New therapeutic agents for resistant Gram-positive infections

References

• Crowe M, Ispahani P, Humphreys H, Kelley T, Winter R Bacteraemia in the adult intensive care unit of a teaching hospital in Nottingham, UK 1985–1996. Eur. j Cli,z. Microbial Infect. Dis. 17(6), 377–384 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith TL, Pearson ML, Wilcox KR, et al Emergence of vancomycin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus. Glycopeptide-Intermediate Staphylococcus aureus Working Group. N Engl. J. Med. 340(7), 493–501 (1999).
   Google Scholar
• Nathwani D, Barlow GD, Ndukiewicz K, et al. Cost-minimization analysis and audit of antibiotic management of bone and joint infections with ambulatory teicoplanin, in-patient care or out-patient oral linezolid therapy. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 51(2), 391–396 (2003).Shows that teicoplanin may offer further cost advantages whilst maintaining equivalent clinical effectiveness.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones RN, Marshall SA, Pfaller MA, et al. Nosocomial enterococcal bloodstreambloodstream infections in the SCOPE Program: antimicrobial resistance, species occurrence, molecular testing results laboratory testing accuracy. SCOPE Hospital Study Group. DMgrz. Microbial Infect. Dis. 29(2), 95–102 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marshall SA, Wilke WW, Pfaller MA, Jones RN. Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci from bloodstream infections: frequency of occurrence, antimicrobial susceptibility and molecular (mecA) characterization of oxacillin resistance in the SCOPE program. Diagn. Microbial Infect. Dis. 30(3), 205–214 (1998).
   Google Scholar
• Pfaller MA, Jones RN, Marshall SA, Edmond MB, Wenzel RP Nosocomial streptococcal bloodstream infections in the SCOPE Program: species occurrence and antimicrobial resistance. The SCOPE Hospital Study Group. DMgrz. Microbial Infect. Dis. 29(4), 259–263 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Le Qercq R. Derlot E, Duval J, Couryalin Plasmid-mediated resistance to vancomycin and teicoplanin in Enterococcus faecium. N Erzgl. J. Med 319(3), 157–161 (1988).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henwood CJ, Livermore DM, Johnson AP, James D, Warner M, Gardiner A. Susceptibility of Gram-positive cocci from 25 UK hospitals to antimicrobial agents including linezolid. The Linezolid Study Group. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 46(6), 931–940 (2000).
   Google Scholar
• ••Describes a recent, large-scale study of the in vitro spectrum of linezolid against clinical isolates of important resistant Gram-positive pathogens.
   Google Scholar
• Frieden TR, Munsiff SS, Low DE, et al Emergence of vancomycin-resistant enterococci in NewYork City. Lancet 342(8863), 76–79 (1993).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ostrowsky BE, Venkataraman L, d'Agata EM, Gold HS, DeGirolami PC, Samore MH. Vancomycin-resistant enterococci in intensive care units: high frequency of stool carriage during a non-outbreak period. Arch. Intern. Med. 159 (13), 1467–1472 (1999).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Edmond MB, Ober JF, Weinbaum DL, et al Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium bacteremia: risk factors for infection. Clirz. Infect. Dis. 20 (5), 1126–1133 (1995).
   Google Scholar
• Bhorade SM, Christenson J, Pohlman AS, Arnow PM, Hall JB. The incidence of and clinical variables associated with vancomycin-resistant enterococcal colonization in mechanically ventilated patients. Chest 115(4), 1085–1091 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mainous MR, Lipsett PA, O'Brien M. Enterococcal bacteremia in the surgical intensive care unit. Does vancomycin resistance affect mortality? The John Hopkins SICU Study Group. Arch. Surg. 132(1), 76-81(1997).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Papanicolaou GA, Meyers BR, Meyers J, et al Nosocomial infections with vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium in liver transplant recipients: risk factors for acquisition and mortality. Clirz. Infect. Dis. 23(4), 760–766 (1996).
