479-1487 (2002).
  • Kolkosky J, Nunnari G, Otero M, etal. Intensification and stimulation therapy for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reservoirs in infected persons receiving virally suppressive highly active antiretroviral therapy. j Infect. Dis. 186, 1403–1411 (2002).
  • •Pilot study on a new approach to decreasing viral reservoir using low dose OKT3 followed by IL-2 as immunostimulating agents.
  • Youle M, Fisher M, Nelson M, et al Randomized study of intermittent subcutaneous interleukin-2 (IL-2) therapy without antiretrovirals versus no treatment. XIII International AIDS Conference. Durban, South Africa, (2000) (Abstract LbOr28).
  • •First report of IL-2 monotherapy in HAART-naive patients.
  • Portielje JE, Lamers CH, Kruit WH, etal. Repeated administrations of interleukin (IL)-12 are associated with persistently elevated plasma levels of IL-10 and declining IFN-y, tumor necrosis factor-a, IL-6, and IL-8 responses. Clin. Cancer Res. 9(1), 76–83 (2003).
  • Peter K, Brunda MJ, Corradin G. IL-12 administration leads to a transient depletion of T-cells, B cells and APCS and concomitant abrogation of HLA-A2.1-restricted CTL response in transgenic mice. j Immunol 169(1), 63–67 (2002).
  • Gherardi MM, Ramirez JC, Esteban M. Interleukin-12 (IL-12) enhancement of the cellular immune response against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 env antigen in a DNA primeivaccinia virus boost vaccine regimen is time and dose dependent: suppressive effects of IL-12 boost are mediated by nitric oxide. j Viral. 74,6278 (2000).
  • Gollob JA, Veenstra KG, Mier JW, Atkins MB. Agranulocytosis and hemolytic anemia in patients with renal cell cancer treated with interleukin-12. j Immunotherapy24, 91–98 (2001).
  • Motzer RJ, Rakhit A, Thompson JA, etal. Randomized multicenter phase II trial of subcutaneous recombinant human interleukin-12 versus interferon-a 2a for patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma. J. Interferon Cytokine Res. 21 (4), 257–263 (2001).
  • Fry TJ, Connick E, Falloon J, et al A potential role for interleukin-7 in T-cell homeostasis. B/ooc/ 97 (10), 2983–2990 (2001). A comprehensive review of the potential role of IL-7 in HIV-infection.
  • Soares MVD, Borthwick NJ, Maini MK, etal IL-7-dependent extrathymic expansion of CD45RA+ T-cells enables preservation of a naive repertoire. J. Immunol. 161(11), 5909–5917 (1998).
  • Okamoto Y, Doeuk DC, McFarland RD, et al Effects of exogenous interleukin-7 on human thymus function. B/ooc/99(8), 2851–2858 (2002).
  • Watanabe M, Ueno Y, Yajima T, etal.Interleukin-7 is produced by human intestinal epithelial cells and regulates the proliferation of intestinal mucosal lymphocytes. J. Clin. Invest. 95, 2945–2953 (1995).
  • Steffans CM, Managlia EZ, Landay A, etal Interleukin-7-treated naive T-cells can be productively infected by T-cell-adapted and primary isolates of human immunodeficiency virus 1. B/ooc/99(9), 3310–3318 (2002).
  • Llano A, Barretina J, Gutierrez A, etal Interleukin-7 in plasma correlates with CD T-cell depletion and may be associated with emergence of syncytium-inducing variants in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-positive individuals. J. Vim!. 75(21), 10319–10325 (2001).
  • Scripture-Adams DD, Brooks DG, Korin YD, etal. Interleukin-7 expression of latent human immunodeficiency virus type 1 with minimal effects on T-cell phenotype. Vim!. 76(24), 13077–13082 (2002).
  • Sereti I, Herpin B, Metcalf JA, etal. CD4 T-cell expansions are associated with increased apoptosis rates of T lymphocytes during IL-2 cycles in HIV infected patients. AIDS15, 1765–1775 (2001).
  • ••Provides critical insights into themechanism of action of IL-2 at a molecular level.
  • Sereti I, Gea-Banacloche J, Kan M-Y, etal. Interleukin-2 leads to dose-dependent expression of the CL-chain of the IL-2 receptor on CD25-negative T lymphocytes in the absence of exogenous antigenic stimulation. Clin. Immunol 97(3), 266–276 (2000).