   Google Scholar
• Linden PK, Pasculle AW, Manez R, et al Differences in outcomes for patients with bacteremia due to vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium or vancomycin-susceptible E. faecium. Clin. Infect. Dis. 22(4), 663–670 (1996).
   Google Scholar
• Edmond MB, Ober JF, Dawson JD, Weinbaum DL, Wenzel RP Vancomycin-resistant enterococcal bacteremia: natural history and attributable mortality. Clin. Infect. Dis. 23(6), 1234–1239 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hiramatsu K, Hanaki H, Ino T, Yabuta K, Oguri T, Tenover FC. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus clinical strain with reduced vancomycin susceptibility. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 40(1), 135–136 (1997).
   Google Scholar
• Ploy MC, Grelaud C, Martin C, de Lumley L, Denis E First clinical isolate of vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus in a French hospital. Larzcet 351(9110), 1212 (1998).
   Google Scholar
• Howe RA, Bowker KE, Walsh TR, Feest TG, MacGowan AP Vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Lancet 351(9102), 602 (1998).
   Google Scholar
• Rotun SS, McMath V, Schoonmaker DJ, et al. Staphylococcus aureus with reduced susceptibility to vancomycin isolated from a patient with fatal bacteremia. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 5(1), 147–149 (1999).
   Google Scholar
• McManus J. Vancomycin resistant staphylococcus reported in Hong Kong. Br. Med. J. 318(7184), 626 (1999).
   Google Scholar
• Burnie J, Matthews R, Jiman-Fatami A, Gottardello P, Hodgetts S, d'Arcy S. Analysis of 42 cases of septicemia caused by an epidemic strain of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: evidence of resistance to vancomycin. Clirz. Infect. Dis. 31(3), 684–689 (2000).
   Google Scholar
• ••Most important article that analyzes thebacteremia caused by MRSA resistance to vancomycin.
   Google Scholar
• Martin MA, Pfaller MA, Wenzel RP Coagulase-negative staphylococcal bacteremia. Mortality and hospital stay. Ann. Inter,. Med 110, (1), 9–16 (1989).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cristino JM. Correlation between consumption of antimicrobials in humans and development of resistance in bacteria. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents 12(3), 199–202 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwalbe RS, Stapleton JT, Gilligan PH. Emergence of vancomycin resistance in coagulase-negative staphylococci. N Erzgl. J. Med 316(15), 927–931 (1987).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pagano L, Tacconelli E, Tumbarello M et at Teicoplanin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococcal bacteraemia in patients with haematological malignancies: a problem of increasing importance. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 40(5), 738–740 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Livermore DM. Antibiotic resistance in staphylococci. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents 16\(Suppl. 1), S3—S10 (2000).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Biavasco F, Vignaroli C, Varaldo PE. Glycopeptide resistance in coagulase-negative staphylococci. Eur. j Clin. Microbial Infra. Dis. 19(6), 403–417 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park YJ, Jun Park J, Lee SO, Oh EJ, Kee Kim B. Low-level resistance to glycopeptides amongst staphylococcus species: surveillance in a university hospital and evaluation of a vancomycin screening agat DMgrz. Microbial Infect. Dis. 41(3), 155–159 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Livermore DM, linezolid in vitro: mechanism and antibacterial spectrum/ Antimicrob. Chemother. 51\(Suppl. 2), II16—II19 (2003).
   Google Scholar
• Zurenko GE, Yagi BH, Schaadt RD, et al. In vitro activities of U-100592 and U-100766, novel oxazolidinone antibacterial agents. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 40(4), 839–845 (1996).
   Google Scholar
• French G. Safety and tolerability of linezolid." Antimicrob. Chemother. 51(Suppl. 2), 1145–1153 (2003).
   Google Scholar
• Corallo CE, Paull AE. Linezolid-induced neuropathy. Med. J. Aust. 177(6), 332
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kaplan SL, Patterson L, Edwards KM, et al. Linezolid for the treatment of community acquired pneumonia in hospitalized children. Linezolid Pediatric Pneumonia Study Group. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 20(5), 488–494 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ••Prospective study of the effect of linezolidin treating pneumonia in children.
   Google Scholar
• Rubinstein E, Cammarata S, Oliphant T, Wunderink R Linezolid (PNU-100766) versus vancomycin in the treatment of hospitalized patients with nosocomial pneumonia: a randomized, double-blind, multicenter study. Clirz. Infect. Dis. 32(3), 402–412 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ••Randomized trial compared vancomycin/linezolid in treating hospital-acquired pneumonia.
   Google Scholar
• Stevens DL, Smith LG, Bruss JB, et al. Randomized comparison of linezolid (PNU-100766) versus oxacillin—dicloxacillin for treatment of complicated skin and soft tissue infections. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 44(12), 3408–3413 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wible K, Tregnaghi M, Bruss J, Fleishaker D, N berhuis-Stehouwer S, Hilty M. Linezolid versus cefadroxil in the treatment of skin and skin structure infections in children. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 22(4), 315–323 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li Z, Willke RJ, Pinto LA, et al. Comparison of length of hospital stay for patients with known or suspected methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus species infections treated with linezolid or vancomycin: a randomized, multicenter trial. Pharmacotherapy 21(3), 263–274 (2001).
   Google Scholar
• Birmingham MC, Rayner CR, Meagher AK, Flavin SM, Batts DH, Schentagfl. Linezolid for the treatment of multi-drug-resistant, Gram-positive infections: experience from a compassionate-use program. Clirz. Infict. L. 36(2), 159–168 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nathwani D. Impact of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections on key health economic outcomes: does reducing the length of hospital stay matter?' Antimicrob. Chemother. 51(Suppl. 2), 1137–1144 (2003).
   Google Scholar
• Sambatakou H, Giamarellos-Bourboulis EJ, Grecka P, Chtyssouli Z, Giamarellou H. In vitro activity and killing effect of quinupristin/dalfopristin (RP59500) on nosocomial Staphylococcus aureus and interactions with rifampicin and ciprofloxacin against methicillin-resistant isolates.' Antimicrob. Chemother. 41(3), 349–355 (1998).
   Google Scholar
• Fagon J, Patrick H, Haas DW et at Treatment of Gram-positive nosocomial pneumonia. Prospective randomized comparison of quinupristin/dalfopristin versus vancomycin. Nosocomial Pneumonia Group. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med 161(3 Pt. 1), 753–762 (2000).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nichols RL, Graham DR, Barriere SL, et al Treatment of hospitalized patients with complicated Gram-positive skin and skin structure infections: two randomized, multicentre studies of quinupristin/dalfopristin versus cefazolin, oxacillin or vancomycin. Synercid Skin and Skin Structure Infection Group. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 44(2), 263–273 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Synercid' (Quinupristin—Dalfopristin) brochure: Rhone-Poulenc Rorer, PA, USA (1998).
   Google Scholar
• Lynn WA, Qutterbuck E, Want S, et al Treatment of CAPD-peritonitis due to glycopeptide-resistant Enterococcus faecium with quinupristin/dalfopristin. Larzcet 344(8928), 1025–1026 (1994).
   Google Scholar
• Nachman SA, Verma R, Egnor M. Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium shunt infection in an infant: an antibiotic cure. Microb. Drug Resist. 1(1), 95–96 (1995).
   Google Scholar
• Matsumura S, Simor AE. Treatment of endocarditis due to vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium with quinupristin/dalfopristin, doxycycline rifampin: a synergistic drug combination. Clin. Infect. Dis. 27(6), 1554–1556 (1998).