  • Mueller YM, Makar V, Bojczuk PM, etal IL-15 enhances the function and inhibits CD95/Fas-induced apoptosis of human CD4+ and CD8+ effector-memory T-cells. International Immunol 15(1), 49–58 (2003).
  • Zaunders J, Kitada S, Reid JC, etal. Polyclonal proliferation and apoptosis of CCR5+ T lymphocytes during primary HIV-1 infection: regulation of IL-2, IL-15 and Bc1-2. j Infect. Dis. (2003) (In Press).
  • Perera LP, Goldman CK, Waldmann TA. IL-15 induces the expression of chemokines and their receptors in T lymphocytes. Immunol 162,2606–2612 (1999).
  • Hubel K, Dale DC, Liles WC. Therapeutic use of cytokines to modulate phagocyte function for the treatment of infectious diseases: current status of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, macrophage colony-stimulating factor, and interferon-y. j Infect. Dis. 185 (10), 1490–1501 (2002).ccA comprehensive review of the role ofcytokines that modulate phagocytic function in the infectious diseases setting.
  • Esser R, Glienke W von Briesen H, etal. Differential regulation of proinflammatory and haematopoietic cytokines in human macrophages after infection with human immunodeficiency virus. Blood 88, 3474–3481 (1996).
  • Perno CF, Yarchoan R, Cooney DA, etal. Replication of human immunodeficiency virus in monocytes. Granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) potentiates viral production yet enhances the antiviral effect mediated by 3--azido-2-3--dideoxythymidine (AZT) and other dideoxynucleoside congeners of thymidine. I Exp. Med. 169,933–951 (1989).
  • Di Marzio P, Mariani R, Tse J, etal GM-CSF or CD4OL suppresses chemokine receptor expression and HIV-1 entry in human monocytes and macrophages. 5th CROI, Chicago, USA, (1998) (Abstract 37).
  • Cinti S, Coffey M, Sullivan A, Kazanjian Killing of Mycobacterium avium by neutrophils and monocytes from AIDS patients treated with recombinant granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. J. Infect. Dis. 180, 229–233 (1999).
  • Kedzierska K, Mak J, Mijch A, et al. Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor augments phagocytosis of Mycobacterium avium complex by human immunodeficiency virus type-1 infected monocytes/macrophages in vitm and in viva Infect. Dis. 181,390–394 (2000).
  • Stylaniou E, Yndestad A, Sikkeland I, etal. Effects of interferon-a on gene expression of cytokines and members of the tumor necrosis factor superfamily in HIV-infected patients. Clin. Exp. Immunol 130, 279–285 (2002).
  • Lane HC. Interferons in HIV and related disease. AIDS8, S19-23 (1994).
  • Bradney CP, Sempowski GD, Liao H-X, etal. Cytokines as adjuvants for the induction of anti-human immunodeficiency virus peptide immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgA antibodies in serum and mucosal secretions after nasal immunisation. J. Vim!. 76(2), 517–524 (2002).
  • Bertley FMN, VVang SW, Kozlowski P, etal. Effective induction of virus-specific immunity induced by rectal or nasal DNA-MVA vaccination and its effect on SHIV challenge. 10th CROI Boston, USA, (2003) (Abstract 453).
  • Sha BE, Valdez H, Gelman RS, etal. Effect of etanercept (Enbrel) on interleukin 6, tumor necrosis factor-a, and markers of immune activation in HIV-infected subjects receiving interleukin-2. AIDS Res. Hum. Retmviruses 18 (9), 661–665 (2002).

Website

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Order Reprints Request Corporate Permissions

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

Request Academic Permissions

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.

Related research

People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read.

Recommended articles lists articles that we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine.

Cited by lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations.
Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new tab.