   Google Scholar
• Furlong WB, Rakowski TA. Therapy with RP 59500 (quinupristin/dalfopristin) for prosthetic valve endocarditis due to enterococci with VanA/VanB resistance patterns. Clin. Infect. Dis. 25(1), 163–164 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moellering RC, Linden PK, Reinhardt J, Blumberg EA, Bompart F, Talbot GH. The efficacy and safety of quinupristin/dalfopristin for the treatment of infections caused by vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium. Synercid Emergency — Use Study Group. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 44(2), 251–261 (1999).
   Google Scholar
• •This is the largest reported series of outcome and safety in patients with VRE infection treated with quinupristin—dalfopristin.
   Google Scholar
• Dvorchik BH, Brazier D, DeBruin MF, Arbeit RD. Daptomycin Pharmacokinetics and Safety following Administration of Escalating Doses Once Daily to Healthy Subjects. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 47(4), 1318–1323 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Critchley IA, Blosser—Middleton RS, Jones ME, Thomsberry C, Sahm DF, Karlowsky JA. Baseline study to determine in vitro activities of daptomycin against Gram-positive pathogens isolated in the United States in 2000–2001. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 47(5), 1689–1693 (2003).
   Google Scholar
• Daptomycin. Cidecin, Dapcin, LY 146032. Drugs RD. 3(1), 33–39 (2002).
   Google Scholar
• Barrett JE Oritavancin. Eli Lilly Hc Co. Curr. Opirz. Investig. Drugs 2(8),1039-1044 (2001).
   Google Scholar
• Jones RN, Barrett MS, Erwin ME. In vitro activity and spectrum of LY-333328*, a novel glycopeptide derivative. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 41(2), 488–493 (1997).
   Google Scholar
• Baltch AL, Smith RP, Ritz WJ, Bopp LH. Comparison of inhibitory and bactericidal activities and postantibiotic effects of LY-333328* and ampicillin used singly and in combination against vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 42(10), 2564–2568 (1998).
   Google Scholar
• Hershberger E, Aeschlimann JR, Moldovan T, Rybak MJ. Evaluation of bactericidal activities of LY-333328*, vancomycin, teicoplanin, ampicillin-sulbactam, trovafloxacin RP59500 alone or in combination with rifampin or gentamicin against different strains of vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus by time-kill curve methods. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 43(3), 717–721 (1999).
   Google Scholar
• Linden PK Treatment options for vancomycin-resistant enterococcal infections. Drugs 62(3), 425–441 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dean CR, Visalli MA, Projan SJ, Bradford PA. Efflux-mediated resistance to tigecydine (GAR-936) in Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAOL Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 47(3), 972–978 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GAR-936. IDdb3 database report (10 May 2002).
   Google Scholar
• Nathwani D, Tillotson GS, Vancomycin for Staphylococcus aureus therapy of respiratory tract infections: the end of an era? Int. J. Araimicrob. Agents 21(6), 521–524 (2003).
   Google Scholar
• Stevens DL, Herr D, Lampris H, et al. Linezolid versusversus vancomycin for the treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections. Clin. Infect. Dis. 34,753–762 (2002).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dowzicky M, Talbot GH, Feger G, et al. Characterization of isolates associated with emerging resistance to qu nupristin/dalfoprisitn (Synercid) during a worldwide clinical program. Diagn. Microbial Infect. Dis. 37,57–62 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nathwani D. Economic impact and formulary positioning of linezolid: a new anti antiGram-positive antimicrobial. J. Hosp. Infect. 49(Suppl. A), S33—S41 (2001).
   Google Scholar
• Nathwani D, Conlon C on behalf of the OHPAT Working Party. Out-patient and Home Parenteral Antibiotic Therapy in the UK: a consensus statement by a working party. Clin. Microb. Infect. 4,537–551 (1998).
   Google Scholar
• Critchley IA, Draghi DC, Sahm DF, Karlowsky JA. Activity of daptomycin against susceptible and multi-drug resistmulti-drug-resistant Gram-positive pathogens collected in the SECURE study (Europe) during 2000–2001.1 Araimicrob. Chemother. 51(3), 639–649 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar